# Tovaangar
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{{Short description|Homelands of the Tongva}}
[[File:Tongva Sacred Springs 2023 March open house day 19.jpg|thumb|297x297px|[Tongva Sacred Springs](/source/Tongva_Sacred_Springs) (pictured March 2023)]]
'''Tovaangar''' (''[Tongva](/source/Tongva_language)'': "the world")[{{Cite web |title=On Tovaangar {{!}} PRIME |url=https://prime.dailybruin.com/Tovaangar/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=On Tovaangar {{!}} PRIME |language=en}}][{{Cite journal |last=Stewart-Ambo |first=Theresa |date=2021 |title=The Future Is in the Past: How Land-Grab Universities Can Shape the Future of Higher Education |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/23/article/784830 |journal=Native American and Indigenous Studies |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=162–168 |doi=10.1353/nai.2021.a784830 |issn=2332-127X|url-access=subscription }}] refers to the [Tongva](/source/Tongva) world or homelands. It includes the greater area of the [Los Angeles Basin](/source/Los_Angeles_Basin), including the [San Gabriel Valley](/source/San_Gabriel_Valley), [San Fernando Valley](/source/San_Fernando_Valley), northern [Orange County](/source/Orange_County%2C_California), parts of [San Bernardino County](/source/San_Bernardino_County%2C_California) and [Riverside County](/source/Riverside_County%2C_California), and the southern [Channel Islands](/source/Channel_Islands_(California)), including [San Nicholas](/source/San_Nicolas_Island), [Santa Catalina](/source/Santa_Catalina_Island_(California)), [Santa Barbara](/source/Santa_Barbara_Island), and [San Clemente](/source/San_Clemente%2C_California).[{{Cite journal |last1=Vaughn |first1=Kēhaulani Natsuko |last2=Ambo |first2=Theresa Jean |date=2022-08-01 |title=Trans-Indigenous Education: Indigeneity, Relationships, and Higher Education |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/720611 |journal=Comparative Education Review |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=508–533 |doi=10.1086/720611 |s2cid=249728456 |issn=0010-4086|url-access=subscription }}][{{Cite book|last1=Hackel |first1=Steven W. |title=Visualizing Uncertainties Within Indigenous History |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429295546-8-9/early-california-cultural-atlas-steven-hackel-jeanette-zerneke-natale-zappia |work=Digital Mapping and Indigenous America |doi=10.4324/9780429295546-8-9 |access-date=2023-01-01 |last2=Zerneke |first2=Jeanette |last3=Zappia |first3=Natale|chapter=Early California Cultural Atlas: Visualizing Uncertainties within Indigenous History |isbn=9780429295546 |s2cid=164246246 }}][{{Cite news |last=Curwen |first=Thomas |date=2019-05-09 |title=Tongva, Los Angeles' first language, opens the door to a forgotten time and place |url=https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-me-col1-tongva-language-native-american-tribe/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |language=en}}] The homelands of the [Chumash](/source/Chumash_people) are to the northwest, the [Tataviam](/source/Tataviam) to the north, the [Serrano](/source/Serrano_people) and [Cahuilla](/source/Cahuilla) to the east, and the [Acjachemen](/source/Acjachemen) and [Payómkawichum](/source/Pay%C3%B3mkawichum) to the south.[{{Cite web |last=Day |first=Mark R. |title=Aboriginal Pathways and Trading Routes Were California's First Highways |url=https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/aboriginal-pathways-and-trading-routes-were-californias-first-highways |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=ICT |date=13 September 2018 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102054655/https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/aboriginal-pathways-and-trading-routes-were-californias-first-highways |archive-date= Jan 2, 2023 }}] One of the most significant was the [Mohave trail](/source/Mohave_Trail), which connected Tovaangar to nations in the east along what the [Spanish](/source/Spaniards) referred to as the [Colorado River](/source/Colorado_River).[{{Cite book |last=Zappia |first=Natale A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jENhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 |title=Traders and Raiders: The Indigenous World of the Colorado Basin, 1540-1859 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4696-1585-1 |location=Chapel Hill |pages=77 |oclc=883632043}}]
Travel over water mainly occurred through [tule reed boats](/source/Tule_reed) for local travel through waterways. For ocean travel, particularly between the mainland and the villages on [Pimuu'nga](/source/Santa_Catalina_Island_(California)), [Kinkipar](/source/San_Clemente_Island), and [Haraasnga](/source/San_Nicolas_Island), ''[te'aats](/source/Te'aat)'' or ''ti'ats'' were common. These are wooden plank boats built by the Tongva currently in the ''Ti'at Society'' that are made air tight with a mixture of [asphaltum](/source/asphaltum) and hold up to twelve people. A similar boat is the [Chumash](/source/Chumash_people) ''tomol''. The Tongva and Chumash are unique in being the only two nations in the region with plank canoes of this kind.[{{Cite book |last1=Hein |first1=Frank J. |title=Wild Catalina Island: Natural Secrets and Ecological Triumphs |date=2013 |first2=Carlos L. |last2=de la Rosa |publisher=History Press |isbn=978-1-61423-918-5 |location=Charleston, SC |oclc=944514536}}][{{Cite web |date=4 November 2019 |title=Rethinking the Coast with the Ti'at Society {{!}} Tending Nature {{!}} Season 2, Episode 1 {{!}} KCET |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJSlv7KZmzA |access-date=7 October 2020 |website= YouTube |author1= PBS SoCal }}]
== Land ==
After the establishment of [Spanish missions in California](/source/Spanish_missions_in_California) and the [California genocide](/source/California_genocide), all of Tovaangar has been taken out of the Tongva's [stewardship](/source/stewardship). The [Tongva Taraxat Paxaavxa Conservancy](/source/Tongva_Taraxat_Paxaavxa_Conservancy) has been established for the [rematriation](/source/rematriation) of Tongva homelands.[{{Cite news |last=Valdez |first=Jonah |date=2022-10-10 |title=After nearly 200 years, the Tongva community has land in Los Angeles County |language=en-US |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-10-10/after-nearly-200-years-the-tongva-community-has-land-in-los-angeles-county |access-date=2023-01-03}}] In 2022, a {{convert|1|acre||adj=mid| site}} was returned to the conservancy in [Altadena](/source/Altadena%2C_California), which marked the first time the Tongva had land under their stewardship in [Los Angeles County](/source/Los_Angeles_County%2C_California) in nearly two-hundred years.