# Tissue clearing

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Tissue_clearing
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Tissue_clearing.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_clearing
> Source revision: 1348872400
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

**Tissue clearing** refers to a group of chemical techniques used to turn tissues transparent.[1][2][3] By turning tissues transparent to certain [wavelengths](/source/Wavelengths) of light, it allows one to gain optical access to a tissue.[1] That is, light can pass into and out of the cleared tissue freely, allowing one to see the structures deep within the tissue without physically cutting it open. Many tissue clearing methods exist, each with different strengths and weaknesses.[2][4] Some are generally applicable, while others are designed for specific applications.[4] Tissue clearing is usually useful only combined with one or more [fluorescent](/source/Fluorescence) labeling techniques such as [immunolabeling](/source/Immunolabeling) and subsequently imaged, most often by [optical sectioning](/source/Optical_sectioning) microscopy techniques.[1][5][6] Tissue clearing has been applied to many areas in biological research.[7] It is one of the more efficient ways to perform three-dimensional [histology](/source/Histology).

## History

In the early 1900s, [Werner Spalteholz](/source/Werner_Spalteholz) developed a technique that allowed the clarification of large tissues,[2][8] using Wintergrünöl ([methyl salicylate](/source/Methyl_salicylate)) and [benzyl benzoate](/source/Benzyl_benzoate).[9] Various scientists then introduced their own variations on Spalteholz's technique.[8] Tuchin et al. introduced tissue optical clearing (TOC) in 1997, adding a new branch of tissue clearing that was [hydrophilic](/source/Hydrophile) instead of hydrophobic like Spalteholz's technique.[1][10] In the 1980s, Andrew Murray & [Marc Kirschner](/source/Marc_Kirschner) developed a two-step process, wherein tissues were first dehydrated with [alcohol](/source/Alcohol_(chemistry)) and subsequently made transparent by immersion in a mixture of [benzyl alcohol](/source/Benzyl_alcohol) and [benzyl benzoate](/source/Benzyl_benzoate) (BABB), a technique they coupled with [light sheet fluorescence microscopy](/source/Light_sheet_fluorescence_microscopy),[11][2][3] which remains the method with the highest clearing efficacy to date, regardless any tissue pre-processing step.[12] In the most extreme case, it allows the clearing of a whole [mouse](/source/Mouse) of even a whole human [brain](/source/Brain).[13]

In 2024, Hong, Brongersma, and Ou reported that applying high concentrations of the food dye [tartrazine](/source/Tartrazine) could transiently and reversibly increase the optical transparency of certain biological tissues, including the skin, in live mice.[14][15][16] The authors attributed this effect to tartrazine's strong absorption in the blue region of the visible [spectrum](/source/Electromagnetic_spectrum) and to [refractive index](/source/Refractive_index) modulation at longer wavelengths, consistent with the [Kramers–Kronig relations](/source/Kramers%E2%80%93Kronig_relations). Following publication, the findings have been independently reproduced and extended by multiple laboratories in several subsequent studies.[17][18][19][20] Specifically, this *in vivo* optical clearing approach has been applied by multiple independent laboratories to enhance imaging depth in modalities such as [optical coherence tomography](/source/Optical_coherence_tomography) and [photoacoustic imaging](/source/Photoacoustic_imaging).[17][20][21][22][23][24] In 2025, Valery V. Tuchin, a pioneer in hydrophilic tissue clearing, demonstrated tartrazine can make the skull more transparent in live mice, enabling transcranial laser [speckle imaging](/source/Speckle_imaging) of cortical blood flow in real time.[18] In addition, a number of other labs have demonstrated the utility of tartrazine to enable deep-tissue [Raman sensing](/source/Raman_spectroscopy)[25] and [fluorescence lifetime imaging](/source/Fluorescence-lifetime_imaging_microscopy).[26] In addition to tartrazine, several other absorbing dye molecules, including the FDA-approved contrast agents [fluorescein](/source/Fluorescein) and [indocyanine green](/source/Indocyanine_green), have also been repurposed to function as *in vivo* optical clearing agents.[27][28][29] This observation suggests that the underlying physical principle of dye-enabled optical clearing is not limited to a single [molecule](/source/Molecule) and that multiple dye molecules may be repurposed as tissue clearing agents.

## Principles

Tissue opacity is thought to be the result of light scattering due to heterogeneous [refractive indices](/source/Refractive_index).[1][4][5] Tissue clearing methods chemically homogenize refractive indices, resulting in almost completely transparent tissue.[4][6]

## Classifications

While there are multiple class names for tissue-clearing methods, they are all classified based on the final state of the tissue by the end of the clearing method.[1] These include hydrophobic clearing methods,[1][2][6] which may also be known as organic,[3] solvent-based,[4][5] organic solvent-based,[30][31] or dehydration[32] clearing methods; hydrophilic clearing methods,[1][2][6] which may also be known as aqueous-based[5][30] or water-based[32] methods, and hydrogel-based clearing methods.[2][1]

## Labeling

Tissue clearing methods have varying compatibility with different methods of [fluorescent labeling](/source/Fluorescent_tag).[1][5][6] Some are better suited to genetic labelling by endogenously expressed [fluorescent protein](/source/Fluorescent_protein),[1][5] while others externally delivered probes as [immunolabeling](/source/Immunolabeling) and chemical dye labeling.[1][5] The latter is more general and applicable to all tissues, notably human tissues, but the penetration of the probes becomes a critical problem.[33]

## Imaging

After clearing and labeling, tissues are typically imaged using [confocal microscopy](/source/Confocal_microscopy),[30][31][32] [two-photon microscopy](/source/Two-photon_excitation_microscopy),[1][5][30] or one of the many variants of [light-sheet fluorescence microscopy](/source/Light_sheet_fluorescence_microscopy).[7][30][31] Other less commonly used methods include [optical projection tomography](/source/Optical_projection_tomography)[1][5] and [stimulated Raman scattering](/source/Raman_scattering).[5][7][30] As long as the tissue allows for the unobstructed passing of light, the [optical resolution](/source/Optical_resolution) is fundamentally limited by [Abbe diffraction limit](/source/Diffraction-limited_system). The compatibility of any tissue clearing method with any microscopy system is, therefore, configurational rather than optical.

## Data

Tissue clearing is one of the more efficient ways to facilitate 3D imaging of tissues, and hence generates massive volumes of complex data, which requires powerful computational hardware and software to store, process, analyze, and visualize.[1][6][32] A single [mouse brain](/source/Mouse_brain) can generate terabytes of data.[2][6][32] Both commercial and open-source software exists to address this need, some of it adapted from solutions for two-dimensional images and some of it designed specifically for the three-dimensional images produced by imaging of cleared tissues.[1][30][31]

## Applications

Tissue clearing has been applied to the nervous system,[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][30][34][35] bones (including teeth),[7][30][31][36][37][38] skeletal muscles,[7][38][39] hearts and vasculature,[7][30][40] gastrointestinal organs,[7][41] urogenital organs,[7][30][42] skin,[7][43] lymph nodes,[7] mammary glands,[7] lungs,[7] eyes,[7] tumors,[7][30] and adipose tissues.[7][30] Whole-body clearing is less common, but has been done in smaller animals, including rodents.[1][6][7] Tissue clearing has also been applied to human cancer tissues.[44][45] For some techniques, bone tissue must be [decalcified](/source/Decalcify) to remove light-scattering [hydroxyapatite](/source/Hydroxyapatite) crystals, leaving behind a [protein matrix](/source/Extracellular_matrix) suitable for clearing.[46][47]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:0_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:0_1-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:0_1-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-:0_1-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-:0_1-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-:0_1-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-:0_1-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-:0_1-10) [***l***](#cite_ref-:0_1-11) [***m***](#cite_ref-:0_1-12) [***n***](#cite_ref-:0_1-13) [***o***](#cite_ref-:0_1-14) [***p***](#cite_ref-:0_1-15) [***q***](#cite_ref-:0_1-16) [***r***](#cite_ref-:0_1-17) Zhao J, Lai HM, Qi Y, He D, Sun H (January 2021). "Current Status of Tissue Clearing and the Path Forward in Neuroscience". *ACS Chemical Neuroscience*. **12** (1): 5–29. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00563](https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facschemneuro.0c00563). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [33326739](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33326739). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [229300600](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229300600).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:1_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:1_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:1_2-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-:1_2-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-:1_2-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-:1_2-8) Ueda HR, Dodt HU, Osten P, Economo MN, Chandrashekar J, Keller PJ (May 2020). ["Whole-Brain Profiling of Cells and Circuits in Mammals by Tissue Clearing and Light-Sheet Microscopy"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7213014). *Neuron*. **106** (3): 369–387. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.004](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2020.03.004). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [7213014](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7213014). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [32380050](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32380050).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:3_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:3_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:3_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:3_3-3) Vigouroux RJ, Belle M, Chédotal A (July 2017). ["Neuroscience in the third dimension: shedding new light on the brain with tissue clearing"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5520295). *Molecular Brain*. **10** (1) 33. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1186/s13041-017-0314-y](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13041-017-0314-y). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5520295](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5520295). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [28728585](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28728585).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:4_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:4_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:4_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:4_4-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:4_4-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:4_4-5) Porter DD, Morton PD (January 2020). ["Clearing techniques for visualizing the nervous system in development, injury, and disease"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10674098). *Journal of Neuroscience Methods*. **334** 108594. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108594](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jneumeth.2020.108594). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [10674098](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10674098). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [31945400](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31945400). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [210430342](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210430342).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:5_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:5_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:5_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:5_5-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:5_5-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:5_5-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-:5_5-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-:5_5-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-:5_5-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-:5_5-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-:5_5-10) Tian T, Li X (November 2020). "Applications of tissue clearing in the spinal cord". *The European Journal of Neuroscience*. **52** (9): 4019–4036. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/ejn.14938](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fejn.14938). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [32794596](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32794596). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [221121163](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221121163).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:6_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:6_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:6_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:6_6-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:6_6-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:6_6-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-:6_6-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-:6_6-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-:6_6-8) Ueda HR, Ertürk A, Chung K, Gradinaru V, Chédotal A, Tomancak P, Keller PJ (February 2020). ["Tissue clearing and its applications in neuroscience"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8121164). *Nature Reviews. Neuroscience*. **21** (2): 61–79. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41583-019-0250-1](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41583-019-0250-1). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [8121164](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8121164). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [31896771](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31896771). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [209528204](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209528204).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:10_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:10_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:10_7-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:10_7-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:10_7-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:10_7-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-:10_7-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-:10_7-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-:10_7-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-:10_7-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-:10_7-10) [***l***](#cite_ref-:10_7-11) [***m***](#cite_ref-:10_7-12) [***n***](#cite_ref-:10_7-13) [***o***](#cite_ref-:10_7-14) [***p***](#cite_ref-:10_7-15) [***q***](#cite_ref-:10_7-16) Gómez-Gaviro MV, Sanderson D, Ripoll J, Desco M (August 2020). ["Biomedical Applications of Tissue Clearing and Three-Dimensional Imaging in Health and Disease"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7452225). *iScience*. **23** (8) 101432. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2020iSci...23j1432G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020iSci...23j1432G). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.isci.2020.101432](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.isci.2020.101432). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [7452225](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7452225). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [32805648](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32805648).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_8-1) Azaripour A, Lagerweij T, Scharfbillig C, Jadczak AE, Willershausen B, Van Noorden CJ (August 2016). ["A survey of clearing techniques for 3D imaging of tissues with special reference to connective tissue"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proghi.2016.04.001). *Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry*. **51** (2): 9–23. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.proghi.2016.04.001](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proghi.2016.04.001). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [27142295](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27142295).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Spalteholz W (1914). *Über das Durchsichtigmachen von menschlichen und tierischen Präparaten und seine theoretischen Bedingungen, nebst Anhang: Über Knochenfärbung*. Leipzig: S. Hirzel.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Tuchin VV, Maksimova IL, Zimnyakov DA, Kon IL, Mavlyutov AH, Mishin AA (October 1997). ["Light propagation in tissues with controlled optical properties"](https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.281502). *Journal of Biomedical Optics*. **2** (4): 401–17. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1997JBO.....2..401T](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JBO.....2..401T). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1117/12.281502](https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.281502). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [23014964](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23014964).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Dent; Polson; Klymkowsky (1989). "A whole-mount immunocytochemical analysis of the expression of the intermediate filament protein vimentin in Xenopus". *Development*. **105** (1): 61–74. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1242/dev.105.1.61](https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.105.1.61). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [2806118](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2806118).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Pan, Chenchen; Cai, Ruiyao; Quacquarelli, Francesca Paola; Ghasemigharagoz, Alireza; Lourbopoulos, Athanasios; Matryba, Paweł; Plesnila, Nikolaus; Dichgans, Martin; Hellal, Farida; Ertürk, Ali (2016). "Shrinkage-mediated imaging of entire organs and organisms using uDISCO". *Nature Methods*. **13** (10): 859–867. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/nmeth.3964](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmeth.3964). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [27548807](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27548807).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Zhao, Shan; Mihail Ivilinov, Todorov; Ruiyao, Cai; Rami, AI -Maskari; Hanno, Steinke; Elisabeth, Kemter; Hongcheng, Mai; Zhouyi, Rong; Martin, Warmer; Karen, Stanic; Oliver, Schoppe; Johannes Christian, Paetzold; Benno, Gesierich; Milagros N., Wong; Tobias B., Huber; Marco, Duering; Oliver Thomas, Bruns; Bjoern, Menze; Jan, Lipfert (2020). ["Cellular and Molecular Probing of Intact Human Organs"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7557154). *Cell*. **2020** (4): 796–812.e19. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.cell.2020.01.030](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.01.030). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [7557154](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7557154). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [32059778](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32059778).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Ou, Zihao; Duh, Yi-Shiou; Rommelfanger, Nicholas J.; Keck, Carl H. C.; Jiang, Shan; Brinson, Kenneth; Zhao, Su; Schmidt, Elizabeth L.; Wu, Xiang; Yang, Fan; Cai, Betty; Cui, Han; Qi, Wei; Wu, Shifu; Tantry, Adarsh (2024-09-06). ["Achieving optical transparency in live animals with absorbing molecules"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931656). *Science*. **385** (6713) eadm6869. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2024Sci...385m6869O](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Sci...385m6869O). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1126/science.adm6869](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.adm6869). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [11931656](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931656). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [39236186](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39236186).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Keck, Carl H. C.; Schmidt, Elizabeth Lea; Zhao, Su; Liu, Zhongyu; Zhang, Ling-Yi; Cui, Miao; Chen, Xiaoyu; Wang, Chonghe; Cui, Han; Brongersma, Mark L.; Hong, Guosong (2025-05-13). ["Achieving transient and reversible optical transparency in live mice with tartrazine"](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41596-025-01187-z). *Nature Protocols*. **21** (1): 319–346. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41596-025-01187-z](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41596-025-01187-z). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1750-2799](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1750-2799). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [40360854](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40360854).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Shabbir, Muhammad Waqas; Asante-Asare, David; Phillips, Matthew; Ou, Zihao (2025-07-11). ["Transient Optical Clearing Using Absorbing Molecules for Ex Vivo and In Vivo Imaging"](https://app.jove.com/t/68629/transient-optical-clearing-using-absorbing-molecules-for-ex-vivo-vivo). *Journal of Visualized Experiments* (221) e68629. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3791/68629](https://doi.org/10.3791%2F68629). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1940-087X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1940-087X). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [40720350](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40720350).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:15_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:15_17-1) Miller, David A.; Xu, Yirui; Highland, Robert; Nguyen, Van Tu; Brown, William J.; Hong, Guosong; Yao, Junjie; Wax, Adam (2025-01-20). ["Enhanced penetration depth in optical coherence tomography and photoacoustic microscopy in vivo enabled by absorbing dye molecules"](https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-12-1-24). *Optica*. **12** (1): 24–30. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2025Optic..12...24M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025Optic..12...24M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1364/OPTICA.546779](https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOPTICA.546779). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2334-2536](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2334-2536). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [12858289](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12858289). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [41625956](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41625956).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:16_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:16_18-1) Surkov, Y.; Timoshina, P.; Uvakin, I.; Shushunova, N.; Konovalov, A.; Kozlov, I.; Piavchenko, G.; Telyshev, D.; Meglinski, I.; Kuznetsov, S.; Tuchin, V. (2025-10-16). ["Computer-guided optical clearing for transcranial laser speckle imaging of cortical blood flow through synergistic tartrazine-induced cranial bone transparency"](https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S1793545825400024). *Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences* 2540002. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1142/S1793545825400024](https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS1793545825400024). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1793-5458](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1793-5458).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Tie, Xin; Sun, Ting; Xiao, Guixiu; Zhao, Yanjie; Su, Jing; Xie, Xiaoqi; Yin, Wanhong (2024-11-01). "Absorbing molecules make both abdomen and back transparent in live mice". [bioRxiv](/source/BioRxiv_(identifier)) [10.1101/2024.10.28.620537](https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2024.10.28.620537).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:17_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:17_20-1) Zuo, Tianxiang; Tao, Chao; Liu, Xiaojun (2025-04-01). ["Absorbing molecules as optical clearing agents improve the resolution and sensitivity of photoacoustic microscopy"](https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-50-7-2282). *Optics Letters*. **50** (7): 2282–2285. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2025OptL...50.2282Z](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025OptL...50.2282Z). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1364/OL.555723](https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOL.555723). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0146-9592](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-9592). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [40167701](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40167701).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Jia, Conger; Zhang, Zhiling; Shen, Yuecheng; Hou, Wanli; Zhao, Jiayu; Luo, Jiawei; Chen, Haoran; Qi, Dalong; Yao, Yunhua; Deng, Lianzhong; Ma, Hongmei; Sun, Zhenrong; Zhang, Shian (2025-06-01). ["Tartrazine-enabled optical clearing for in vivo optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy"](https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-16-6-2504). *Biomedical Optics Express*. **16** (6): 2504–2515. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1364/BOE.565643](https://doi.org/10.1364%2FBOE.565643). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2156-7085](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2156-7085). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [12265485](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265485). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [40677379](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40677379).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Xu, Maoyuan; Yang, Bingqian; Song, Shen; Xu, Tianpeng; Yao, Jinyu; Liu, Yuehao; Cui, Yaoyao; Zhang, Yachao (2025-10-01). ["Multi-wavelength photoacoustic microscopy enhanced by the high-sensitivity probe and reversible tissue transparent molecules"](https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=prj-13-10-2757). *Photonics Research*. **13** (10): 2757. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1364/PRJ.565972](https://doi.org/10.1364%2FPRJ.565972). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2327-9125](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2327-9125).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Liang, Yilin; Meng, Xiaochen; Wang, Chongyang; Ma, Jiawei; Zhang, Xuanye; Fan, Fan; Zhu, Jiang (September 2025). ["Optical Coherence Tomography and Angiography Image Enhancement Using Optical Clearing Agent Tartrazine"](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jbio.202500297). *Journal of Biophotonics*. **19** (1) e202500297. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/jbio.202500297](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjbio.202500297). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1864-063X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1864-063X). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [40890078](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40890078).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Narawane, Amit; Trout, Robert; Viehland, Christian; Kuo, Anthony N.; Vajzovic, Lejla; Dhalla, Al-Hafeez; Toth, Cynthia A. (2024-12-09). ["Optical clearing with tartrazine enables deep transscleral imaging with optical coherence tomography"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11635458). *Journal of Biomedical Optics*. **29** (12). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2024JBO....29l0501N](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024JBO....29l0501N). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1117/1.JBO.29.12.120501](https://doi.org/10.1117%2F1.JBO.29.12.120501). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1083-3668](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1083-3668). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [11635458](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11635458). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [39669907](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39669907).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Lee, Michael Ka Ho; Mizushima, Kenta; Zheng, Peng; Tanwar, Swati; Gupta, Anoushka; Fujita, Katsumasa; Barman, Ishan (2025-10-24). ["Spectrally Silent and Optically Transparent: Clear-SiR for Deep Raman Biomolecular Sensing"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12993836). *ACS Sensors*. **10** (10): 7702–7711. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2025ACSSe..10.7702L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025ACSSe..10.7702L). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1021/acssensors.5c02046](https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facssensors.5c02046). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [12993836](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12993836). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [41024637](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41024637).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Yuan, Nanxue; Ragab, Saif; Chavez, Luis; Pandey, Vikas; Intes, Xavier (2025-12-15). ["Evaluating tartrazine as an optical clearing agent for fluorescence lifetime imaging"](https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-50-24-7588). *Optics Letters*. **50** (24): 7588–7591. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2025OptL...50.7588Y](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025OptL...50.7588Y). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1364/OL.579040](https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOL.579040). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0146-9592](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-9592). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [41396940](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41396940).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Trout, Robert M; Narawane, Amit; Viehland, Christian; Ownagh, Vahid; Draelos, Mark; Dhalla, Al-Hafeez; Kuo, Anthony; Toth, Cynthia (2026). ["Optical Coherence Tomography with Fluorescein Optical Clearing for Transscleral Image Guidance"](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijtm6010007). *International Journal of Translational Medicine*. **6**: 7. [bioRxiv](/source/BioRxiv_(identifier)) [10.1101/2025.07.01.661162](https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2025.07.01.661162). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3390/ijtm6010007](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijtm6010007).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Lu, Kechao; Xu, Yirui; Miller, David A.; Wang, Wan; Gupta, Deven; Yao, Junjie; Wax, Adam (2025-09-01). ["Indocyanine green (ICG) enhances penetration of 1300 nm optical coherence tomography imaging for in vivo murine skin"](https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-50-17-5226). *Optics Letters*. **50** (17): 5226–5229. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2025OptL...50.5226L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025OptL...50.5226L). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1364/OL.569764](https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOL.569764). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0146-9592](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-9592). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [12848760](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12848760). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [40882048](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40882048).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Keck, Carl H. C.; Schmidt, Elizabeth L.; Roth, Richard H.; Floyd, Brendan M.; Tsai, Andy P.; Garcia, Hassler B.; Cui, Miao; Chen, Xiaoyu; Wang, Chonghe; Park, Andrew; Zhao, Su; Liao, Pinyu A.; Casey, Kerriann M.; Reineking, Wencke; Cai, Sa (2025-09-02). ["Color-neutral and reversible tissue transparency enables longitudinal deep-tissue imaging in live mice"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12415250). *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*. **122** (35) e2504264122. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2025PNAS..12204264K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025PNAS..12204264K). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1073/pnas.2504264122](https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2504264122). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [12415250](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12415250). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [40857313](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40857313).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:7_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:7_30-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:7_30-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:7_30-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:7_30-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:7_30-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-:7_30-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-:7_30-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-:7_30-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-:7_30-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-:7_30-10) [***l***](#cite_ref-:7_30-11) [***m***](#cite_ref-:7_30-12) Tian T, Yang Z, Li X (February 2021). ["Tissue clearing technique: Recent progress and biomedical applications"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7812135). *Journal of Anatomy*. **238** (2): 489–507. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/joa.13309](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoa.13309). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [7812135](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7812135). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [32939792](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32939792).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:8_31-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:8_31-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:8_31-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:8_31-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:8_31-4) Jing D, Yi Y, Luo W, Zhang S, Yuan Q, Wang J, et al. (June 2019). ["Tissue Clearing and Its Application to Bone and Dental Tissues"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6535919). *Journal of Dental Research*. **98** (6): 621–631. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/0022034519844510](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022034519844510). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [6535919](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6535919). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [31009584](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31009584).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:9_32-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:9_32-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:9_32-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:9_32-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:9_32-4) Watson AM, Watkins SC (July 2019). "Massive volumetric imaging of cleared tissue: The necessary tools to be successful". *The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology*. **112**: 76–78. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.biocel.2019.05.007](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocel.2019.05.007). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [31085331](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31085331). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [155088859](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155088859).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Yau, Chun Ngo; Hei Ming, Lai (2023). ["Principles of deep immunohistochemistry for 3D histology"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10261851). *Cell Reports Methods*. **3** (5) 100458. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100458](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crmeth.2023.100458). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [10261851](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10261851). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [37323568](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37323568).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Kumar V, Krolewski DM, Hebda-Bauer EK, Parsegian A, Martin B, Foltz M, et al. (March 2021). ["Optimization and evaluation of fluorescence in situ hybridization chain reaction in cleared fresh-frozen brain tissues"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7962668). *Brain Structure & Function*. **226** (2): 481–499. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s00429-020-02194-4](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00429-020-02194-4). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [7962668](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7962668). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [33386994](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33386994).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Dai Z, Sun Y, Zhao X, Pu X (June 2020). "Novel imaging and related techniques for studies of diseases of the central nervous system: a review". *Cell and Tissue Research*. **380** (3): 415–424. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s00441-020-03183-z](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00441-020-03183-z). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [32072308](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32072308). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [211170939](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211170939).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Greenbaum A, Chan KY, Dobreva T, Brown D, Balani DH, Boyce R, et al. (April 2017). ["Bone CLARITY: Clearing, imaging, and computational analysis of osteoprogenitors within intact bone marrow"](https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161221-135116035). *Science Translational Medicine*. **9** (387) eaah6518. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1126/scitranslmed.aah6518](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscitranslmed.aah6518). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [28446689](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28446689). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [8799170](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8799170).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Treweek JB, Beres A, Johnson N, Greenbaum A (2021). "Phenotyping Intact Mouse Bones Using Bone CLARITY". In Hilton MJ (ed.). *Skeletal Development and Repair*. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 2230. New York, NY: Springer US. pp. 217–230. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/978-1-0716-1028-2_13](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-0716-1028-2_13). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-0716-1028-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-0716-1028-2). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [33197017](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33197017). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [226988513](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226988513).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:11_38-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:11_38-1) Wang HM, Khoradmehr A, Tamadon A, Velez E, Nabipour I, Jokar N, et al. (March 2020). "Imaging of the muscle and bone from benchtop to bedside". *European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences*. **24** (6): 3254–3266. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.26355/eurrev_202003_20693](https://doi.org/10.26355%2Feurrev_202003_20693). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [32271443](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32271443). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [215602325](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215602325).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Li Y, Xu J, Zhu J, Yu T, Zhu D (January 2020). ["Three-dimensional visualization of intramuscular innervation in intact adult skeletal muscle by a modified iDISCO method"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6977403). *Neurophotonics*. **7** (1) 015003. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1117/1.NPh.7.1.015003](https://doi.org/10.1117%2F1.NPh.7.1.015003). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [6977403](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6977403). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [32016132](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32016132).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Olianti C, Costantini I, Giardini F, Lazzeri E, Crocini C, Ferrantini C, et al. (August 2020). ["3D imaging and morphometry of the heart capillary system in spontaneously hypertensive rats and normotensive controls"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7459314). *Scientific Reports*. **10** (1) 14276. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2020NatSR..1014276O](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..1014276O). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41598-020-71174-9](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-71174-9). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [7459314](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7459314). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [32868776](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32868776).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** Liu CY, Polk DB (July 2020). ["Cellular maps of gastrointestinal organs: getting the most from tissue clearing"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7468759). *American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology*. **319** (1): G1–G10. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1152/ajpgi.00075.2020](https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpgi.00075.2020). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [7468759](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7468759). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [32421359](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32421359).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** Isaacson D, McCreedy D, Calvert M, Shen J, Sinclair A, Cao M, et al. (2020-01-01). ["Imaging the developing human external and internal urogenital organs with light sheet fluorescence microscopy"](https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8d39b32q). *Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity*. **111**: 12–21. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.diff.2019.09.006](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.diff.2019.09.006). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [31634681](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31634681). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [204833112](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204833112).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Fernandez E, Marull-Tufeu S (September 2019). "3D imaging of human epidermis micromorphology by combining fluorescent dye, optical clearing and confocal microscopy". *Skin Research and Technology*. **25** (5): 735–742. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/srt.12710](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsrt.12710). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [31074525](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31074525). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [149445451](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149445451).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:12_44-0)** Tanaka N, Kanatani S, Tomer R, Sahlgren C, Kronqvist P, Kaczynska D, Louhivuori L, Kis L, Lindh C, Mitura P, Stepulak A, Corvigno S, Hartman J, Micke P, Mezheyeuski A, Strell C, Carlson JW, Fernández Moro C, Dahlstrand H, Östman A, Matsumoto K, Wiklund P, Oya M, Miyakawa A, Deisseroth K, Uhlén P (October 2017). "Whole-tissue biopsy phenotyping of three-dimensional tumours reveals patterns of cancer heterogeneity". *Nature Biomedical Engineering*. **1** (10): 796–806. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41551-017-0139-0](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41551-017-0139-0). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [31015588](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31015588). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [256713371](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256713371).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:13_45-0)** Tanaka N, Kanatani S, Kaczynska D, Fukumoto K, Louhivuori L, Mizutani T, Kopper O, Kronqvist P, Robertson S, Lindh C, Kis L, Pronk R, Niwa N, Matsumoto K, Oya M, Miyakawa A, Falk A, Hartman J, Sahlgren C, Clevers H, Uhlén P (September 2020). "Three-dimensional single-cell imaging for the analysis of RNA and protein expression in intact tumour biopsies". *Nature Biomedical Engineering*. **4** (9): 875–888. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41551-020-0576-z](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41551-020-0576-z). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [32601394](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32601394). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [256704785](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256704785).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:14_46-0)** Zhao J, Lai HM, Qi Y, He D, Sun H (January 2021). "Current Status of Tissue Clearing and the Path Forward in Neuroscience". *ACS Chemical Neuroscience*. **12** (1): 5–29. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00563](https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facschemneuro.0c00563). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [33326739](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33326739). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [229300600](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229300600).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:32_47-0)** Vigouroux RJ, Belle M, Chédotal A (July 2017). ["Neuroscience in the third dimension: shedding new light on the brain with tissue clearing"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5520295). *Molecular Brain*. **10** (1) 33. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1186/s13041-017-0314-y](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13041-017-0314-y). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5520295](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5520295). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [28728585](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28728585).

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Tissue clearing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_clearing) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_clearing?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.