# Thermophysics

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{{short description|Geological application of thermodynamics}}
'''Thermophysics''' is the application of [thermodynamics](/source/thermodynamics) to [geophysics](/source/geophysics) and to [planetary science](/source/planetary_science) more broadly. It may also be used to refer to the field of thermodynamic and transport properties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Journal of Thermophysics |url=https://www.springer.com/journal/10765 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Springer |language=en}}</ref>

== Remote sensing ==
Earth thermophysics is a branch of [geophysics](/source/geophysics) that uses the naturally occurring surface temperature as a function of the cyclical variation in solar radiation to characterise planetary material properties.

Thermophysical properties are characteristics that control the [diurnal](/source/Diurnal_cycle), seasonal, or climatic surface and subsurface temperature variations (or thermal curves) of a material. The most important thermophysical property is [thermal inertia](/source/thermal_inertia), which controls the amplitude of the thermal curve and [albedo](/source/albedo) (or [reflectivity](/source/reflectivity)), which controls the average temperature.

This field of observations and computer modeling was first applied to [Mars](/source/Mars) due to the ideal atmospheric pressure for characterising granular materials based upon temperature.{{sfnp|Wechsler|Glaser|1965}} The [Mariner 6](/source/Mariner_6), [Mariner 7](/source/Mariner_7), and [Mariner 9](/source/Mariner_9) spacecraft carried thermal infrared [radiometer](/source/radiometer)s,{{sfnp|Neugebauer et al.|1971}}{{sfnp|Kieffer et al.|1973}} and a global map of thermal inertia was produced from modeled surface temperatures{{sfnp|Kieffer et al.|1977}} collected by the [Infrared Thermal Mapper Instrument](/source/Infrared_Thermal_Mapper_Instrument)s (IRTM) on board the [Viking 1](/source/Viking_1) and 2 Orbiters.

The original thermophysical models were based upon the studies of lunar temperature variations.{{sfnp|Wesselink|1948}}{{sfnp|Jaeger|1953}} Further development of the models for Mars included surface-atmosphere energy transfer,{{sfnp|Leovy|1966}} atmospheric back-radiation,{{sfnp|Neugebauer et al.|1971}} surface emissivity variations,{{sfnp|Kieffer et al.|1973}} CO<sub>2</sub> frost and blocky surfaces,{{sfnp|Kieffer et al.|1977}} variability of atmospheric back-radiation,{{sfnp|Haberle|Jakosky|1991}} effects of a radiative-convective atmosphere,{{sfnp|Hayashi et al.|1995}} and single-point temperature observations.{{sfnp|Jakosky et al.|2000}}{{sfnp|Mellon et al.|2000}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite journal
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  |first2=B.M.  |last2=Jakosky
  |title=Atmospheric effects on the remote determination of thermal inertia on Mars
  |journal=[Icarus](/source/Icarus_(journal))
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|doi=10.1016/0019-1035(91)90100-8
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* {{Cite journal
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  |first3=R.M.  |last3=Haberle
  |title=Atmospheric effects on the mapping of Martian thermal inertia and thermally derived albedo
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|doi=10.1029/94JE02449
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* {{Cite journal
  |last=Jaeger  |first=J.C.
  |title=The Surface Temperature of the Moon.
  |journal=[Aust. J. Phys.](/source/Australian_Journal_of_Physics)
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|doi=10.1071/PH530010
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  }}
* {{Cite journal
  |last1=Jakosky  |first1=B.M.
  |first2=M.T.  |last2=Mellon
  |first3=H.H.  |last3=Kieffer
  |authorlink3=Hugh H. Kieffer
  |first4=P.R.  |last4=Christensen
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  |first6=S.W.  |last6=Lee
  |title=The Thermal Inertia of Mars from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer
  |journal=[J. Geophys. Res.](/source/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research)
  |volume=105
  |issue=E4
 |pages=9643–9652
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|doi=10.1029/1999JE001088
 |bibcode=2000JGR...105.9643J
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* {{Cite journal
  |last1=Kieffer  |first1=H.H.
  |authorlink=Hugh H. Kieffer
  |first2=S.C.  |last2=Chase
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  |first5=G.  |last5=Neugebauer
  |title=Preliminary Report on Infrared Radiometric Measurements from the Mariner 9 Spacecraft
  |journal=[J. Geophys. Res.](/source/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research)
  |volume=78
  |issue=20
 |pages=4291–4312
  |year=1973
  |ref={{harvid|Kieffer et al.|1973}}
|doi=10.1029/JB078i020p04291
 |bibcode=1973JGR....78.4291K
 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/74569/1/Kieffer_et_al-1973-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research.pdf
 }}
* {{Cite journal
  |last1=Kieffer  |first1=H.H.
  |authorlink=Hugh H. Kieffer
  |first2=T.Z.  |last2=Martin
  |first3=A.R.  |last3=Peterfreund
  |first4=B.M.  |last4=Jakosky
  |first5=E.D.  |last5=Miner
  |first6=F.D.  |last6=Palluconi
  |title=Thermal and Albedo Mapping of Mars During the Viking Primary Mission
  |journal=[J. Geophys. Res.](/source/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research)
  |volume=82
  |issue=28
  |pages=4249–4290
  |year=1977
  |ref={{harvid|Kieffer et al.|1977}}
|doi=10.1029/JS082i028p04249
 |bibcode=1977JGR....82.4249K
 }}
* {{Cite journal
  |last=Leovy  |first=C.
  |title=Note on the thermal properties of Mars
  |journal=[Icarus](/source/Icarus_(journal))
  |volume=5
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 |pages=1–6
  |year=1966
|doi=10.1016/0019-1035(66)90002-9
 |bibcode=1966Icar....5....1L
 |hdl=2060/19650016474
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  }}
* {{Cite journal
  |last1=Mellon  |first1=M.T 
  |first2=B.M.  |last2=Jakosky 
  |first3=H.H.  |last3=Kieffer
  |authorlink3=Hugh H. Kieffer
  |first4=P.R.  |last4=Christensen
  |title=High Resolution Thermal Inertia Mapping from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer
  |journal=[Icarus](/source/Icarus_(journal))
  |volume=148
  |issue=2 
 |pages=437–455
  |year=2000
  |ref={{harvid|Mellon et al.|2000}}
|doi=10.1006/icar.2000.6503 
 |bibcode=2000Icar..148..437M 
 }}
* {{Cite journal
  |last1=Neugebauer  |first1=G.
  |first2=G.  |last2=Munch
  |last3=Kieffer  |first3=H.H.
  |authorlink3=Hugh H. Kieffer
  |first4=S.C.  |last4=Chase
  |first5=E.  |last5=Miner
  |title=Mariner 1969 Infrared Radiometer Results: Temperatures and Thermal Properties of the Martian Surface
  |journal=[Astron. J.](/source/Astronomical_Journal)
  |volume=76
  |page=719
  |year=1971
  |ref={{harvid|Neugebauer et al.|1971}}
|doi=10.1086/111189
 |bibcode=1971AJ.....76..719N
 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/74691/1/1971AJ_____76__719N.pdf
 }}
* {{Cite journal
  |last1=Wechsler  |first1=A.E.
  |first2=P.E.  |last2=Glaser
  |title=Pressure Effects on Postulated Lunar Materials
  |journal=[Icarus](/source/Icarus_(journal))
  |volume=4
  |issue=4
 |pages=335
  |year=1965
|doi=10.1016/0019-1035(65)90038-2
 |bibcode=1965Icar....4..335W
 }}
* {{Cite journal
  |last=Wesselink  |first=A.J.
  |title=Heat conductivity and nature of the lunar surface material
  |journal=[Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth.](/source/Bulletin_of_the_Astronomical_Institutes_of_the_Netherlands)
  |volume=10
  |pages=351–363
  |year=1948
|bibcode=1948BAN....10..351W
 }}

Category:Geophysics

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Thermophysics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophysics) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophysics?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.