# Thomas Hees

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**Thomas Hees** (1634 - 1693) was a [Dutch](/source/Dutch_people) diplomat, active in the negotiations of the [States General](/source/Seventeen_Provinces) with the [corsairs of Barbary](/source/Barbary_corsairs). He is mostly known through his famous portrait (painted by [Michiel van Musscher](/source/Michiel_van_Musscher)) but also thanks to the [journal](/source/Diary) which he kept during his first mission in [Algiers](/source/Algiers).

## Early life

Hees was born to a wealthy family of [Weesp](/source/Weesp) in 1634. At the age of 20, he was enrolled in the faculty of Philosophy of the [University of Leiden](/source/University_of_Leiden), only to switch to medicine four years later. He completed his medical studies in [Angers](/source/Angers) and then returned to the [Republic](/source/Dutch_Republic) in 1660 where he was named doctor(*geneesheer*) at the "Collegium Medicum" of [Amsterdam](/source/Amsterdam). In 1664-5 he accompanied [Jacob Boreel](/source/Jacob_Boreel) during his embassy to the court of czar [Alexis I](/source/Alexis_of_Russia) in Moscow.[1]

## Missions in Barbary

Even though the Dutch had acquired their own [Capitulations](/source/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire) by the Ottoman Porte in [Constantinople](/source/Constantinople) as early as 1612,[2] the corsairs of [Algiers](/source/Algiers), [Tunis](/source/Tunis) and [Tripoli](/source/Tripoli,_Libya) (still nominally under the suzerainty of the [Sultan](/source/Ottoman_Sultans)) continued to prey on Dutch shipping passing through the [Straits](/source/Gibraltar), and took hundreds of sailors as slaves in the process. The Dutch government retaliated with a number of punitive expeditions, the most famous of which were the three missions of [Michiel de Ruyter](/source/Michiel_de_Ruyter).

In 1674, Algiers decided that it could not keep fighting against all of the European maritime powers and called on the States General to send an envoy to negotiate the terms of a potential peace. The man chosen for this mission was Thomas Hees, dispatched to Algiers in 1675 with the title of “commissaris”.[3] Before Hees could acquire a guarantee of a stable peace, It took four years of constant lengthy negotiations, which he described in his diary, preserved at the National Archives in The Hague.[4] In 1682 Hees was back in Algiers, this time to free the remaining slaves. From there he travelled to Tunis and Tripoli to conclude peace with these cities as well. Hees went on a third mission in 1685, this time to reinforce the existing treaties. After the end of his diplomatic career he settled back in Amsterdam. Hees died in 1693 and was buried in the [Nieuwe Kerk](/source/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Amsterdam)) on September 3 of that year.[5]

## Notes and references

1. Hardenberg, *Zeerovers* 7.

1. Weber, *Beveiliging* 92.

1. van Krieken, *Kapers* 47-48.

1. Calafat, Guillaume (2018). ["A Nest of Pirates? : Consuls and Diplomatic Intermediaries in Algiers during the 1670s"](https://shs.hal.science/view/index/identifiant/halshs-02877435). *Studi e materiali di storia delle religioni*. **84** (2): 529-547. – via HAL.

1. Hardenberg, *Zeerovers* 8.

## Sources

- Hardenberg, Herman, *Tussen Zeerovers en Christenslaven. Noordafrikaanse Reisjournalen*, (Leiden 1950).
- van Krieken, Gerard, *Kapers en Kooplieden: De Betrekkingen tussen Algiers en Nederland 1604-1830*, (Amsterdam 1999).
- Weber, Roijen, *De Beveiliging van de Zee tegen Europeesche en Barbarijse Zeerovers 1609-1621*, (Amsterdam 1936).

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