# Treaty of Batum

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Treaty signed by the Democratic Republic of Armenia and the Ottoman Empire

Treaty of Batumi Type Peace treaty Signed 4 June 1918 Location Batumi, Georgia Condition Ratification Signatories Ottoman Empire Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia

Part of a series on the History of the Ottoman Empire Timeline (Territorial evolution) Rise (1071–1453) Battle of Manzikert Sultanate of Rum Ottoman Dynasty Interregnum Classical Age (1453–1566) Conquest of Constantinople Qizilbash Transformation (1566–1703) Sultanate of Women Köprülü Era Old Regime (1703–1789) Tulip era Decline and Modernization (1789–1908) Nizam-i Cedid Tanzimat First Constitutional Era Eastern question Dissolution (1908–1922) Second Constitutional Era Raid on the Sublime Porte Sick Man of Europe Balkan Wars Entry into WW1 Partition Abolition of the Sultanate Abolition of the Caliphate Historiography (Ghaza, Decline) v t e

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Part of a series on the History of Azerbaijan Prehistory Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Shulaveri–Shomu culture c.6000–c.4000 BC Chalcolithic culture of Nakhchivan c.4945–c.3800 BC Leyla-Tepe culture c.4350–c.4000 BC Kura–Araxes culture c.3400–c.2000 BC Nakhchivan culture c.3000–c.2000 BC Talish–Mughan culture c.1400–c.700 BC Khojaly–Gadabay culture c.1300–c.700 BC Antiquity Kingdom of Iškuza c.700 BC–c.590s BC Achaemenid Empire 550 BC–330 BC • Satrapy of Media c.550 BC – 323 BC Seleucid Empire 312 BC – 63 BC Parthian Empire 247 BC – AD 224 Caucasian Albania c.200 BC – c.AD 800 Roman Empire 27 BC – AD 395 Early Middle Ages Sasanian Empire 224–651 • Satrapy of Albania c.252–636 Khazar Khaganate c.650–969 Rashidun Caliphate 632–661 • Islamic conquest 633–654 • Arran c.650–705 Umayyad Caliphate 661–750 • Arran c.650–705 • Emirate of Arminiya 705–884 Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258 • Emirate of Arminiya 705–884 Shirvanshahs 861–1538 Sajids 889–929 Shaddadids 951–1199 Sallarid dynasty 919–1062 High Middle Ages Seljuk Empire 1037–1194 Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231 Eldiguzids 1135–1225 Mongol Empire 1206–1368 Ilkhanate 1256–1335 Chobanids 1335–1357 Timurid Empire 1370–1507 Qara Qoyunlu 1374–1468 Aq Qoyunlu 1378–1503 Early modern history Safavid Iran 1501–1736 • Safavid Shirvan 1501–1736 • Safavid Karabakh 1501–1747 • Chokhur-e Sa'd 1502–1736 Ottoman Empire 1299–1922 • Shirvan Eyalet [az] 1578–1607 • Ganja-Qarabagh Eyalet (I) [az] 1588–1606 • Revan Eyalet (I) [az] 1583–1604 • Nakhchivan Sanjak (I) [az] 1583–1604 • Ganja-Qarabagh Eyalet (II) [az] 1725–1735 • Revan Eyalet (II) [az] 1724–1736 • Nakhchivan Sanjak (II) [az] 1724–1736 • Tiflis Eyalet (II) [az] 1723–1735 • Kazak Sanjak (II) [az] 1723–1735 Afsharid Iran 1736–1796 • Division of Afsharid Empire 1747 Khanates of the Caucasus 1604–1844 • Elisu Sultanate 1604–1844 • Kazakh sultanate 1605–1801 • Djaro-Belokani c.1600s–c.1800s • Shaki Khanate 1743–1819 • Ganja Khanate 1747–1805 • Talysh Khanate 1747–1828 • Nakhichevan Khanate 1747–1828 • Qutqashen Sultanate 1747–1841 • Baku Khanate 1747–1806 • Shamshadil sultanate 1747–1801 • Quba Khanate 1747–1806 • Karabakh Khanate 1748–1822 • Treaty of Kurakchay 1805 • Shirvan Khanate 1748–1820 Zand dynasty 1751–1794 Qajar Iran 1789–1925 • Third Russo-Persian War 1796 • Fourth Russo-Persian War 1804–1813 • Treaty of Gulistan 1813 • Fifth Russo-Persian War 1826–1828 • Treaty of Turkmenchay 1828 Russian Empire 1721–1917 • Second Russo-Persian War 1722–1723 • Caucasus Viceroyalty 1801–1917 • Baku Governorate 1846–1920 • Erivan Governorate 1849–1917 • Zakatal okrug 1859–1918 • Elizavetpol Governorate 1867–1920 • Special Transcaucasian Committee 1917 Modern history Transcaucasian Commissariat 1917–1918 • March Days 1918 Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 1918 Baku Commune 1918 Centrocaspian Dictatorship 1918 Republic of Aras 1918–1919 Mughan Soviet Republic 1919 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1918 - 1920 • Independence Declaration 1918 • Treaty of Batum 1918 • Armenian–Azerbaijani War 1918–1920 • Battle of Baku 1918 • Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 1920 Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic 1920–1922 • Treaty of Kars 1921 Soviet Union 1922–1991 • Transcaucasian SFSR 1922–1936 • Azerbaijan SSR 1922–1936 • Azerbaijan SSR 1936–1991 • World War II 1941–1945 • Black January 1990 • Republic of Azerbaijan 1991 Contemporary history Republic of Azerbaijan 1991–present • Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 1988–present • I Nagorno-Karabakh War 1988–1994 • Bishkek Protocol 1994 • II Nagorno-Karabakh War 2020 • Ceasefire Agreement 2020 • Azerbaijani offensive 2023 • Ceasefire Agreement 2023 • Joint Declaration 2025 Topics Name Heads of state Genetic history Economic history Military history Jewish history Women's History LGBT History Wars Historical regions Sakasene Utik Arran Cambysene Gardman Shirvan Maskut Mughan Balasagan Caspiane Paytakaran Azerbaijan portal v t e

History of Georgia List of topics by the categories Prehistoric Georgia Legend of Kartlos Trialetian Mesolithic Shulaveri–Shomu culture Trialeti-Vanadzor culture Kura–Araxes culture Colchian culture Diauehi Mushki Ancient history Colchis Aryan Kartli Kingdom of Iberia Pharnavazid dynasty Georgia in the Roman era Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia Campaign of Pompey Iberian–Armenian War Abasgia Lazica Arsacid dynasty of Iberia Sasanian Iberia Chosroid dynasty Christianization of Iberia Middle Ages Iberian War Lazic War Principality of Iberia Umayyad invasion of Georgia Arab rule in Georgia Emirate of Tbilisi Duchy of Tao Duchy of Klarjeti Bagrationi dynasty (biblical claim) Kingdom of Hereti Kingdom of the Iberians Kingdom of Abkhazia Theme of Iberia Duchy of Kldekari Unification of the Georgian realm Kingdom of Georgia Duchy of Racha Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti Byzantine–Georgian wars Great Turkish Invasion Georgian–Seljuk wars Georgian Golden Age Khwarazmian–Georgian wars Mongol invasions of Georgia Kingdom of Eastern Georgia Kingdom of Western Georgia Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia Timurid invasions of Georgia Turkoman invasions of Georgia Duchy of Aragvi Georgian civil war of 1463–1490 Collapse of the Georgian realm Early modern history Duchy of Ksani Samtskhe-Saatabago Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti Kingdom of Imereti Georgian civil war of 1623–1658 Principality of Guria Principality of Svaneti Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Abkhazia Safavid Georgia Childir Eyalet Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti Modern history Georgia within the Russian Empire 1832 Georgian plot Gurian Republic Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic Democratic Republic of Georgia Red Army invasion of Georgia Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic Georgian civil war of 1991–1993 Russo-Georgian War History by topic Etymology Monarchs States Tbilisi Military history Wars Battles Chronology v t e

The **Treaty of Batum** was signed in [Batumi](/source/Batumi) on 4 June 1918, between the [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire) and the three Transcaucasian states: the [First Republic of Armenia](/source/First_Republic_of_Armenia), the [Azerbaijan Democratic Republic](/source/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic) and the [Democratic Republic of Georgia](/source/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia).[1][2] It was the first treaty of the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and had 14 articles.

## Background

See also: [Caucasus Campaign](/source/Caucasus_Campaign)

On 5 December 1917, the [armistice of Erzincan](/source/Armistice_of_Erzincan) was signed between the Russians and the Ottomans, ending the armed conflicts between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the [Persian Campaign](/source/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)) and [Caucasus Campaign](/source/Caucasus_Campaign) of the [Middle Eastern theatre of World War I](/source/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I).[3] This was followed by Russia's exit from [World War I](/source/World_War_I) on 3 March 1918 under the [Treaty of Brest-Litovsk](/source/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk). Between 14 March and April 1918, the [Trabzon peace conference](/source/Trabzon_peace_conference) was held between the Ottoman Empire and the delegation of the [Transcaucasian Sejm](/source/Transcaucasian_Sejm).

[Enver Pasha](/source/Enver_Pasha) offered to surrender all ambitions in the Caucasus in return for recognition of the Ottoman reacquisition of the east Anatolian provinces at Brest-Litovsk at the end of the negotiations.[4] On 5 April, the head of the Transcaucasian delegation [Akaki Chkhenkeli](/source/Akaki_Chkhenkeli) accepted the [Treaty of Brest-Litovsk](/source/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk) as a basis for more negotiations and wired the governing bodies[*[who?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions)*] urging them to accept that position.[5] The mood prevailing in Tiflis was very different. The Armenians pressured the [Commissariat](/source/Transcaucasian_Commissariat) to refuse and acknowledged the existence of a state of war between themselves and the Ottoman Empire.[5] Hostilities resumed, and the Ottoman troops overran new lands to the east, reaching the prewar borders. Approximately 40,000 civilians perished during the retreat of Armenian-Georgian volunteers and the Ottoman advance.[6] According to [Clarence Ussher](/source/Clarence_Ussher), an American doctor in eastern Anatolia, the number of Armenians killed during the Russian retreat numbered 7,000.[7]

## Treaty

On 11 May, a new peace conference opened at [Batum](/source/Batumi).[4] the Ottomans extended their demands to include [Tiflis](/source/Tbilisi) as well as [Alexandropol](/source/Alexandropol) and [Echmiadzin](/source/Echmiadzin); they also wanted a railroad to be built to connect [Kars](/source/Kars) and [Julfa](/source/Jolfa%2C_Iran) with [Baku](/source/Baku). The new Armenian state, through which the transport corridor would run, was to give free right of passage. The Armenian and Georgian members of the Republic's delegation began to stall. Beginning on 21 May, the Ottoman army moved ahead once again into areas of Russian Armenia, leading to the [Battle of Sardarapat](/source/Battle_of_Sardarapat) (21–29 May), the [Battle of Karakilisa](/source/Battle_of_Karakilisa) (24–28 May), and the [Battle of Bash Abaran](/source/Battle_of_Bash_Abaran) (21–24 May).

The treaty was signed while the [Third Army](/source/Third_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)) of the Ottoman Empire held positions 7 km from [Yerevan](/source/Yerevan) and only 10 km from [Echmiadzin](/source/Echmiadzin). The treaty needed to be examined and confirmed by the [Central Powers](/source/Central_Powers). Fifteen days after the treaty, delegates from [Armenia](/source/First_Republic_of_Armenia) were asked to come to [Constantinople](/source/Constantinople). In the surrendered territories the majority of the 1,250,000 pre-war inhabitants had been [Armenians](/source/Armenians), with more than 400,000 in the ceded sector of [Yerevan](/source/Yerevan) province alone.[8]

The treaty left Armenians with less than one ninth of Eastern Armenia. German diplomat Bernstorff commented on the treaty, stating that "Turkey has left only lake Sevan for the Armenians, where they can swim, but they don’t have a place to come out and get dry".[9]

## Signatories

**Ottoman side:**

- [Halil Menteshe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halil_Mente%C5%9Fe) – Minister of Justice

- [Wehib Pasha](/source/Wehib_Pasha) – commander of the [Third Army](/source/Third_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)) during the [Caucasus Campaign](/source/Caucasus_Campaign)

**Armenian side:**

- [Avetis Aharonian](/source/Avetis_Aharonian) – Chairman of the [National Council](/source/Armenian_National_Council_(1917%E2%80%9318))

- [Alexander Khatisian](/source/Alexander_Khatisian) – Minister of Foreign Affairs

- M. Babachanian

- Ghorghanian

**Azerbaijani side:**

- [Mammad Amin Rasulzade](/source/Mammad_Amin_Rasulzade) – President of the [National Council](/source/Azerbaijani_National_Council)

- [Mammad Hasan Hajinski](/source/Mammad_Hasan_Hajinski) – Minister of Foreign Affairs

**Georgian side:**

- [Noe Ramishvili](/source/Noe_Ramishvili) – Prime Minister

- [Ilia Odishelidze](/source/Ilia_Odishelidze) – Deputy Minister of Defense

- [Giorgi Gvazava](/source/Giorgi_Gvazava) – member of the presidium of the [National Council](/source/National_Council_of_Georgia)

- [Grigol Rtskhiladze](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grigol_Rtskhiladze&action=edit&redlink=1) – member of the National Council

## Statistics

Ethnoreligious composition of territories ceded in the Treaty of Batum[10] Area Territory occupied Armenians Muslims Georgians Russians Tiflis Governorate ↳ Akhalkalaki uezd 1,150 mi2 (3,000 km2) 64,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 ↳ Akhaltsikhe uezd 1,100 mi2 (2,800 km2) 27,000 18,000 25,000 540 Erivan Governorate ↳ Alexandropol uezd 750 mi2 (1,900 km2) 173,000 3,000 420 2,000 ↳ Nakhichevan uezd 1,500 mi2 (3,900 km2) ↳ Surmalu uezd 1,400 mi2 (3,600 km2) 30,000 66,000 ↳ Sharur-Daralayaz uezd 600 mi2 (1,600 km2) 500 12,000 60 ↳ Erivan uezd 700 mi2 (1,800 km2) 30,000 48,000 1,000 ↳ Etchmiadzin uezd 900 mi2 (2,300 km2) 76,000 42,000 400 Treaty of Batum 8,100 mi2 (21,000 km2) 400,500 197,000 33,420 12,000

Ethnoreligious composition of the South Caucasus in 1918[11] Nation Area (sq mi) Share of Transcaucasia Armenians Muslims Georgians Other Armenia 4,000 8% 470,000 168,000 41,000 Georgia 29,000 41% 535,000 200,000 1,607,000 510,000 Azerbaijan 36,000 51% 653,000 2,138,900 304,000

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Charlotte Mathilde Louise Hille (2010), *State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus*, BRILL, p. 71, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-9-004-17901-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-17901-1)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Alexander Mikaberidze](/source/Alexander_Mikaberidze) (2011), *Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World*, ABC-CLIO, p. 201, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-598-84337-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-598-84337-8)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [Tadeusz Swietochowski](/source/Tadeusz_Swietochowski) (1985), *Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community*, Cambridge University Press, p. 119, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-26310-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26310-8)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ottoman1_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ottoman1_4-1) Ezel Kural Shaw (1977), *Reform, revolution and republic : the rise of modern Turkey (1808-1975)*, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, p. 326, [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [78646544](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/78646544) (Turkish Perspective)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ric_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ric_5-1) Richard Hovannisian, *The Armenian people from ancient to modern times*, pp. 292–293, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-333-61974-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-61974-2), [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [312951712](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/312951712) (Armenian Perspective)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Hovannisian, Richard G. (1967). *Armenia on the road to independence, 1918*. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 277. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-520-00574-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-00574-0). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [825110](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/825110).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** A-To. *The Major Events in Vasburagan, 1914–1917*. p. 480.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hovannisian_8-0)** Richard G. Hovannisian (1997). *The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times*. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 301. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-333-61974-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-61974-2). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [312951712](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/312951712).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Kirakosyan, J. (Jon) (1992). ["The Armenian genocide : the Young Turks before the judgment of history"](https://archive.org/details/armeniangenocide0000kira). Madison, Conn. : Sphinx Press. p. 145.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:3_10-0)** Hovannisian, Richard G. (1967). *Armenia on the road to independence, 1918*. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 199. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-520-00574-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-00574-0). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [825110](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/825110).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Hovannisian, Richard G. (1967). *Armenia on the road to independence, 1918*. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 236. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-520-00574-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-00574-0). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [825110](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/825110).

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