# Toqui

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{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}
{{Short description|Mapuche leader in times of war}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = March 2019}}
[[File:Lautaro (de Pedro Subercaseaux).jpg|thumb|right|200px|[Toqui Lautaro](/source/Lautaro_(toqui)), painting by [Pedro Subercaseaux](/source/Pedro_Subercaseaux).]]
'''Toqui''' (or '''Toki''') ([Mapudungun](/source/Mapudungun) for ''axe'' or ''axe-bearer'') is a title conferred by the [Mapuche](/source/Mapuche) (an indigenous [Chile](/source/Chile)an and [Argentinian](/source/Argentines)<ref>{{Cite web|title="Argentina se fundó sobre un genocidio contra los mapuches" {{!}} DW {{!}} 22.08.2017|url=https://www.dw.com/es/argentina-se-fund%C3%B3-sobre-un-genocidio-contra-los-mapuches/a-40196973|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|website=DW.COM|language=es-ES|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref> people) on those chosen as leaders during times of war.  The toqui is chosen in an assembly or [parliament](/source/parliament) (''[coyag](/source/coyag)'') of the chieftains ([lonco](/source/lonco)s) of various clans ([Rehue](/source/Rehue)s) or confederation of clans ([Aillarehue](/source/Aillarehue)s), allied during the war at hand. The toqui commanded strict obedience of all the warriors and their loncos during the war, would organize them into units and appoint leaders over them.  This command would continue until the toqui was killed, abdicated (Cayancaru), was deposed in another parliament (as in the case of Lincoyan, for poor leadership), or upon completion of the war for which he was chosen.

Some of the more famous Toqui in the [Arauco War](/source/Arauco_War) with the Spanish introduced tactical innovations. For example, [Michimalonco](/source/Michimalonco) incorporated Spanish war tactics learned from Gonzalo Calvo de Barrientos, which he used to expel Inca rule from his lands by overthrowing the last Inca governor, Quilicanta. [Lautaro](/source/Lautaro_(toqui)) introduced infantry tactics to defeat horsemen and create the first mapuche cavalry corps. [Lemucaguin](/source/Lemucaguin) was the first Toqui to use [firearms](/source/firearms) and [artillery](/source/artillery) in battle. [Nongoniel](/source/Nongoniel) was the first Toqui to use shock cavalry, bolas cavalry and cavalry archers with the Mapuche army.  [Cadeguala](/source/Cadeguala) was the first to successfully use Mapuche cavalry to defeat Spanish cavalry in battle.  [Anganamón](/source/Anganam%C3%B3n) was the first to mount his infantry to keep up with his fast-moving cavalry. [Lientur](/source/Lientur) pioneered the tactic of numerous and rapid ''[malón](/source/mal%C3%B3n)s'' into Spanish territory.

The greatest of the Toqui was the older [Paillamachu](/source/Paillamachu), who developed the strategy, patiently organized and trained his forces and then with his two younger Vice Toqui, [Pelantaro](/source/Pelantaro) and [Millacolquin](/source/Millacolquin), carried out the [Great Revolt](/source/Destruction_of_the_Seven_Cities) of 1598–1604 which finally expelled the Spanish from [Araucania](/source/Araucan%C3%ADa_(historic_region)).

== List of Mapuche Toquis ==
300px|thumb|right|Probable standard of the Toqui, based on representations.
The following [Mapuche](/source/Mapuche) leaders were at some time named as toquis:<ref>[José Ignacio Víctor Eyzaguirre](/source/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_V%C3%ADctor_Eyzaguirre), [https://books.google.com/books?id=C8C2FNNWaBEC  '''Historia eclesiastica: Politica y literaria de Chile, Vol. 1''', IMPRENTA DEL COMERCIO, VALPARAISO, June 1850. List of Toquis, pg. 162–163, 498–500.]</ref>
* [Michimalonco](/source/Michimalonco) 1540-1544 ††
* [Malloquete](/source/Malloquete)<ref>[Jerónimo de Vivar](/source/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Vivar), '''Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile''', Capítulo LXVI</ref> 1546 †
* [Ainavillo](/source/Ainavillo),<ref>Vivar, '''Crónica...''', Cap. XCV,XCVII</ref> Aynabillo<ref>[Pedro Mariño de Lobera](/source/Pedro_Mari%C3%B1o_de_Lobera), '''Crónica del Reino de Chile.''', Cap. XXXI</ref> or Aillavilú 1550 †
* [Lincoyan](/source/Lincoyan) 1551–1553
* [Caupolicán](/source/Caupolican) 1553–1558 ††
** [Lautaro](/source/Lautaro_(toqui)) Vice Toqui 1553–1557 † 
* [Turcupichun](/source/Turcupichun)<ref>[Diego de Rosales](/source/Diego_de_Rosales), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Sm4eAAAAMAAJ  '''Historia general de el Reino de Chile, Flandes Indiano, Tomo II'''], CAPÍTULO XXI</ref> 1557–1558 ††
* [Lemucaguin](/source/Lemucaguin)<ref>Rosales, '''Historia general ..., Tomo II''', CAPÍTULO XXI</ref> or [Caupolicán the younger](/source/Caupolic%C3%A1n_the_younger)<ref>[Juan Ignacio Molina](/source/Juan_Ignacio_Molina), '''The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, Vol II''', Book III, Chap. VIII</ref> 1558 †
* [Illangulién](/source/Illanguli%C3%A9n),<ref>[Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo](/source/Alonso_de_G%C3%B3ngora_Marmolejo), '''Historia de Todas las Cosas que han Acaecido en el Reino de Chile y de los que lo han gobernado (1536–1575)''', Capítulo XLVI</ref> ''Quiromanite'',<ref>Lobera, CRÓNICA DEL REINO DE CHILE, Libro Segundo, Capítulo XXII</ref> ''Queupulien''<ref>Rosales, '''"Historia General del Reino de Chile", Flandes Indiano''', Tomo II, Cap. XXX</ref> or ''Antiguenu''<ref>Molina,  '''The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, Volume II''', Book IV, Chap. 1</ref> 1559–1564 †
** [Millalelmo](/source/Millalelmo)<ref>Góngora Marmolejo, Historia..., Capítulo XLV, Cap. XXXVI</ref> or ''Millarelmo''<ref>Rosales, '''Historia general de el Reyno de Chile, Flandes Indiano, Tomo II'''</ref> or ''Antunecul''<ref>Molina, '''The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili''', pg. 207–208</ref> 1562–1570
** [Loble](/source/Loble)<ref>Góngora Marmolejo, Historia..., Capítulo XLV</ref> or ''Lig-lemu''<ref>[Vicente Carvallo y Goyeneche](/source/Vicente_Carvallo_y_Goyeneche), [https://books.google.com/books?id=6VQDAAAAMAAJ  '''Descripcion histórico-jeográfica del Reino de Chile, TOMO I'''; '''Coleccion de historiadores de Chile, Tomo VIII''', IMPRENTA DE LA LIBRERÍA DEL MERCURIO de A. y M. Echeverria, Morando Núm. 38., Santiago,1878], Tomo I Cap. LI</ref> or ''Lillemu''<ref>Molina, '''The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili''', pg. 211</ref> Vice Toqui 1563–1565
* [Paillataru](/source/Paillataru) 1564–1574
** [Llanganabal](/source/Llanganabal) 1569
* [Paineñamcu](/source/Paine%C3%B1amcu)<ref>According to Rosales, '''Historia...''', Tomo II, Capítulo LI, pg. 221.</ref> or [Paynenancu](/source/Paynenancu),<ref>Carvallo,'''Descripcion Histórico...'''</ref> originally Alonso Diaz<ref>Lobera calls him Diego Díaz, '''Crónica...''', Libro tercero, Parte tercera, Capítulo XXXII; Rosales and Carvallo call him Alonso Diaz</ref> 1574–1584 ††
* [Cayancaru](/source/Cayancaru) or ''Cayeucura''<ref>Diego de Rosales, '''Historia..., Tomo II''', Capítulo LI</ref> 1584
* [Nongoniel](/source/Nongoniel) or ''Mangolien''<ref>Rosales, '''Historia ... , Tomo II''', CAPÍTULO LII</ref> 1585 †
* [Cadeguala](/source/Cadeguala) or ''Cadiguala''<ref>Lobera, '''Crónica ...''', Cap. XXXV</ref> 1585–1586 †
* [Guanoalca](/source/Guanoalca) or ''Huenualca''<ref>[Claudio Gay](/source/Claudio_Gay), [https://books.google.com/books?id=YvAcAiOvTmUC&pg=PA541  '''Historia fisica y politica de Chile''' Tomo II, Capitulo XIII]</ref> 1586–1590
* [Quintuguenu](/source/Quintuguenu) 1591 †
* [Paillaeco](/source/Paillaeco) 1592 †
* [Paillamachu](/source/Paillamachu) 1592–1603
** [Pelantaro](/source/Pelantaro) Vice Toqui
** [Millacolquin](/source/Millacolquin) Vice Toqui
* [Huenecura](/source/Huenecura) or ''Huenencura''<ref>Gay, '''Historia ...''' , Tomo II, Cap. XXXII.</ref> 1604–1610 
* [Aillavilu](/source/Aillavilu), Aillavilú II,<ref>[José Ignacio Víctor Eyzaguirre](/source/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_V%C3%ADctor_Eyzaguirre), '''Historia eclesiastica: Politica y literaria de Chile''', Impr. del Comercio, Valpraiso, 1850. pg. 498.</ref> Aillavilu Segundo<ref>[Gomez De Vidaurre](/source/Gomez_De_Vidaurre), [https://books.google.com/books?id=TnECAAAAYAAJ  Coleccíon de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional, Tomo 15, '''HISTORIA GEOGRÁFICA, NATURAL Y CIVIL DEL REINO DE CHILE, TOMO II''' CON UNA INTRODUCCIÓN BIOGRÁFICA Y NOTAS POR J. T. MEDINA, IMPRENTA ERCILLA, SANTIAGO DE CHILE, 1889]</ref> 1610–1612 
* [Anganamón](/source/Anganam%C3%B3n),<ref>Rosales, '''Historia general ..., Tomo II'''</ref> ''Ancanamon''<ref>[Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán](/source/Francisco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Pineda_y_Bascu%C3%B1%C3%A1n), '''El Cautiverio Feliz'''; Molina, '''The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili'''</ref> or ''Ancanamun''<ref>Carvallo,  '''Descripcion histórico..., TOMO I'''; '''Coleccion de historiadores de Chile, Tomo VIII''', IMPRENTA DE LA LIBRERÍA DEL MERCURIO de A. y M. Echeverria, Morando Núm. 38., Santiago,1878</ref> 1612–1613
* [Loncothegua](/source/Loncothegua) 1613–1620
* [Lientur](/source/Lientur) 1621–1625
** Levipillan Vice Toqui<ref>Molina, '''The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili''', p.234</ref>
* [Butapichón](/source/Butapich%C3%B3n) or ''Butapichún''<ref>[Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán](/source/Francisco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Pineda_y_Bascu%C3%B1%C3%A1n), [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/90661618666960502009680/p0000001.htm  El Cautiverio Feliz]</ref> 1625–1631
* [Quepuantú](/source/Quepuant%C3%BA) or ''Quempuante'' 1631–1632 †
* [Butapichón](/source/Butapich%C3%B3n) or ''Butapichún'' 1632–1634 
* [Huenucalquin](/source/Huenucalquin) 1634–1635 †
* [Curanteo](/source/Curanteo) 1635 †
* [Curimilla](/source/Curimilla) 1635–1639 †
* [Lincopinchon](/source/Lincopinchon) 1640–1641
* [Clentaru](/source/Clentaru) 1655
* Mestizo [Alejo](/source/Alejo) or ''Ñancú'' 1656–1661 @
* [Misqui](/source/Misqui) 1661–1663 †
* [Colicheuque](/source/Colicheuque) 1663 †
* [Udalevi](/source/Udalevi) 1664–1665 †
** [Calbuñancü](/source/Calbu%C3%B1anc%C3%BC) vice toqui 1664–1665 †<ref>Gay, '''Historia fisica y politica de Chile, Tomo III''', CAPITULO XXVII</ref>
* [Ayllicuriche](/source/Ayllicuriche) or Huaillacuriche<ref>[Pedro de Cordoba y Figueroa](/source/Pedro_de_Cordoba_y_Figueroa), [https://books.google.com/books?id=PFADAAAAMAAJ  '''HISTORIA DE CHILE''' (1492–1717)]</ref> 1672–1673 †
* [Millalpal](/source/Millalpal)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PFADAAAAMAAJ  Pedro de Cordoba y Figueroa , '''HISTORIA DE CHILE  1492–1717''', Coleccion de historiadores de Chile Libro 7 Cap. 14]</ref><ref>[http://www.historia.uchile.cl/CDA/fh_sub_article/0,1395,SCID%253D5835%2526ISID%253D404%2526GRPR%253D4255%2526PRT%253D4263%2526JNID%253D12,00.html  Vicente Carvallo Goyeneche, '''Descripcion Histórico Geografía del Reino de Chile''', Tomo II, Primera parte, Capítulo LXIV]</ref> or ''Millapán'' 1692–1694
* [Vilumilla](/source/Vilumilla) 1722–1726
* [Curiñancu](/source/Curi%C3%B1ancu) 1766–1774 
** [Lebian](/source/Lebian) Vice Toqui<ref>Claudio Gay, Historia fisica y politica de Chile, Toma IV, Primera parte, Capítulo XVIII, En casa del autor, 1848, p. 223</ref>

†  Killed in battle or †† executed for rebellion or @ [assassinated](/source/Assassination).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=FhcTAAAAYAAJ  Juan Ignatius Molina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, Vol II., Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, London, 1809]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=C8C2FNNWaBEC  José Ignacio Víctor Eyzaguirre, Historia eclesiastica: Politica y literaria de Chile, IMPRENTA DEL COMERCIO, VALPARAISO, June 1830] List of Toquis, pg. 162–163, 498–500.

{{mapuche}}

{{authority control}}

Category:Mapuche
Category:Toquis
Category:Military history of Chile
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Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership
Category:Mapuche words and phrases

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Toqui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toqui) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toqui?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.