# Three-address code

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Intermediate code used by optimizing compilers

In [computer science](/source/Computer_science), **three-address code**[1] (often abbreviated to TAC or 3AC) is an [intermediate code](/source/Intermediate_language) used by [optimizing compilers](/source/Optimizing_compiler) to aid in the implementation of [code-improving transformations](/source/Code-improving_transformation). Each TAC instruction has at most three operands and is typically a combination of assignment and a binary operator. For example, t1 := t2 + t3. The name derives from the use of three operands in these statements even though instructions with fewer operands may occur.

Since three-address code is used as an intermediate language within compilers, the operands will most likely not be concrete memory addresses or [processor registers](/source/Processor_registers), but rather symbolic addresses that will be translated into actual addresses during [register allocation](/source/Register_allocation). It is also not uncommon that operand names are numbered sequentially since three-address code is typically generated by the compiler.

A refinement of three-address code is [A-normal form](/source/A-normal_form) (ANF).

## Examples

In three-address code, this would be broken down into several separate instructions. These instructions translate more easily to [assembly language](/source/Assembly_language). It is also easier to detect [common sub-expressions](/source/Common_subexpression_elimination) for shortening the code. In the following example, one calculation is composed of several smaller ones:

# Calculate one solution to the [[Quadratic equation]]. x = (-b + sqrt(b^2 - 4*a*c)) / (2*a) t1 := b * b t2 := 4 * a t3 := t2 * c t4 := t1 - t3 t5 := sqrt(t4) t6 := 0 - b t7 := t5 + t6 t8 := 2 * a t9 := t7 / t8 x := t9

Three-address code may have conditional and unconditional jumps and methods of accessing memory. It may also have methods of calling functions, or it may reduce these to jumps. In this way, three-address code may be useful in [control-flow analysis](/source/Control-flow_analysis). In the following C-like example, a loop stores the squares of the numbers between 0 and 9:

... for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) { b[i] = i*i; } ... t1 := 0 ; initialize i L1: if t1 >= 10 goto L2 ; conditional jump t2 := t1 * t1 ; square of i t3 := t1 * 4 ; word-align address t4 := b + t3 ; address to store i*i *t4 := t2 ; store through pointer t1 := t1 + 1 ; increase i goto L1 ; repeat loop L2:

## See also

- [Computer programming portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming)

- [Intermediate language](/source/Intermediate_language)

- [Reduced instruction set computer](/source/Reduced_instruction_set_computer)

- [Static single-assignment form](/source/Static_single-assignment_form) (SSA)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** V., Aho, Alfred (1986). [*Compilers, principles, techniques, and tools*](https://archive.org/details/compilersprincip00ahoa/page/466). Sethi, Ravi., Ullman, Jeffrey D., 1942-. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. pp. [466](https://archive.org/details/compilersprincip00ahoa/page/466). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0201100886](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0201100886). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [12285707](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12285707).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list))

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