# Trematosauridae

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Extinct family of temnospondyls

Trematosaurids Temporal range: Triassic (Possible Jurassic record), 251.9–220 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Fossil of Trematolestes hagdorni in the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Tetrapoda Order: †Temnospondyli Suborder: †Stereospondyli Superfamily: †Trematosauroidea Family: †Trematosauridae Watson, 1919

**Trematosauridae** is a [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) of large [marine](/source/Marine_biology) [temnospondyls](/source/Temnospondyli) with several included [genera](/source/Genera).

Life restoration of *[Trematosaurus](/source/Trematosaurus)*

## Appearance and lifestyle

Trematosaurids are one of the most derived families of the [Trematosauroidea](/source/Trematosauroidea) superfamily in that they are the only family that have fully marine lifestyles.[1] Long, slender snouts that are characteristic of the trematosaurids, with some members having [rostra](/source/Rostrum_(anatomy)) resembling those of modern-day [gavials](/source/Gavial).

Traditionally, two subfamilies within Trematosauridae can be identified, the relatively short-nosed [Trematosaurinae](/source/Trematosaurinae) and the long-nosed [Lonchorhynchinae](/source/Lonchorhynchinae).[2] A third subfamily, [Tertreminae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tertreminae&action=edit&redlink=1), was named in [2000](/source/2000_in_paleontology) and includes broad-snouted forms like *[Tirraturhinus](/source/Tirraturhinus)*.

## Fossil record

Trematosaurids first appeared during the [Induan](/source/Induan)[3] [age](/source/Age_(geology)) ([Wordie Creek Formation](/source/Wordie_Creek_Formation), Greenland) of the [Early Triassic](/source/Early_Triassic) [epoch](/source/Epoch_(geology)). The family existed until around the [Carnian](/source/Carnian) age of the [Late Triassic](/source/Late_Triassic) epoch,[4] although by then they were very rare. By the [Middle Triassic](/source/Middle_Triassic) they had become widespread throughout [Laurasia](/source/Laurasia) and [Gondwana](/source/Gondwana) with fossils being found in Europe, Asia, Madagascar, and Australia. A possible trematosaurid has been found in the [Toutunhe Formation](/source/Toutunhe_Formation) in the [Junggar Basin](/source/Junggar_Basin). If this analysis is accurate, it renders Trematosauridae one of the longest lived lineages of the [Temnospondyli](/source/Temnospondyli), having lasted as recently as the late Jurassic.[5]

In 2006, a new Middle Triassic genus *[Trematolestes](/source/Trematolestes)* from southern Germany has been reported. It was the sister taxon of the subfamily [Lonchorhynchinae](/source/Lonchorhynchinae) and its closest relative was *[Tertremoides](/source/Tertremoides)*.[6]

## Phylogeny

Below is a [cladogram](/source/Cladogram) from Steyer (2002) showing the [phylogenetic](/source/Phylogenetic) relationships of trematosaurids:[1]

Trematosauridae Trematosaurinae Tertrema Lyrocephaliscus Platystega Luzocephalus Trematosaurus Trematosuchus Lonchorhynchinae Aphaneramma Erythrobatrachus Cosgriffius Stoschiosaurus Wantzosaurus

A cladogram after Novikov (2018) with only Early Triassic Eastern Europe taxa included:[7]

Trematosauridae Prothoosuchus Thoosuchus Trematotegmen Angusaurus Inflectosaurus Trematosaurus

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-SJS02_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-SJS02_1-1) Steyer, J. S. (2002). "The first articulated trematosaur 'amphibian' from the Lower Triassic of Madagascar: implications for the phylogeny of the group". *Palaeontology*. **45** (4): 771–793. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2002Palgy..45..771S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Palgy..45..771S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/1475-4983.00260](https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1475-4983.00260). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [83515233](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83515233).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Damani, Ross (2004). "Cranial anatomy and relationships of *Microposaurus casei*, a temnospondyl from the Middle Triassic of South Africa". *Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology*. **24** (3): 533–541. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024\[0533:CAAROM\]2.0.CO;2](https://doi.org/10.1671%2F0272-4634%282004%29024%5B0533%3ACAAROM%5D2.0.CO%3B2). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0272-4634](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [131215804](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131215804).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Scheyer_et_al_20142_3-0)** Scheyer, Torsten M.; Romano, Carlo; Jenks, Jim; Bucher, Hugo (19 March 2014). ["Early Triassic Marine Biotic Recovery: The Predators' Perspective"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3960099). *PLOS ONE*. **9** (3) e88987. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2014PLoSO...988987S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...988987S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1371/journal.pone.0088987](https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0088987). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3960099](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3960099). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [24647136](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24647136).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Schoch, Rainer R.; Milner, Andrew R.; Hellrung, Hannah (2002). ["The last trematosaurid amphibian *Hyperokynodon keuperinus* revisited"](http://www-alt.naturkundemuseum-bw.de/stuttgart/pdf/b_pdf/B321.pdf) (PDF). *Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie)*. **321**: 1–9. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0341-0153](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0341-0153).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** (Maisch et al. 2004, p. 582)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Rainer R. Schoch (2006). ["A Complete Trematosaurid Amphibian From The Middle Triassic Of Germany"](http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26%5B29%3AACTAFT%5D2.0.CO%3B2). *Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology*. **26** (1): 29–43. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26\[29:ACTAFT\]2.0.CO;2](https://doi.org/10.1671%2F0272-4634%282006%2926%5B29%3AACTAFT%5D2.0.CO%3B2). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [85829091](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85829091).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Novikov2018_7-0)** Novikov A.V. (2018). [*Early Triassic amphibians of Eastern Europe: evolution of dominant groups and peculiarities of changing communities*](https://new.ras.ru/upload/iblock/7de/j85vtubof3mlf81izrqq9u9oh9eb5lrh.pdf) (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow: RAS. p. 138. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-5-906906-71-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-906906-71-7).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: publisher location ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_publisher_location)) ["Archive copy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20231208092959/https://new.ras.ru/upload/iblock/7de/j85vtubof3mlf81izrqq9u9oh9eb5lrh.pdf) (PDF). December 8, 2023. Archived from [the original](https://new.ras.ru/upload/iblock/7de/j85vtubof3mlf81izrqq9u9oh9eb5lrh.pdf) (PDF) on 2023-12-08.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title))

## External links

- [Trematosauridae](https://web.archive.org/web/20090328190158/http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/160Temnospondyli/160.450.html) at [Palaeos](/source/Palaeos)

v t e Stereospondyli Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Tetrapodomorpha Order: Temnospondyli Tetrapodomorpha see Tetrapodomorpha Temnospondyli see Temnospondyli Stereospondyli see below↓ Stereospondyli Stereospondyli Arachana Capulomala Peltobatrachus Lapillopsidae Lapillopsis Manubrantlia Rhigerpeton Rotaurisaurus Rhinesuchidae Australerpeton? Broomistega Laccosaurus Parapytanga? Rastosuchus Rhineceps Rhinesuchoides Rhinesuchus Uranocentrodon Lydekkerinidae Chomatobatrachus Cryobatrachus Deltacephalus Eolydekkerina Indobenthosuchus Luzocephalus? Lydekkerina Capitosauria Antarctosuchus Bukobaja Calmasuchus Capitosaurus Cherninia Cyclotosaurus Edingerella Eocyclotosaurus Eryosuchus Heptasaurus Huangfuchuansuchus Jammerbergia Kestrosaurus Kupferzellia Mastodonsaurus Meyerosuchus Odenwaldia Paracyclotosaurus Parotosuchus Quasicyclotosaurus Procyclotosaurus Promastodonsaurus Rhadalognathus Samarabatrachus Sassenisaurus Sclerothorax Selenocara Stanocephalosaurus Stenotosaurus Subcyclotosaurus Tatrasuchus Vladlenosaurus Volgasaurus Volgasuchus Warrenisuchus Watsonisuchus Wellesaurus Wetlugasaurus Xenotosuchus Yuanansuchus Trematosauria see below↓ Trematosauria Trematosauria Almasaurus Bothriceps Callistomordax Chinlestegophis Keratobrachyops Laidleria Latiscopus Qantas Rileymillerus Syrtosuchus Uruyiella Benthosuchidae Benthosuchus Kwatisuchus Trematosauridae Angusaurus Aphaneramma Cosgriffius Erythrobatrachus Gonioglyptus Hyperokynodon Icanosaurus Indolyrocephalus Inflectosaurus Lyrocephaliscus Microposaurus Panchetosaurus Platystega Prothoosuchus Stoschiosaurus Tertrema Tertremoides Thoosuchus Tirraturhinus Trematolestes Trematosuchoides Trematosaurus Trematosuchus Trematotegmen Wantzosaurus Metoposauridae Anaschisma Apachesaurus Arganasaurus Buettnererpeton Dutuitosaurus Metoposaurus Panthasaurus Rhytidosteidae Boreopelta Mahavisaurus Nanolania Peltostega Pneumatostega Rhytidosteus Sangaia Trucheosaurus Derwentiinae Arcadia Acerastia Deltasaurus Derwentia Indobrachyops Rewana Chigutisauridae Arenaerpeton Chigutisaurus Compsocerops Koolasuchus Pelorocephalus Siderops Brachyopidae Banksiops Bathignathus Batrachosaurus Batrachosuchoides Batrachosuchus Blinasaurus Brachyops Gobiops Hadrokkosaurus Notobrachyops Platycepsion Sinobrachyops Vanastega Vigilius Xenobrachyops Plagiosauridae Gerrothorax Megalophthalma Plagiobatrachus Plagiorophus Plagiosaurus Plagioscutum Plagiosternum Plagiosuchus See also: Trematosauroidea Metoposauroidea Rhytidosteoidea Brachyopomorpha Brachyopoidea Plagiosauroidea Category

Taxon identifiers Trematosauridae Wikidata: Q2342478 Wikispecies: Trematosauridae GBIF: 3241139 IRMNG: 117029 Open Tree of Life: 4948441 Paleobiology Database: 37124

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Trematosauridae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trematosauridae) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trematosauridae?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.