# Timothy Bates

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{{Short description|Psychologist and behaviour geneticist  (born 1963) }}
{{for|the field hockey player|Tim Bates}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=September 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Timothy Bates
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1963
| birth_place = [Auckland](/source/Auckland)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| field = [Psychology](/source/Psychology), [behaviour genetics](/source/behaviour_genetics)
| work_institution = [University of Edinburgh](/source/University_of_Edinburgh)
| alma_mater = [University of Auckland](/source/University_of_Auckland)
| thesis_title      = Psychometric & psychophysiological measures for schizotypy, creativity & psychoticism
| thesis_url        = https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/handle/2292/56158
| thesis_year       = 1993
| doctoral_advisor = Gordon Mangan
| doctoral_students = 
| known_for  = Research on the [genetics](/source/genetics) of [dyslexia](/source/dyslexia), [intelligence](/source/intelligence), [personality](/source/personality_psychology), [wellbeing](/source/quality_of_life)
| prizes =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Timothy C. Bates''' (born 1963) is a professor of [differential psychology](/source/differential_psychology) at the [University of Edinburgh](/source/University_of_Edinburgh). His research interests include the [genetics](/source/genetics) of reading and spelling, [intelligence](/source/intelligence), and [personality](/source/Personality_psychology).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psy.ed.ac.uk/people/tbates/ |title=Timothy Bates – Psychology |publisher=University of Edinburgh |work=School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences |access-date=20 July 2011}}</ref>

== Biography ==

He is a member of the [editorial board](/source/editorial_board) of the journal ''[Intelligence](/source/Intelligence_(journal))''. His PhD was completed in 1994 at the [University of Auckland](/source/University_of_Auckland) (New Zealand) and integrated the [Eysenckian](/source/Hans_Eysenck) dimensional model of [psychosis](/source/psychosis) with the categorical model of [schizotypy](/source/schizotypy) proposed by [Paul E. Meehl](/source/Paul_E._Meehl), using measures of personality, creativity, [evoked potential](/source/evoked_potential)s, and [smooth pursuit eye movement](/source/smooth_pursuit_eye_movement) dysfunction. The title of his doctoral thesis was ''Psychometric & psychophysiological measures for schizotypy, creativity & psychoticism''.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Bates |first=Timothy |year=1993 |type=Doctoral thesis |title=Psychometric & psychophysiological measures for schizotypy, creativity & psychoticism |publisher=ResearchSpace@Auckland, University of Auckland |hdl=2292/56158}}</ref>

Subsequent academic publications include demonstrating the existence of two separate forms of [dyslexia](/source/dyslexia), underpinned by distinct [gene](/source/gene)s,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11145-006-9022-1 |title=Genetic and environmental bases of reading and spelling: A unified genetic dual route model |year=2006 |last1=Bates |first1=Timothy C. |last2=Castles |first2=Anne |last3=Luciano |first3=Michelle |last4=Wright |first4=Margaret J. |last5=Coltheart |first5=Max |last6=Martin |first6=Nicholas G. |journal=Reading and Writing |volume=20 |issue=1–2 |pages=147–171|s2cid=17016723 }}</ref> and, subsequently, demonstrating that the genes associated with dyslexia are also linked to normal variation in reading ability.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bates TC, Luciano M, Castles A, Coltheart M, Wright MJ, Martin NG |title=Replication of reported linkages for dyslexia and spelling and suggestive evidence for novel regions on chromosomes 4 and 17 |journal=[European Journal of Human Genetics](/source/European_Journal_of_Human_Genetics) |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=194–203 |date=February 2007 |pmid=17119535 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201739 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This work lead to searches for specific genes involved in [reading](/source/reading_(process)) and [language](/source/language).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bates TC, Luciano M, Medland SE, Montgomery GW, Wright MJ, Martin NG |title=Genetic variance in a component of the language acquisition device: ROBO1 polymorphisms associated with phonological buffer deficits |journal=[Behavior Genetics](/source/Behavior_Genetics_(journal)) |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=50–7 |date=January 2011 |pmid=20949370 |doi=10.1007/s10519-010-9402-9 |s2cid=13129473 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bates TC, Lind PA, Luciano M, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Wright MJ |title=Dyslexia and DYX1C1: deficits in reading and spelling associated with a missense mutation |journal=[Molecular Psychiatry](/source/Molecular_Psychiatry) |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=1190–6 |date=December 2010 |pmid=19901951 |doi=10.1038/mp.2009.120 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In [positive psychology](/source/positive_psychology), he showed (along with Alexander Weiss and Michelle Luciano) that the genes for happiness are genes for [personality](/source/Personality_psychology), suggesting that a general factor of genetic well-being and specific genetic influences from the [five factor model](/source/Big_Five_personality_traits) [traits](/source/trait_theory) of [Extraversion](/source/Extraversion_and_introversion), [Neuroticism](/source/Neuroticism)/Stability, and [Conscientiousness](/source/Conscientiousness) completely explain the [heritable](/source/heritability) component of differences in happiness.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Weiss A, Bates TC, Luciano M |title=Happiness is a personal(ity) thing: the genetics of personality and well-being in a representative sample |journal=[Psychological Science](/source/Psychological_Science) |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=205–10 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18315789 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02068.x |hdl=20.500.11820/a343050c-5c67-4314-b859-09c56aa10d3b |s2cid=13081589 |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/16424671/WEISS_A_Happiness_is_a_personality_thing_postprint.pdf }}</ref>

With Caroline Rae, Bates showed that [creatine](/source/creatine) supports cognitive function – finding that creatine supplements in [vegan](/source/veganism)s substantially increased their cognitive ability and working memory by comparison with placebo. This supported a literal 'mental energy' model of intelligence, first postulated by [Charles Spearman](/source/Charles_Spearman). In his work with the late [Hans Eysenck](/source/Hans_Eysenck) and subsequently with [Con Stough](/source/Con_Stough) on the role of basic information processing speed in human intelligence, he used ERP complexity measures to argue for a modification to the Hendrickson and Hendrickson error<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0191-8869(80)90003-3 |title=The biological basis of individual differences in intelligence |year=1980 |last1=Hendrickson |first1=Donna E. |last2=Hendrickson |first2=Alan E. |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=1 |pages=3–33}}</ref> or "string theory" (so named as pins and string were used to make the measurements of [EEG](/source/Electroencephalography) output) model of ability, to include a controlling role of attention.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0191-8869(93)90063-9 |title=String length, attention & intelligence: Focussed attention reverses the string length-IQ relationship☆ |year=1993 |last1=Bates |first1=T. |last2=Eysenck |first2=H.J. |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=363–371}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0160-2896(95)90004-7 |title=Intelligence and complexity of the averaged evoked potential: An attentional theory |year=1995 |last1=Bates |first1=T |journal=Intelligence |volume=20 |pages=27–39}}</ref> In related work on reaction time, he introduced a novel modification to the [Jensen box](/source/Jensen_box), again controlling the role of attention in this task, and suggesting that under these conditions, intelligence is, as [Arthur Jensen](/source/Arthur_Jensen) proposed, related to the rate of information processing defined in [Fitts Law](/source/Fitts_Law) and using [Claude Shannon](/source/Claude_Shannon)'s information metrics.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0160-2896(99)80052-X |title=Improved reaction time method, information processing speed, and intelligence |year=1998 |last1=Bates |first1=T |journal=Intelligence |volume=26 |pages=53–62}}</ref>

At the University of Edinburgh he has investigated individual differences in intelligence, memory,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bates TC, Price JF, Harris SE, Marioni RE, Fowkes FG, Stewart MC, Murray GD, Whalley LJ, Starr JM, Deary IJ |title=Association of KIBRA and memory |journal=[Neuroscience Letters](/source/Neuroscience_Letters) |volume=458 |issue=3 |pages=140–3 |date=July 2009 |pmid=19397951 |doi=10.1016/j.neulet.2009.04.050 |s2cid=143816223 }}</ref> and the genetic and environmental influences on social behaviours, such as [coalition affiliation](/source/In-group%E2%80%93out-group_bias),<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lewis GJ, Bates TC |title=Genetic evidence for multiple biological mechanisms underlying in-group favoritism |journal=[Psychological Science](/source/Psychological_Science) |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1623–8 |date=November 2010 |pmid=20974715 |doi=10.1177/0956797610387439 |s2cid=27351021 }}</ref> politics,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lewis GJ, Bates TC |title=From left to right: How the personality system allows basic traits to influence politics via characteristic moral adaptations |journal=[British Journal of Psychology](/source/British_Journal_of_Psychology) |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=546–58 |date=August 2011 |pmid=21752005 |doi=10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02016.x }}</ref> and [altruism](/source/altruism).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lewis GJ, Bates TC |title=A common heritable factor influences prosocial obligations across multiple domains |journal=[Biology Letters](/source/Biology_Letters) |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=567–70 |date=August 2011 |pmid=21307044 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2010.1187 |pmc=3130221}}</ref> Working with [Ian Deary](/source/Ian_Deary), [Paul Irwing](/source/Paul_Irwing), and Geoff Derr, he reported evidence for substantial [gender differences](/source/gender_differences) in intelligence in the form of much larger [variance](/source/variance) amongst males than amongst females, with more boys and men scoring in both the extreme high range, and in the extreme low range.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.003 |title=Brother–sister differences in the g factor in intelligence: Analysis of full, opposite-sex siblings from the NLSY1979 |year=2007 |last1=Deary |first1=I |last2=Irwing |first2=P |last3=Der |first3=G |last4=Bates |first4=T |journal=Intelligence |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=451–456}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.psy.ed.ac.uk/people/tbates}}
 {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bates, Timothy C.}}
Category:1963 births
Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Category:21st-century British psychologists
Category:Intelligence researchers
Category:Behavior geneticists
Category:Living people
Category:Dyslexia researchers
Category:University of Auckland alumni
Category:Scientists from Auckland
Category:21st-century New Zealand psychologists
Category:20th-century New Zealand psychologists
Category:20th-century British psychologists

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Timothy Bates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Bates) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Bates?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.