# Thoreaceae

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**Thoreales** is an order of [red algae](/source/Red_algae) belonging to the class [Florideophyceae](/source/Florideophyceae).[1] The order consists only one family, **Thoreaceae** .[2][3] The [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) of *Thoreaceae* was [circumscribed](/source/Circumscription_(taxonomy)) by [Arthur Hill Hassall](/source/Arthur_Hill_Hassall) in A history of the British freshwater algae, including descriptions of the *Desmideae* and *Diatomaceae* in 1845.[2]

The family was originally placed in the [Nemaliales](/source/Nemaliales) order before being transferred to the newly created *[Batrachospermales](/source/Batrachospermales)* order,[4][5][6] before being placed later in *Thoreales* order in 2002. After various species of the family were analysed for the sequences of the genes coding for the large subunit of RUBISCO ([rbcL](/source/RbcL)) and the small subunit of [rRNA](/source/RRNA) (18S rRNA).[1][7]

## Description

The order is characterized by having freshwater species with multi-axial [gametophytes](/source/Gametophyte), a uni-axial chantransia stage, and [pit plugs](/source/Pit_connection) with two cap layers, the outer one of which is usually plate-like.[1] It has a multi-axial [thalli](/source/Thalli).[8] They have branched uniseriate filaments as long as 200 cm (79 in) long and 0.5 mm in diameter. They have a colourless axis filament with dense photosynthetic lateral branches. They are normally reddish-brown, olive-green, blue-green to nearly black in colour.[9][10]

## Distribution

The family has [cosmopolitan distribution](/source/Cosmopolitan_distribution).[11] Species from the family are found in tropical and sub-tropical regions or in temperate warm waters. *Thorea* is found on several continents (including Australia,[9] and South America), but *Nemalionopsis* has been only found in Asia and North America.[8][12]

## Genera

As accepted by [AlgaeBase](/source/AlgaeBase);[13]

- *[Nemalionopsis](/source/Nemalionopsis)* - 3 spp.
- *[Thorea](/source/Thorea)* - 13 spp.

Former genera;*Polycoma* and *Thorella* ,[13] Both accepted as synonyms of *Thorea* .[14]

## References

1. Müller, Kirsten M.; Sherwood, Alison R.; Pueschel, Curt M.; Gutell, Robin R.; Sheath, Robert G. (16 August 2002). "A proposal for a new red algal order, the Thoreales". *Journal of Phycology*. **38** (4): 807–820. [doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.01055.x](https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.01055.x)

1. Hassall, A.H. 1845. A history of the British freshwater algae, including descriptions of the Desmideae and Diatomaceae. With upwards of one hundred plates, illustrating the various species. Vol. I. pp. [i]–viii, [i]–462, [i, err.]. London, Edinburgh, Paris & Leipzig: S. Highley, H. Baillière; Sunderland & Knox; J.B. Baillière; T.O. Weigel.

1. Kamiya, M., Lindstrom, S.C., Nakayama, T., Yokoyama, A., Lin, S.-M., Guiry, M.D., Gurgel, F.D.G., Huisman, J.M., Kitayama, T., Suzuki, M., Cho, T.O. & Frey, W. 2017. Rhodophyta. In: Syllabus of Plant Families, 13th ed. Part 2/2: Photoautotrophic eukaryotic Algae. (Frey, W. Eds), pp. [i]–xii, [1]–171. Stuttgart: Borntraeger Science Publishers. ISBN 978-3-443-01094-2.

1. Debashish Bhattacharya (Editor) [Origins of Algae and their Plastids (2012)](https://books.google.com/books?id=gfTrCAAAQBAJ)

1. Pueschel, Curt M. & Cole, Kathleen M. (May–June 1982). "Rhodophycean Pit Plugs: An Ultrastructural Survey with Taxonomic Implications". *American Journal of Botany*. **69** (5): 703–720.

1. Pueschel, Curt M.; Sullivan, P. Gary; Titus, John E. (Fall 1995). "OCCURRENCE OF THE RED ALGA THOREA VIOLACEA (BATRACHOSPERMALES: THOREACEAE) IN THE HUDSON RIVER, NEW YORK STATE". *Rhodora*. **97** (892): 328–338.

1. Morgan L Vis, Orlando Necchi Jr and Orlando Necchi Júnior [Freshwater Red Algae: Phylogeny, Taxonomy and Biogeography (2021)](https://books.google.com/books?id=oM5iEAAAQBAJ)

1. Necchi Jr, Orlando (January 1997). "Taxonomy and distribution of Thorea (Thoreaceae, Rhodophyta) in Brazil". *Algological Studies*. **84**: 84–90.

1. P. M. McCarthy and Lyn Jessup [Algae of Australia, Volume 3 (2006)](https://books.google.com/books?id=pHsCKe4BeGIC)

1. ["Phycokey - Thorea"](https://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Rhodophyceae/Microreds/THOREA/Thorea_key.html). *cfb.unh.edu*. Retrieved 13 December 2022.

1. ["*Thoreaceae*"](https://www.https://www.gbif.org/species/4952). *www.gbif.org*. Retrieved 9 December 2022.

1. Sheath, Robert G.; Vis, Morgan L.; Cole, Kathleen M. (11 Aug 1993). "Distribution and systematics of the freshwater red algal family *Thoreaceae* in North America". *European Journal of Phycology*. **28** (4): 231–241. [doi:10.1080/09670269300650341](https://doi.org/10.1080/09670269300650341)

1. ["Taxonomy Browser :: AlgaeBase"](https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/#5030). *www.algaebase.org*. Retrieved 13 December 2022.

1. ["WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Thoreaceae"](https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=381051). *www.marinespecies.org*. Retrieved 13 December 2022.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Thoreaceae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoreaceae) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoreaceae?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.