# Thismia

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***Thismia*** is a genus of [myco-heterotrophic](/source/Myco-heterotrophy) plants in family [Burmanniaceae](/source/Burmanniaceae), known as "**fairy lanterns**".[5] They are native to East and Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and the Americas.[2][6]

## Description

*Thismia* are [perennial](/source/Perennial),[7] achlorophyllous, mycoheterotrophic,[3] tuberous plants with branched or simple stems.[8] The 1–4 terminal,[8] solitary flowers[9] are erect.[7] The androecium consists of 6 [stamens](/source/Stamen).[1][8] The [gynoecium](/source/Gynoecium) consists of one carpel.[9][8]

## Name

The generic name *Thismia* refers to Thomas Smith (English microscopist, died ca. 1825). It is an [anagram](/source/Anagram) of his name.[7][1]

## Conservation

Most *Thismia* species are threatened with [extinction](/source/Extinction)[10] and many species are only known from very few collections.[11] For instance, the [IUCN conservation status](/source/IUCN_conservation_status) of *[Thismia melanomitra](/source/Thismia_melanomitra)* is Vulnerable (VU),[12] *[Thismia malayana](/source/Thismia_malayana)* is categorized as Vulnerable (VU),[13] *[Thismia kobensis](/source/Thismia_kobensis)*, which was previously believed to be extinct, is now categorized as Critically Endangered (CR),[14] and *[Thismia americana](/source/Thismia_americana)* is believed to be possibly extinct.[11][15]

## Ecology

The flowers of *[Thismia tentaculata](/source/Thismia_tentaculata)* are [pollinated](/source/Pollination) by [fungus gnats](/source/Sciaridae).[16] The flowers of *[Thismia hongkongensis](/source/Thismia_hongkongensis)* are visited by [fungus gnats](/source/Fungus_gnat) and [scuttle flies](/source/Phoridae).[17]

## Cytology

The [chromosome](/source/Chromosome) count of *[Thismia huangii](/source/Thismia_huangii)* is 2n = 18.[18] The chromosome count of *[Thismia abei](/source/Thismia_abei)* is 2n = 12.[19]

## Taxonomy

It was published by [William Griffith](/source/William_Griffith_(botanist)) in 1845[2] with *[Thismia brunonis](/source/Thismia_brunonis)* Griff. as the [type species](/source/Type_species).[3][4]

### Species

As of June 2024, [Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online) recognised 108 species in this genus, as follows:[2]

- *[Thismia abei](/source/Thismia_abei)* (Akasawa) Hatus.
- *[Thismia acuminata](/source/Thismia_acuminata)* Hrones, Dancák & Sochor
- *[Thismia alba](/source/Thismia_alba)* Holttum ex Jonker
- *[Thismia americana](/source/Thismia_americana)* N.Pfeiff.
- *[Thismia andicola](/source/Thismia_andicola)* Aguilar-Cano, S.Guzm.-Guzm. & Lopera-Toro
- *[Thismia angustimitra](/source/Thismia_angustimitra)* Chantanaorr.
- *[Thismia annamensis](/source/Thismia_annamensis)* K.Larsen & Aver.
- *[Thismia appendiculata](/source/Thismia_appendiculata)* Schltr.
- *[Thismia arachnites](/source/Thismia_arachnites)* Ridl.
- *[Thismia aseroe](/source/Thismia_aseroe)* Becc.
- *[Thismia aurantiaca](/source/Thismia_aurantiaca)* Hareesh & M.Sabu
- *[Thismia belumensis](/source/Thismia_belumensis)* Siti-Munirah & Suhaimi-Miloko
- *[Thismia betung-kerihunensis](/source/Thismia_betung-kerihunensis)* Tsukaya & H.Okada
- *[Thismia bifida](/source/Thismia_bifida)* M.Hotta
- *[Thismia bokorensis](/source/Thismia_bokorensis)* Suetsugu & Tsukaya
- *[Thismia breviappendiculata](/source/Thismia_breviappendiculata)* Nob.Tanaka
- *[Thismia brunneomitra](/source/Thismia_brunneomitra)* Hrones, Kobrlová & Dancák
- *[Thismia brunneomitroides](/source/Thismia_brunneomitroides)* Suetsugu & Tsukaya
- *[Thismia brunonis](/source/Thismia_brunonis)* Griff.
- *[Thismia bryndonii](/source/Thismia_bryndonii)* Tsukaya, Suetsugu & Suleiman
- *[Thismia calcarata](/source/Thismia_calcarata)* D.F.Silva, Honório & J.M.A.Braga
- *[Thismia caudata](/source/Thismia_caudata)* Maas & H.Maas
- *[Thismia chrysops](/source/Thismia_chrysops)* Ridl.
- *[Thismia clandestina](/source/Thismia_clandestina)* (Blume) Miq.
- *[Thismia clavarioides](/source/Thismia_clavarioides)* K.R.Thiele
- *[Thismia claviformis](/source/Thismia_claviformis)* Chantanaorr. & J.Wai
- *[Thismia clavigera](/source/Thismia_clavigera)* (Becc.) F.Muell.
- *[Thismia clavigeroides](/source/Thismia_clavigeroides)* Chantanaorr. & Seelanan
- *[Thismia cordata](/source/Thismia_cordata)* D.F.Silva & J.M.A.Braga
- *[Thismia cornuta](/source/Thismia_cornuta)* Hrones, Sochor & Dancák
- *[Thismia coronata](/source/Thismia_coronata)* Hrones, Dancák & Sochor
- *[Thismia crocea](/source/Thismia_crocea)* (Becc.) J.J.Sm.
- *[Thismia domei](/source/Thismia_domei)* Siti-Munirah
- *[Thismia episcopalis](/source/Thismia_episcopalis)* (Becc.) F.Muell.
- *[Thismia espirito-santensis](/source/Thismia_espirito-santensis)* Brade
- *[Thismia filiformis](/source/Thismia_filiformis)* Chantanaorr.
- *[Thismia fumida](/source/Thismia_fumida)* Ridl.
- *[Thismia fungiformis](/source/Thismia_fungiformis)* (Taub. ex Warm.) Maas & H.Maas
- *[Thismia gardneriana](/source/Thismia_gardneriana)* Hook.f. ex Thwaites
- *[Thismia gigantea](/source/Thismia_gigantea)* (Jonker) Hroneš
- *[Thismia glaziovii](/source/Thismia_glaziovii)* Poulsen
- *[Thismia gongshanensis](/source/Thismia_gongshanensis)* Hong Qing Li & Y.K.Bi
- *[Thismia goodii](/source/Thismia_goodii)* Kiew
- *[Thismia grandiflora](/source/Thismia_grandiflora)* Ridl.
- *[Thismia guangdongensis](/source/Thismia_guangdongensis)* Xiao J.Li, A.Liu & D.X.Zhang
- *[Thismia hawkesii](/source/Thismia_hawkesii)* W.E.Cooper
- *[Thismia hexagona](/source/Thismia_hexagona)* Dančák, Hroneš, Kobrlová & Sochor
- *[Thismia hongkongensis](/source/Thismia_hongkongensis)* Mar & R.M.K.Saunders
- *[Thismia huangii](/source/Thismia_huangii)* P.Y.Jiang & T.H.Hsieh
- *[Thismia hyalina](/source/Thismia_hyalina)* (Miers) Benth. & Hook.f. ex F.Muell.
- *[Thismia iguassuensis](/source/Thismia_iguassuensis)* (Miers) Warm.
- *[Thismia inconspicua](/source/Thismia_inconspicua)* Sochor & Dancák
- *[Thismia janeirensis](/source/Thismia_janeirensis)* Warm.
- *[Thismia javanica](/source/Thismia_javanica)* J.J.Sm.
- *[Thismia jianfenglingensis](/source/Thismia_jianfenglingensis)* Han Xu, H.J.Yang & S.Q.Fang
- *[Thismia kelabitiana](/source/Thismia_kelabitiana)* Dančák, Hroneš & Sochor
- *[Thismia kelantanensis](/source/Thismia_kelantanensis)* Siti-Munirah
- *[Thismia kenyirensis](/source/Thismia_kenyirensis)* Siti-Munirah & Dome
- *[Thismia kinabaluensis](/source/Thismia_kinabaluensis)* T.Nishioka & Suetsugu
- *[Thismia kobensis](/source/Thismia_kobensis)* Suetsugu
- *[Thismia labiata](/source/Thismia_labiata)* J.J.Sm.
- *[Thismia laevis](/source/Thismia_laevis)* Sochor, Dancák & Hrones
- *[Thismia lanternata](/source/Thismia_lanternata)* W.E.Cooper
- *[Thismia latiffiana](/source/Thismia_latiffiana)* Siti-Munirah & Dome
- *[Thismia lauriana](/source/Thismia_lauriana)* Jarvie
- *[Thismia limkokthayi](/source/Thismia_limkokthayi)* Siti-Munirah & E.Chan
- *[Thismia luetzelburgii](/source/Thismia_luetzelburgii)* Goebel & Suess.
- *[Thismia macahensis](/source/Thismia_macahensis)* (Miers) F.Muell.
- *[Thismia mantiqueirensis](/source/Thismia_mantiqueirensis)* Engels & E.C.Smidt
- *[Thismia megalongensis](/source/Thismia_megalongensis)* C.A.Hunt, G.Steenbee. & V.Merckx
- *[Thismia melanomitra](/source/Thismia_melanomitra)* Maas & H.Maas
- *[Thismia minutissima](/source/Thismia_minutissima)* Dančák, Hroneš & Sochor
- *[Thismia mirabilis](/source/Thismia_mirabilis)* K.Larsen
- *[Thismia mucronata](/source/Thismia_mucronata)* Nuraliev
- *[Thismia mullerensis](/source/Thismia_mullerensis)* Tsukaya & H.Okada
- *[Thismia neptunis](/source/Thismia_neptunis)* Becc.
- *[Thismia nigra](/source/Thismia_nigra)* Dančák, Hroneš & Sochor
- *[Thismia nigricans](/source/Thismia_nigricans)* Chantanaorr. & Sridith
- *[Thismia nigricoronata](/source/Thismia_nigricoronata)* Kumar & S.W.Gale
- *[Thismia okhaensis](/source/Thismia_okhaensis)* Luu, Tich, G.Tran & Dinh
- *[Thismia ophiuris](/source/Thismia_ophiuris)* Becc.
- *[Thismia ornata](/source/Thismia_ornata)* Dančák, Hroneš & Sochor
- *[Thismia pallida](/source/Thismia_pallida)* Hrones, Dancák & Rejzek
- *[Thismia panamensis](/source/Thismia_panamensis)* (Standl.) Jonker
- *[Thismia paradisiaca](/source/Thismia_paradisiaca)* S.Guzm.-Guzm.
- *[Thismia petasiformis](/source/Thismia_petasiformis)* D.F.Silva & J.M.A.Braga
- *[Thismia prataensis](/source/Thismia_prataensis)* Mancinelli, C.T.Blum & E.C.Smidt
- *[Thismia pseudomelanomitra](/source/Thismia_pseudomelanomitra)* D.F.Silva & J.M.A.Braga
- *[Thismia puberula](/source/Thismia_puberula)* Nuraliev
- *[Thismia racemosa](/source/Thismia_racemosa)* Ridl.
- *[Thismia ribeiroi](/source/Thismia_ribeiroi)* Engels, D.F.Silva & Soares-Lopes
- *[Thismia rodwayi](/source/Thismia_rodwayi)* F.Muell.
- *[Thismia sahyadrica](/source/Thismia_sahyadrica)* Sujanapal, Robi & Dantas
- *[Thismia saulensis](/source/Thismia_saulensis)* H.Maas & Maas
- *[Thismia singeri](/source/Thismia_singeri)* (de la Sota) Maas & H.Maas
- *[Thismia sitimeriamiae](/source/Thismia_sitimeriamiae)* Siti-Munirah, Dome & Thorogood
- *[Thismia submucronata](/source/Thismia_submucronata)* Chantanaorr., Tetsana & Tripetch
- *[Thismia sumatrana](/source/Thismia_sumatrana)* Suetsugu & Tsukaya
- *[Thismia taiwanensis](/source/Thismia_taiwanensis)* Sheng Z.Yang, R.M.K.Saunders & C.J.Hsu
- *[Thismia tectipora](/source/Thismia_tectipora)* Cowie
- *[Thismia tentaculata](/source/Thismia_tentaculata)* K.Larsen & Aver.
- *[Thismia terengganuensis](/source/Thismia_terengganuensis)* Siti-Munirah
- *[Thismia thaithongiana](/source/Thismia_thaithongiana)* Chantanaorr. & Suddee
- *[Thismia tuberculata](/source/Thismia_tuberculata)* Hatus.
- *[Thismia variabilis](/source/Thismia_variabilis)* D.F.Silva, Honório & J.M.A.Braga
- *[Thismia violacea](/source/Thismia_violacea)* D.F.Silva & J.M.A.Braga
- *[Thismia viridistriata](/source/Thismia_viridistriata)* Sochor, Hrones & Dancák
- *[Thismia yorkensis](/source/Thismia_yorkensis)* Cribb

Recently described species include:

**2024**

- *[Thismia malayana](/source/Thismia_malayana)* Siti-Munirah, Hardy-Adrian, Mohamad-Shafiq & Irwan-Syah[13][20]
- *[Thismia malipoensis](/source/Thismia_malipoensis)* J. D. Ya & W. B. Yu[10]
- *[Thismia papillata](/source/Thismia_papillata)* Nuraliev et al.[21]
- *[Thismia perlisensis](/source/Thismia_perlisensis)* Besi & Rusea[3]

**2025**

- *[Thismia aliasii](/source/Thismia_aliasii)* Siti-Munirah & Alias[22][23]
- *[Thismia dasyantha](/source/Thismia_dasyantha)* Dančák, Sochor & Hroneš[24][25]
- *[Thismia velaris](/source/Thismia_velaris)* Dančák, Sochor & Hroneš[24][25]
- *[Thismia selangorensis](/source/Thismia_selangorensis)* *Siti-Munirah, Siew, Mat-Tahir, & Azhar*[26][27]

## References

1. Griffith, William (1844). ["On the root parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae and their allies"](https://archive.org/details/proceedingsoflin01linn/page/220/mode/2up). *Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London*. **1** (23): 221. Retrieved 20 June 2024.

1. ["*Thismia* Griff."](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30015452-2). *[Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online)*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew). 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.

1. BESI, E. E., JABAR, Q. A. M., ABD RAHMAN, S. Y. A. M. I. L., SAAD, M. Z., AHMADNI, A. S. A., & GO, R. (2024). [*Thismia perlisensis* (Thismiaceae), a new red-annulus *Thismia* species from Peninsular Malaysia.](https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/download/phytotaxa.675.1.1/52365) Phytotaxa, 675(1), 1-10.

1. *Thismia* Griff. (n.d.). The Australian National Species List (auNSL). Retrieved December 8, 2024, from [https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/56570](https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/56570)

1. Thorogood, Chris J. & Mat Yunoh, Siti-Munirah (2021). "Fairy lanterns in focus". *Plants, People, Planet*. **3** (6): 680–684. [Bibcode:2021PlPP....3..680T](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PlPP....3..680T). [doi:10.1002/ppp3.10217](https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10217). [ISSN 2572-2611](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2572-2611)

1. ["*Thismia* Griff."](https://www.gbif.org/species/9418909). *Global Biodiversity Information Facility*. 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.

1. *Thismia* Griffith. (n.d.). Flora of North America @ efloras.org. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=132837](http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=132837)

1. *Thismia* Griffith. (n.d.-b). Flora of China @ efloras.org. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=132837](http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=132837)

1. Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. (n.d.-d). *Thismia*. VicFlora Flora of Victoria. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from [https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/57c63c0d-3afa-424a-a2bb-f9a33b0fe033](https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/57c63c0d-3afa-424a-a2bb-f9a33b0fe033)

1. Ya, J. D., Chen, H. Y., Zhang, W., Zhu, R. B., Cai, J., & Yu, W. B. (2024). [Phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses of *Thismia* (Thismiaceae) support *T. malipoensis* as the eighth species in China.](https://bioone.org/journals/willdenowia/volume-54/issue-1/wi.54.54102/Phylogenetic-and-biogeographical-analyses-of-Thismia-Thismiaceae-support-T-malipoensis/10.3372/wi.54.54102.pdf) Willdenowia, 54(1), 47-63.

1. Merckx, V. S., & Smets, E. F. (2014). [*Thismia americana*, the 101st anniversary of a botanical mystery.](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vincent-Merckx/publication/268391233_Thismia_americana_the_101st_Anniversary_of_a_Botanical_Mystery/links/54bd2c3a0cf27c8f2814aada/Thismia-americana-the-101st-Anniversary-of-a-Botanical-Mystery.pdf) International Journal of Plant Sciences, 175(2), 165-175.

1. Espinoza, C. & Pitman, N. 2003. *Thismia melanomitra*. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2003: e.T43472A10806123. [https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T43472A10806123.en](https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T43472A10806123.en). Accessed on 08 December 2024.

1. Siti-Munirah, M. Y., Hardy-Adrian, C., Mohamad-Shafiq, S., & Irwan-Syah, Z. (2024). *Thismia malayana* (Thismiaceae), a new mycoheterotrophic species from Peninsular Malaysia. PhytoKeys, 242, 229.

1. Suetsugu, K., Yamana, K., & Okada, H. (2023). Rediscovery of the presumably extinct fairy lantern *Thismia kobensis* (Thismiaceae) in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, with discussions on its taxonomy, evolutionary history, and conservation. Phytotaxa, 585(2), 102-112.

1. *Thismia americana* N. Pfeiffer. (n.d.). Flora of North America @ efloras.org. Retrieved December 9, 2024, from [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242101975](http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242101975)

1. Guo, X., Zhao, Z., Mar, S. S., Zhang, D., & Saunders, R. M. (2019). [A symbiotic balancing act: arbuscular mycorrhizal specificity and specialist fungus gnat pollination in the mycoheterotrophic genus *Thismia* (Thismiaceae).](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6758588/) Annals of Botany, 124(2), 331-342.

1. Mar, S. S., & Saunders, R. M. (2015). [*Thismia hongkongensis* (Thismiaceae): a new mycoheterotrophic species from Hong Kong, China, with observations on floral visitors and seed dispersal.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4391955/) PhytoKeys, (46), 21.

1. Chiang, P. Y., & Hsieh, T. H. (2011). [*Thismia huangii* (Thismiaceae), a new species from Taiwan.](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tsung-Hsin-Hsieh/publication/289661586_Thismia_huangii_Thismiaceae_a_New_Species_from_Taiwan/links/600650ff45851553a053d9b9/Thismia-huangii-Thismiaceae-a-New-Species-from-Taiwan.pdf) Taiwania, 56(2), 138-142.

1. AOYAMA, M., & TSUBOTA, H. (2014). [Karyotype Analysis of Japanese *Burmannia* (Burmanniaceae).](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/apg/65/1/65_KJ00009352886/_pdf) Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica, 65(1), 37-42.

1. Simons, Paul (2024-07-17). ["Plantwatch: new species of elusive fairy lantern found in Malaysia"](https://www.theguardian.com/science/article/2024/jul/17/plantwatch-new-species-fairy-lantern-thismia-malaysia). *The Guardian*. [ISSN 0261-3077](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 2025-04-02.

1. Nuraliev, Maxim S.; Yudina, Sophia V.; Dac, Le Xuan; Kuznetsov, Andrey N.; Kuznetsova, Svetlana P.; Semenyuk, Irina I. (2024-06-26). ["Thismia papillata (Thismiaceae), a new species from northern Vietnam"](https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.655.3.4). *Phytotaxa*. **655** (3): 261–271. [Bibcode:2024Phytx.655..261N](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Phytx.655..261N). [doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.655.3.4](https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.655.3.4). [ISSN 1179-3163](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1179-3163)

1. Siti-Munirah, Mat Yunoh & Mohamad Alias, Shakri (2025). ["Thismia aliasii (Thismiaceae), a new species from Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia"](https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/136085/). *PhytoKeys*. '***(254): 175–188. [doi:10.3897/phytokeys.254.136085](https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.254.136085). [ISSN 1314-2003](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1314-2003). [PMC 11976305](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11976305). [PMID 40201735](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40201735)***

1. Publishers, Pensoft. ["New endangered 'fairy lantern' plant species discovered in Malaysia"](https://phys.org/news/2025-03-endangered-fairy-lantern-species-malaysia.html). *phys.org*. Retrieved 2025-04-02.

1. Dančák, Martin; Hroneš, Michal; Sochor, Michal; Uvírová, Alena; Blažek, Vojtěch Tobias; Yunoh, Siti-Munirah Mat; Yiing, Ling Chea (2025-08-19). ["Thismia velaris and T. dasyantha, two new species of Thismia section Thismia subsect. Odoardoa (Thismiaceae) from Sarawak, Malaysia"](https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.715.2.2). *Phytotaxa*. **715** (2): 117–128. [doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.2](https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.715.2.2). [ISSN 1179-3163](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1179-3163)

1. Pskhun (2025-08-25). ["Species New to Science: \[Botany • 2025\] Thismia dasyantha & T. velaris (Thismiaceae) • Two Species of Thismia sect. Thismia from Sarawak, Malaysia"](https://novataxa.blogspot.com/2025/08/thismia.html). *Species New to Science*. Retrieved 2025-08-26.

1. Siti-Munirah, Mat Yunoh; Siew, Tan Gim; Mat-Tahir, Mohd Faizal; Azhar, Ahmad (2025). "Thismia selangorensis (Thismiaceae): a new mitriform fairy lantern species from Selangor, Malaysia". *PhytoKeys*. '***(267): 9–21. [Bibcode:2025PhytK.267....9S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025PhytK.267....9S). [doi:10.3897/phytokeys.267.157968](https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.267.157968). [ISSN 1314-2003](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1314-2003)***

1. Pskhun (2025-12-03). ["Species New to Science: \[Botany • 2025\] Thismia selangorensis (Thismiaceae) • A New mitriform Species of Thismia sect. Geomitra from Selangor, Malaysia"](https://novataxa.blogspot.com/2025/12/thismia.html). *Species New to Science*. Retrieved 2025-12-18.

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