# Themis

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Greek goddess of divine law

Not be confused with the sea-goddess [Tethys (mythology)](/source/Tethys_(mythology)), or the sea nymph [Thetis](/source/Thetis). For other uses, see [Themis (disambiguation)](/source/Themis_(disambiguation)).

Themis Goddess of justice, divine law, divine order, custom, assemblies, and oracles Member of the Titans Themis of Rhamnous, Attica, by the sculptor Chairestratos, c. 280 BCE[1] Ancient Greek Θέμις Abode Mount Olympus Genealogy Parents Uranus and Gaia Spouse Zeus Offspring Horae Dike Eirene Eunomia Moirai Clotho Lachesis Atropos

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In [Greek mythology](/source/Greek_mythology) and [religion](/source/Ancient_Greek_religion), **Themis** ([/ˈθiːmɪs/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English); [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek_language): Θέμις, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek): *Themis*, [lit.](/source/Literal_translation) 'justice, law, custom')[2] is the goddess and personification of justice, divine order, law, and custom. She is one of the twelve [Titan](/source/Titans) children of [Gaia](/source/Gaia) and [Uranus](/source/Uranus_(mythology)), and the second wife of [Zeus](/source/Zeus). She is associated with oracles and prophecies, including the [Oracle of Delphi](/source/Pythia).

## Name

*Themis* means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the Greek verb *títhēmi* ([τίθημι](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9)), meaning "to put."[3]

To the ancient Greeks she was originally the organizer of the "communal affairs of humans, particularly assemblies."[4] [Moses Finley](/source/Moses_Finley) remarked of *themis*, as the word was used by [Homer](/source/Homer) in the 8th century BCE, to evoke the social order of the 10th- and 9th-century [Greek Dark Ages](/source/Greek_Dark_Ages):

Themis is untranslatable. A gift of the gods and a mark of civilized existence, sometimes it means right custom, proper procedure, social order, and sometimes merely the will of the gods (as revealed by an [omen](/source/Omen), for example) with little of the idea of right.[5]

Finley adds, "There was *themis*—custom, tradition, [folk-ways](/source/Folkways_(sociology)), *[mores](/source/Mores)*, whatever we may call it, the enormous power of 'it is (or is not) done'."[6]

In the *[Hymn](/source/Homeric_Hymns) to Apollo*, Themis is referred to as "[Ichnaea](/source/Ichnaea)", meaning "Tracker".[7]

## Description

Painting of Themis with scales and sword by [Marcello Bacciarelli](/source/Marcello_Bacciarelli)

Some classical descriptions of Themis describe a sober-looking woman holding scales.[8] Themis is an earth goddess much like her mother, Gaia, and in some stories it is hard to tell the two apart.[9] Some classical depictions of Themis show her holding a sword.[10]

When Themis is disregarded, [Nemesis](/source/Nemesis_(mythology)) brings just and wrathful retribution; thus Themis shared the small temple at [Rhamnous](/source/Rhamnous) with Nemesis.[11] Themis is not wrathful; when a distraught [Hera](/source/Hera) returned to [Olympus](/source/Mount_Olympus) after quarrelling with Zeus, Themis, "of the lovely cheeks," was the first to offer her a cup.[12]

Themis presided over the proper relation between man and woman, the basis of the rightly ordered family (the family was seen as the pillar of the [deme](/source/Deme)). Judges were often referred to as "*themistopóloi*" (the servants of Themis). Such was also the basis for order upon Olympus. Even [Hera](/source/Hera) addressed her as "Lady Themis".[13]

### Hesiod

Themis occurred in [Hesiod](/source/Hesiod)'s *[Theogony](/source/Theogony)* as the first recorded appearance of *Justice* as a divine personage. Drawing not only on the socio-religious consciousness of his time but also on many of the earlier cult-religions, Hesiod described the forces of the universe as cosmic divinities. Hesiod portrayed temporal justice, [Dike](/source/Dike_(mythology)), as the daughter of [Zeus](/source/Zeus) and Themis. Dike executed the law of judgments and sentencing and, together with her mother Themis, she carried out the final decisions of Moirai.[14]

### Aeschylus

In the play *[Prometheus Bound](/source/Prometheus_Bound)*, traditionally attributed to [Aeschylus](/source/Aeschylus), it is said by Prometheus that Themis is called many names, including [Gaia](/source/Gaia).[15]

### Euripides

In *[Medea](/source/Medea_(play))* by [Euripides](/source/Euripides), Themis is said to be the daughter of Zeus and the "keeper of men's oaths."[16]

## Family

In [Hesiod](/source/Hesiod)'s *[Theogony](/source/Theogony)*, Themis is one of the twelve Titan children of [Gaia](/source/Gaia_(mythology)) (Earth) and [Uranus](/source/Uranus_(mythology)) (Sky).[17] She is the second wife of her nephew [Zeus](/source/Zeus), by whom she is the mother of the [Horae](/source/Horae) (Seasons), listed as [Eunomia](/source/Eunomia_(goddess)) (Law), [Dike](/source/Dike_(goddess)) (Justice), [Eirene](/source/Eirene_(Greek_goddess)) (Peace), and the [Moirai](/source/Moirai) (Fates), listed as [Clotho](/source/Clotho), [Lachesis](/source/Lachesis) and [Atropos](/source/Atropos).[18] Similarly to Hesiod's account, the *[Orphic Hymn](/source/Orphic_Hymn) to Themis* calls her the daughter of Gaia and Uranus,[19] and the *[Orphic Hymn](/source/Orphic_Hymn) to the [Seasons](/source/Horae)* and *[Recognitiones](/source/Clementine_literature)* calls her the mother, by Zeus, of the Horae.[20]

[Hyginus](/source/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus), in his *[Fabulae](/source/Fabulae)*, makes Themis the daughter of [Aether](/source/Aether_(mythology)) and [Terra](/source/Terra_(mythology)) (Earth),[21] and by Zeus the mother of the [Horae](/source/Horae).[22] In the play *[Prometheus Bound](/source/Prometheus_Bound)*, traditionally attributed to [Aeschylus](/source/Aeschylus), Themis is the mother of [Prometheus](/source/Prometheus),[23] while according to a scholion on [Euripides](/source/Euripides)'s play *[Hippolytus](/source/Hippolytus_(play))*, Themis is mother of the [Hesperides](/source/Hesperides) by Zeus.[24]

## Mythology

Themis built the [Oracle at Delphi](/source/Oracle_at_Delphi) and was herself [oracular](/source/Oracle).[25] According to another legend, Themis received the Oracle at Delphi from [Gaia](/source/Gaia_(mythology)) and later gave it to [Phoebe](/source/Phoebe_(Titaness)), who gave it to her grandson [Apollo](/source/Apollo_(mythology)) as a birthday gift.[26] According to [Ephorus](/source/Ephorus), Themis helped Apollo find the oracle, with the intent of helping mankind.[27] Some examples of Themis's visions; In the story of [Dryope](/source/Dryope_(daughter_of_Dryops)) in [Ovid](/source/Ovid)'s *[Metamorphoses](/source/Metamorphoses)*, Themis warns the gods of an oncoming [civil war in Thebes.](/source/Seven_against_Thebes)[28] In another tale she warns [Zeus](/source/Zeus) and [Poseidon](/source/Poseidon) to not marry [Thetis](/source/Thetis) because her son will be more powerful than his father.[29] According to Ovid, it was Themis rather than Zeus who told [Deucalion](/source/Deucalion) to throw the bones of "[his Mother](/source/Gaia_(mythology))" over his shoulder to create a new race of humankind after the deluge.[30] Also according to Ovid, Themis prophesied that a son of Zeus will steal golden apples from the orchard of [Atlas](/source/Atlas_(mythology)).[31]

In [Homer](/source/Homer)'s *[Iliad](/source/Iliad)* she is tasked with calling the gods to council on Olympus by Zeus.[32]

Themis was present at [Delos](/source/Delos) to witness the [birth of Apollo](/source/Leto#Witnesses_at_the_birth_of_Apollo), and nursed him with nectar and [ambrosia](/source/Ambrosia).[33] In his *[De astronomia](/source/De_astronomia)*, [Hyginus](/source/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus) lists Themis, in addition to the nymph [Amalthea](/source/Amalthea_(mythology)), as the foster-mother and nurse of the young Zeus.[34] In a fragment of [Pindar](/source/Pindar), Themis was brought from the springs of [Oceanus](/source/Oceanus) by the [Moirai](/source/Moirai) (in this version not her daughters) to [Olympus](/source/Mount_Olympus), where she became the first wife of Zeus (rather than the second), and by him the mother of the [Horae](/source/Horae).[35]

According to the lost *[Cypria](/source/Cypria)* by [Stasinus of Cyprus](/source/Stasinus_of_Cyprus), Themis and Zeus together plotted the start of the Trojan War.[36] According to [Quintus Smyrnaeus](/source/Quintus_Smyrnaeus), when the gods defied the orders of Zeus and started fighting each other after the creation of the [Trojan Horse](/source/Trojan_Horse), Themis stopped them by warning them of Zeus's wrath.[37]

In the [Orphic](/source/Orphism_(religion)) "Rhapsodic Theogony", or Rhapsodies, (first century BC/AD)[38] [Nyx](/source/Nyx) (Night) prophesied that Themis would remain a virgin until [Rhea](/source/Rhea_(mythology)) gave birth to a child of [Cronus](/source/Cronus).[39]

Themis also played a role in [Eros](/source/Eros), the young god of love, growing up; according to [Porphyry](/source/Porphyry_(philosopher)), his mother [Aphrodite](/source/Aphrodite) was worried about her son, Eros, staying a child forever and brought him to Themis. Themis told her to give Eros a brother, as he wasn't growing because of his solitude. Aphrodite then gave birth to another love god, [Anteros](/source/Anteros) (meaning "counter-love"), and Eros grew whenever he was near him. But every time Anteros was away, Eros shrank back to his previous, small form.[40]

When four Cretan men ([Aegolius](/source/Aegolius_(mythology)), [Celeus](/source/Celeus_(Crete)), [Cerberus](/source/Cerberus_(Greek_myth)) and [Laius](/source/Laius_(Crete))) broke into the sacred cavern in [Crete](/source/Crete) where Rhea had given birth to Zeus in order to steal some of the honey produced there by the sacred bees, Themis and her daughters the Fates convinced Zeus against killing them inside the holy cave, as they considered it impious for anyone to die in the cave, so instead he turned all four into different birds.[41]

## Cult

Themis had several temples in Greece, though they are not described in any great detail by ancient authors. She had temples at the oracular shrine of Zeus at Dodona, at Tanagra,[42] in Athens nearby to the [Acropolis](/source/Acropolis),[43] a temple in [Rhamnous](/source/Rhamnous) beside one of [Nemesis](/source/Nemesis),[44] and a Temple of Themis Ikhnaia in [Phthiotis](/source/Phthiotis), Thessalia.[45] [Pausanias](/source/Pausanias_(geographer)) describes her sanctuary in Thebes in somewhat more detail than what was normally the case and it may therefore have been of more importance:

Along the road from the Neistan gate [at Thebes, Boiotia] are three sanctuaries. There is a sanctuary of Themis, with an image of white marble; adjoining it is a sanctuary of the [Moirai](/source/Moirai) (Moirae, Fates) [her daughters], while the third is of Zeus Agoraios (of the Market.)[46]

Themis also had an altar in Olympia: "On what is called the Stomion (Mouth) the altar to Themis has been built."[47] Themis was sometimes depicted in the sanctuaries of other gods and may have shared temples with them occasionally, and she is mentioned to have shared a temple with Aphrodite in Epidauros: "Within the grove [of the sanctuary of Asklepios (Asclepius) at Epidauros] are a temple of Artemis, an image of Epione, a sanctuary of Aphrodite and Themis, a race-course."[48]

The temple of Themis in Athens is found west of the theater of Dionysus.[49] Themis's temple in Dodona is [tetrastyle](/source/Distyle_in_antis) [pronaos](/source/Portico) in antis with a [cella](/source/Cella), an entrance on the northside and outside was a large altar. The temple columns in Dodona were [Ionic](/source/Ionic_order) made out of local sandstone.[50]

## Modern depictions and dedications

A modern statue in Hong Kong showing Themis with her eyes covered.

Themis in modern-day depictions is often called "[Lady Justice](/source/Lady_Justice)"[51] and statues can be found outside many courthouses.

In 2022, the [building](/source/Palais_de_la_Cour_de_Justice) hosting the main courtroom of the Court of Justice of the European Union's [General Court](/source/General_Court_(European_Union)) was renamed *The Themis Building*.[52]

## Genealogy

Themis's family tree[53] Uranus Gaia Pontus Oceanus Tethys Hyperion Theia Crius Eurybia The Rivers The Oceanids Helios Selene[54] Eos Astraeus Pallas Perses Cronus Rhea Coeus Phoebe Hestia Hera Hades Zeus Leto Asteria Demeter Poseidon Iapetus Clymene (or Asia)[55] Mnemosyne (Zeus) THEMIS Atlas[56] Menoetius Prometheus[57] Epimetheus The Muses Eunomia Dike Eirene Clotho Lachesis Atropos The Horae The Moirai[58]

## See also

- [Adikia](/source/Adikia) – Goddess of injustice

- [Adrestia](/source/Adrestia) – Greek nymphPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

- [Dharma](/source/Dharma) – Key concept in Indian philosophy and Eastern religions, with multiple meanings

- [Lady Justice](/source/Lady_Justice) – Personification of justice

- [Libra](/source/Libra_(astrology)) – Seventh astrological sign of the zodiac

- [Ma'at](/source/Ma'at) – Egyptian deity and concepts of truth, order and justicePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

- [*Me*](/source/Me_(mythology)) – Sumerian name given to the laws of the gods

- [Raguel](/source/Raguel_(angel)) – Angel of justice in some Christian traditions

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** *[Brill's New Pauly](/source/Brill's_New_Pauly)*, [s.v. Themis](https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/themis-e1207510).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Beekes, [s.v. Θέμις, p. 539](https://dictionaries.brillonline.com/search#dictionary=greek&id=gr2814).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [LSJ](/source/LSJ), [s.v. θέμις](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*q%3Aentry+group%3D9%3Aentry%3Dqe%2Fmis).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["(University of Washington School of Law) Themis, Goddess of Justice"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080725032608/http://lib.law.washington.edu/ref/themis.html). Archived from [the original](http://lib.law.washington.edu/ref/themis.html) on 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2008-07-16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Finley, *The World of Odysseus*, rev. ed. (New York: Viking Press), 1978: 78, note.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Finley, *The World of Odysseus*. p. 82.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** *[Homeric Hymn](/source/Homeric_Hymn)* 3 *to Apollo*, [96](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D89); Gantz, p. 52.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:1_8-0)** Cooke, Rachel (2006). *Encyclopedia of World Religions*. {{[cite encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia)}}: Missing or empty |title= ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0_9-0)** de Ville, Jacques (2013). "Mythology and the Images of Justice". *Law and Literature*. **23** (3): 324–364. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1525/lal.2011.23.3.324](https://doi.org/10.1525%2Flal.2011.23.3.324). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10566/288](https://hdl.handle.net/10566%2F288). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1535-685X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1535-685X). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [220308728](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220308728).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Bennett, De Robigne Mortimer (1880). [*The Gods and Religions of Ancient and Modern Times ...*](https://books.google.com/books?id=eH5jAAAAMAAJ) Bennett. p. 227.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Munn, Mark H. (2006-07-11). *The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion*. University of California Press. p. 337. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-520-93158-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93158-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** [Homer](/source/Homer), *[Iliad](/source/Iliad)* [15.88](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D15%3Acard%3D78).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:2_13-0)** See, Sally (2014-12-25). [*The Greek Myths*](https://books.google.com/books?id=onDwBQAAQBAJ). S&T. p. 11.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** [Donna Marie Giancola, "Justice and the Face of the Great Mother (East and West)"](http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Comp/CompGian.htm)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** [Aeschylus](/source/Aeschylus), *[Prometheus bound](/source/Prometheus_bound)* 211 (Sommerstein, [pp. 446, 447](http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.467.xml); Harrison 1912, [p. 480](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42694/page/n513/mode/2up?view=theater); Harrison 1908, [p. 261](https://archive.org/details/prolegomenatostu00harr/page/260/mode/2up?view=theater).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0114%3Acard%3D160](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0114%3Acard%3D160)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** [Hesiod](/source/Hesiod), *[Theogony](/source/Theogony)* [133–138](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D104); Gantz, p. 52; Caldwell, p. 5, table 3; Grimal, s.v. Themis, p. 443; Tripp, s.v. Themis, pp. 558–559; *[Oxford Classical Dictionary](/source/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary)*, s.v. Themis; Morford, [p. 60](https://archive.org/details/classicalmytholo0000morf_8ed/page/60/mode/2up); March, s.v. Themis, p. 376. Themis is similarly called the daughter of Gaia and Uranus by [Apollodorus](/source/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)), who includes her in his list of Titans ([Apollodorus](/source/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)), [1.3.1](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D3%3Asection%3D1)).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [Hesiod](/source/Hesiod), *[Theogony](/source/Theogony)* [901–906](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D901); Gantz, p. 53; *[Oxford Classical Dictionary](/source/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary)*, s.v. Themis. Despite the Moirai being called the offspring of Zeus and Themis, they are earlier, at [Hesiod](/source/Hesiod), *[Theogony](/source/Theogony)* [217](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D207), listed as the daughters of [Nyx](/source/Nyx) (Night) (Hard, [p. 27](https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA27)).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** *[Orphic Hymn](/source/Orphic_Hymn) to Themis* (79), 1–3 (Athanassakis and Wolkow, [p. 62](https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&pg=PA62)).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** *[Orphic Hymn](/source/Orphic_Hymn) to the [Seasons](/source/Horae)* (43), 1 (Athanassakis and Wolkow, [p. 37](https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&pg=PA37)); [Pseudo-Clement](/source/Clementine_literature), *Recognitions* [10, p. 123, l. 39](https://archive.org/details/gri_000033125008629871/page/123/mode/1up)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** [Hyginus](/source/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus), *[Fabulae](/source/Fabulae)* Theogony 3 (Smith and Trzaskoma, [p. 95](https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA95)).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** [Hyginus](/source/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus), *[Fabulae](/source/Fabulae)* 183 (Smith and Trzaskoma, [p. 158](https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA158)), Theogony 25 (Smith and Trzaskoma, [p. 96](https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA96)).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** [Aeschylus](/source/Aeschylus), *[Prometheus Bound](/source/Prometheus_Bound)* 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. [444, 445 n. 2](http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.445.xml), [446, 447 n. 24](http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.467.xml), [538, 539 n. 113](http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.539.xml)); *[Brill's New Pauly](/source/Brill's_New_Pauly)*, [s.v. Themis](https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/themis-e1207510).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Scholia on [Euripides](/source/Euripides), *[Hippolytus](/source/Hippolytus_(play))* [742 (Cavarzeran, p. 288)](https://books.google.com/books?id=9kBnDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA288) [= [Pherecydes](/source/Pherecydes_of_Athens) [fr. 16d Fowler, p. 286](https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA286) = *[FGrHist](/source/FGrHist)* 3 F16d = *[FHG](/source/Karl_Wilhelm_Ludwig_M%C3%BCller)* [fr. 33b (Müller, p. 80)](https://archive.org/details/fragmentahistori01mueluoft/page/80/mode/2up?view=theater)]; Gantz, p. 6; Fowler 2013, [p. 294](https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA294); Smith, s.vv. [Themis](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DT%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dthemis-bio-1), [Hesperides](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DH%3Aentry+group%3D11%3Aentry%3Dhesperides-bio-1). According to Gantz, "Jacoby argues confusion with the Eridanos Nymphai here".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** [Diodorus Siculus](/source/Diodorus_Siculus), [5.67.4](https://topostext.org/work/133#5.67.3); [Orphic hymn 79](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/62/mode/2up)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** [Aeschylus](/source/Aeschylus), *[Eumenides](/source/The_Eumenides)* [1–8](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0006%3Acard%3D1); West 1985, [p. 174](https://www.jstor.org/stable/631535?seq=1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** [Strabo](/source/Strabo), *[Geographica](/source/Geographica)* [9.3.11](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D3%3Asection%3D11) [= *[FGrHist](/source/FGrHist)* 70 F31b]; *[Oxford Classical Dictionary](/source/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary)*, s.v. Themis.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** [Ovid](/source/Ovid), *[Metamorphoses](/source/Metamorphoses)* [9.324–417](http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D9%3Acard%3D324).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** [Apollodorus](/source/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)), [3.13.5](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D13%3Asection%3D5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** [Ovid](/source/Ovid), *[Metamorphoses](/source/Metamorphoses)* [1.313–381](https://topostext.org/work/141#1.313); Hard, [p. 404](https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA404); Tripp, s.v. Themis, pp. 558–559; Fontenrose, [p. 417](https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA417).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** [Ovid](/source/Ovid), *[Metamorphoses](/source/Metamorphoses)* [4.639](https://topostext.org/work/141#4.639)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** [Homer](/source/Homer), *[Iliad](/source/Iliad)* [20.5](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D20%3Acard%3D1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** *[Homeric Hymn](/source/Homeric_Hymn) to Apollo* (3), [96](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D89), [123–125](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D89); Gantz, p. 52; Hard, [p. 144](https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA144); *[Oxford Classical Dictionary](/source/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary)*, s.v. Themis.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** [Hyginus](/source/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus), *[De astronomia](/source/De_astronomia)* [2.13.6](https://topostext.org/work/207#2.13.6). Hyginus attributes this statement to "Musaeus", presumably [Musaeus of Athens](/source/Musaeus_of_Athens); see also West, p. 43.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** [Pindar](/source/Pindar), [fr. 30 Race, p. 236, 237](https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-fragments/1997/pb_LCL485.237.xml) [= [Clement of Alexandria](/source/Clement_of_Alexandria), *[Stromata](/source/Stromata)* 5.14.137.1]; Gantz, p. 52.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** *[Cypria](/source/Cypria)* fragment [1](https://www.gutenberg.org/files/348/348-h/348-h.htm#linknoteref-3001)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** [Quintus Smyrnaeus](/source/Quintus_Smyrnaeus), *Posthomerica* [12.202–215 (pp. 590–3)](https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.591.xml).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Meisner, pp. [1](https://books.google.com/books?id=wgJfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1), [5](https://books.google.com/books?id=ethjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5); cf. West 1983, pp. 261–262.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** West, pp. 73, 266; Proclus, *Commentary on Plato's Timaeus* 30 a ([I 396, 29 Diehl](https://archive.org/details/proclidiadochiin01proc/page/396/mode/2up?view=theater)) [= Orphic [fr. 144 Kern](https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/188/mode/2up?view=theater)]. The children Themis later gave birth to were here too the Horae and the Moirai (Orphic frr. [126](https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/180/mode/2up?view=theater) [= Proclus, *Commentary on Plato's Republic* II 207, 14 Kr.], [162](https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/196/mode/2up?view=theater) [= Proclus, *Commentary on Plato's Timaeus* 41 e ([III 274, 17 Diehl](https://archive.org/details/proclidiadochiin03proc/page/274/mode/2up?view=theater))], [181](https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/212/mode/2up?view=theater) [= Proclus, *Commentary on Plato's Timaeus* 40 a ([III 118, 30 Diehl](https://archive.org/details/proclidiadochiin03proc/page/118/mode/2up?view=theater))] Kern; West, pp. 73, 266, 267).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Dwight, [p. 266](https://archive.org/details/cu31924029135651/page/n269/mode/2up).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** [Antoninus Liberalis](/source/Antoninus_Liberalis), *Collection of Transformations* [19](https://topostext.org/work/216#19)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** [Pausanias](/source/Pausanias_(geographer)), [9.22.1](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.9.22.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:book=9:chapter=22&highlight=Themis).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** [Pausanias](/source/Pausanias_(geographer)), [1.22.1](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.22.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:book=1:chapter=22&highlight=Themis); Harrison 1912, [p. 481](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42694/page/n515/mode/2up?view=theater).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** Burkert, [p. 184](https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/184/mode/2up).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** [Strabo](/source/Strabo), [3.2.11](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D11); Harrison 1912, [p. 481](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42694/page/n515/mode/2up?view=theater).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** [Pausanias](/source/Pausanias_(geographer)), [9.25.4](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+9.25.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:book=9:chapter=25&highlight=Themis).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** [Pausanias](/source/Pausanias_(geographer)), [5.14.10](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+5.14.10&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:book=5:chapter=14&highlight=Themis).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** [Pausanias](/source/Pausanias_(geographer)), [2.27.6](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.27.5&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:book=2:chapter=27&highlight=Themis).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** Acropolis, Temple of Themis. Built between 480 and 320 BC. Artstor, library-artstor-org.ezproxy.library.wwu.edu/asset/ASITESPHOTOIG_10313398073

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** Temple of Themis. 4th-3rd centuries BC, 14-Jun-09. Artstor, library-artstor-org.ezproxy.library.wwu.edu/asset/ASITESPHOTOIG_10313399354

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** West Publishing Company (1983). [*The Guide to American law: everyone's legal encyclopedia*](https://archive.org/details/guidetoamericanl11west/page/687/mode/2up). Internet Archive. St. Paul [Minn.] : West Pub. Co. pp. 687–688. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-314-73224-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-314-73224-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CJEU_52-0)** ["Themis Building"](https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/p1_3943796/en/). Europa (web portal). Retrieved 1 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** [Hesiod](/source/Hesiod), *[Theogony](/source/Theogony)* [132–138](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+132), [337–411](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337), [453–520](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+453), [901–906, 915–920](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+901); Caldwell, pp. 8–11, tables 11–14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, as in [Hesiod](/source/Hesiod), *[Theogony](/source/Theogony)* [371–374](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+371), in the *[Homeric Hymn](/source/Homeric_Hymns) to Hermes* (4), [99–100](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=HH+4+99&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138), Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** According to [Hesiod](/source/Hesiod), *[Theogony](/source/Theogony)* [507–511](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+507), Clymene, one of the [Oceanids](/source/Oceanid), the daughters of [Oceanus](/source/Oceanus) and [Tethys](/source/Tethys_(mythology)), at [Hesiod](/source/Hesiod), *[Theogony](/source/Theogony)* [351](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+351), was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus, while according to [Apollodorus](/source/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)), [1.2.3](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D3), another Oceanid, Asia was their mother by Iapetus.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** According to [Plato](/source/Plato), *[Critias](/source/Critias_(dialogue))*, [113d–114a](http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg032.perseus-eng1:113d), Atlas was the son of [Poseidon](/source/Poseidon) and the mortal [Cleito](/source/Cleito).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** In [Aeschylus](/source/Aeschylus), *[Prometheus Bound](/source/Prometheus_Bound)* 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. [444, 445 n. 2](http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.445.xml), [446, 447 n. 24](http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.467.xml), [538, 539 n. 113](http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.539.xml)) Prometheus is made to be the son of Themis.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** Earlier, at [217](http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:207-239), the Moirai are instead called the offspring of [Nyx](/source/Nyx) (Night).

## References

- [Aeschylus](/source/Aeschylus), *[The Eumenides](/source/Oresteia)* in *Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in Two volumes*, Vol. 2, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [Harvard University Press](/source/Harvard_University_Press), 1926, [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library](http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg007.perseus-eng1).

- [Aeschylus](/source/Aeschylus), *Persians. Seven against Thebes. Suppliants. Prometheus Bound.* Edited and translated by [Alan H. Sommerstein](/source/Alan_Sommerstein). [Loeb Classical Library](/source/Loeb_Classical_Library) No. 145. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [Harvard University Press](/source/Harvard_University_Press), 2009. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-674-99627-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99627-4). [Online version at Harvard University Press](https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL145/2009/volume.xml).

- [Antoninus Liberalis](/source/Antoninus_Liberalis), *The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis: A Translation with a Commentary*, edited and translated by Francis Celoria, Routledge, 1992. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-06896-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06896-3). [Online version at ToposText](https://topostext.org/work/216).

- [Apollonius Rhodius](/source/Apollonius_of_Rhodes), *[Argonautica](/source/Argonautica)* translated by Robert Cooper Seaton (1853–1915), R. C. Loeb Classical Library Volume 001. London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1912. [Online version at the Topos Text Project](https://topostext.org/work/126).

- [Athanassakis, Apostolos N.](/source/Apostolos_Athanassakis), and Benjamin M. Wolkow, *The Orphic Hymns*, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4214-0882-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0882-8). [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC).

- [Apollodorus](/source/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)), *Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.* Cambridge, Massachusetts, [Harvard University Press](/source/Harvard_University_Press); London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1).

- [Beekes, Robert S. P.](/source/Robert_S._P._Beekes), *Etymological Dictionary of Greek*, Brill, 2009. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-04-17418-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17418-4). [Online version at Brill](https://dictionaries.brillonline.com/greek).

- *Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World*, Volume 14, Sym-Tub, editors: Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, [Brill](/source/Brill_Publishers), 2009. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-04-14219-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14219-0). [Online version at Brill](https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/brill-s-new-pauly).

- Caldwell, Richard, *Hesiod's Theogony*, Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (June 1, 1987). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-941051-00-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941051-00-2).

- Cavarzeran, Jacopo, *Scholia in Euripidis "Hippolytum": Edizione critica, introduzione, indici*, [De Gruyter](/source/De_Gruyter), 2016. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-110-47139-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-110-47139-7). [Online version at De Gruyter](https://www-degruyter-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/document/doi/10.1515/9783110471397/html). [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=9kBnDQAAQBAJ).

- [Diehl, Ernst](/source/Ernst_Diehl), *Procli Diadochi in Platonis Timaeum commentaria*, Volume I, [Bibliotheca Teubneriana](/source/Bibliotheca_Teubneriana), Leipzig, Teubner, 1903. [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/proclidiadochiin01proc/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater).

- [Diehl, Ernst](/source/Ernst_Diehl), *Procli Diadochi in Platonis Timaeum commentaria*, Volume III, [Bibliotheca Teubneriana](/source/Bibliotheca_Teubneriana), Leipzig, Teubner, 1903. [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/proclidiadochiin03proc/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater).

- [Diodorus Siculus](/source/Diodorus_Siculus), *Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History*. translated by C. H. Oldfather, twelve volumes, [Loeb Classical Library](/source/Loeb_Classical_Library), Cambridge, Massachusetts: [Harvard University Press](/source/Harvard_University_Press); London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. [Online version by Bill Thayer](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html).

- Dwight, Mary Ann, and White, Andrew Dickson, *Grecian and Roman mythology*, New York, Putnam, 1849. [Internet Archive](http://archive.org/details/cu31924029135651).

- [Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy](/source/Joseph_Fontenrose), *Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins*, [University of California Press](/source/University_of_California_Press), 1959. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-520-04091-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04091-5). [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC).

- Fowler, R. L. (2000), *Early Greek Mythography: Volume 1: Text and Introduction*, Oxford University Press, 2000. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0198147404](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198147404).

- Fowler, R. L. (2013), *Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary*, Oxford University Press, 2013. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0198147411](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198147411).

- [Gantz, Timothy](/source/Timothy_Gantz), *Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources*, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8018-5360-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5360-9) (Vol. 1), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8018-5362-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5362-3) (Vol. 2).

- Hard, Robin, *The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"*, Psychology Press, 2004, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780415186360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415186360). [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC).

- [Harrison, Jane Ellen](/source/Jane_Ellen_Harrison) (1908), *Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion*, second edition, Cambridge: [Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press), 1908. [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/prolegomenatostu00harr/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater).

- [Harrison, Jane Ellen](/source/Jane_Ellen_Harrison) (1912), *Themis: A Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion*, Cambridge: [Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press), 1912. [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42694/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater).

- [Hesiod](/source/Hesiod), *The Homeric Hymns and Homerica* with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1).

- [Homer](/source/Homer), [*The Iliad*](/source/Iliad) with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0134).

- [Homer](/source/Homer), *The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes*. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [Harvard University Press](/source/Harvard_University_Press); London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1).

- *[Homeric Hymn](/source/Homeric_Hymns)* 3 *to Apollo*, in *The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White*, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [Harvard University Press](/source/Harvard_University_Press); London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D1).

- *[Homeric Hymn](/source/Homeric_Hymns)* 4 *to Hermes*, in *The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White*, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [Harvard University Press](/source/Harvard_University_Press); London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library](http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg004.perseus-eng1).

- [Hyginus, Gaius Julius](/source/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus), *[Fabulae](/source/Fabulae)* in *Apollodorus'*Library*and Hyginus'*Fabulae*: Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology, Translated, with Introductions by R. Scott Smith and Stephen M. Trzaskoma*, Hackett Publishing Company, 2007. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-87220-821-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-821-6).

- [Hyginus](/source/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus), *Astronomica* *from The Myths of Hyginus* translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. [Online version at the Topos Text Project](https://topostext.org/work/207).

- [Kern, Otto](/source/Otto_Kern). *Orphicorum Fragmenta*, Berlin, 1922. [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/n5/mode/2up).

- March, Jennifer R., *Dictionary of Classical Mythology*, London, Cassell, 1998. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-78297-635-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78297-635-6).

- Meisner, Dwayne A., *[Orphic Tradition and the Birth of the Gods](/source/Orphic_Tradition_and_the_Birth_of_the_Gods)*, [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press), 2018. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-066352-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-066352-0).

- Morford, Mark P. O., Robert J. Lenardon, *Classical Mythology*, Eighth Edition, Oxford University Press, 2007. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-530805-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530805-1).

- [Müller, Karl Wilhelm Ludwig](/source/Karl_Wilhelm_Ludwig_M%C3%BCller), *Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum*, Volume I, Paris, Ambroise Firmin-Didot, 1841. [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/stream/fragmentahistori01mueluoft#page/n7/mode/2up). [Online version at the DFHG](https://www.dfhg-project.org/).

- [Ovid](/source/Ovid), *[Metamorphoses](/source/Metamorphoses)* translated by Brookes More (1859–1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. [Online version at the Topos Text Project](https://topostext.org/work/141).

- *[The Oxford Classical Dictionary](/source/The_Oxford_Classical_Dictionary)*, second edition, [Hammond, N.G.L.](/source/N._G._L._Hammond) and [Howard Hayes Scullard](/source/Howard_Hayes_Scullard) (editors), [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press), 1992. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-869117-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869117-3).

- [Pindar](/source/Pindar), *Nemean Odes. Isthmian Odes. Fragments*, Edited and translated by William H. Race. [Loeb Classical Library](/source/Loeb_Classical_Library) No. 485. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [Harvard University Press](/source/Harvard_University_Press), 1997. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-674-99534-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99534-5). [Online version at Harvard University Press](https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL485/1997/volume.xml).

- [Quintus Smyrnaeus](/source/Quintus_Smyrnaeus), *[Posthomerica](/source/Posthomerica)*, edited and translated by Neil Hopkinson, [Loeb Classical Library](/source/Loeb_Classical_Library) No. 19, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [Harvard University Press](/source/Harvard_University_Press), 2018. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-674-99716-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99716-5). [Online version at Harvard University Press](https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL019/2018/volume.xml).

- [Smith, William](/source/William_Smith_(lexicographer)), *[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology](/source/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology)*, London (1873). [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0104).

- [Strabo](/source/Strabo), [*Geography*](/source/Geographica), Editors, H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A., London. George Bell & Sons. 1903. [Online version at the Perseus Digital Library](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3Dnotice)

- [West, M. L.](/source/Martin_Litchfield_West) (1983), *The Orphic Poems*, [Clarendon Press](/source/Clarendon_Press) Oxford, 1983. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-814854-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814854-8).

- [West, M.L.](/source/Martin_Litchfield_West), (1985), "Hesiod's Titans" in *The Journal of Hellenic Studies*, vol. 105, pp. 174–175. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [631535](https://www.jstor.org/stable/631535).

## External links

- Baynes, T. S.; Smith, W. R., eds. (1888). ["Themis"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Themis). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica)*. Vol. 23 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 250.

- [Chisholm, Hugh](/source/Hugh_Chisholm), ed. (1911). ["Themis"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Themis). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition)*. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 758.

v t e Ancient Greek religion and mythology Religion and religious practice Main beliefs Ages of Man Golden Age Heroic Age Ancient accounts of Homer Apotheosis Arete Cult of Zeus Daemon Destiny Eudaimonia Euhemerism Eunoia Eusebeia Golden mean Golden Rule Greek words for love Hemitheos Hero cult Hubris Interpretatio graeca Katabasis Kleos Know thyself Metamorphosis Metempsychosis Nympholepsy Paradoxography Patron gods Pederasty Phronesis Polytheism Sophrosyne Soter Theia mania Xenia Texts / odes / epic poems Epic Cycle Aethiopis Cypria Iliad Iliupersis Little Iliad Nostoi Odyssey Telegony Theban Cycle Oedipodea Thebaid Epigoni Alcmeonis Others Aesop's Fables Aretalogy Argonautica Bibliotheca Catalogue of Women Cyranides Delphic maxims Derveni papyrus Dionysiaca Golden Verses of Pythagoras Greek Magical Papyri Homerica Homeric Hymns Interpretation of Dreams Oneirocritica Orphic Hymns Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis Sibylline Books Sortes Astrampsychi Stories from Plato Atlantis Myth of Er Ring of Gyges Theogony Works and Days Religions Antecedents Minoan religion Mycenaean religion List of Mycenaean deities Paleo-Balkan mythology Proto-Indo-European mythology Religions of the ancient Near East Expressions Atheism Henotheism Monotheism Polytheism Hellenistic religions Early Christianity Christianization Relationship with Greek philosophy Esoteric systems Early alchemy Gnosticism Hermeticism Neoplatonism Hellenistic Judaism God-fearers Hypsistarians Syncretic religions Alexander Ptolemaic cult Etruscan religion Greco-Buddhism Roman religion Imperial cult Religious views of emperor Julian Mystery religions and sacred mysteries Arcadian Mysteries Delos Mysteries Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Imbrian Mysteries Mithraism Mysteries of Isis Orphism Samothracian Mysteries New religious movements Discordianism Feraferia Gaianism Hellenism Religious practice Worship / rituals Amphidromia Anasyrma Arotoi Hieroi Astragalomancy Baptes Cult of Artemis at Brauron Daduchos Divination Funeral and burial practices Funeral oration Greco-Roman mysteries Hero cult Heroön Hierophany Hieros gamos Hymns Incubation Komos Nekyia Omophagia Orgia Panegyris Prayer Sacrifice Animal sacrifice Hecatomb Holocaust Libation Pharmakos Votive offering Theatre Religious offices Amphictyonic league Archon basileus Basilinna Gerarai Hiereia Hierophant Hierophylakes Iatromantis Kanephoros Mystagogue Oracle Sibyl Thiasus Religious objects Baetyl Cult image Chryselephantine sculpture Xoanon Greek terracotta figurines Kernos Kykeon Loutrophoros Omphalos Panathenaic amphora Rhyton Sacrificial tripod Sceptre Thymiaterion Magic Apotropaic magic Curse tablet Divination Ephesia Grammata Greek Magical Papyri Hermeticism Hermetica Necromancy Philia Events Festivals / feasts Actia Adonia Agrionia Amphidromia Anthesteria Apellai Apaturia Aphrodisia Arrhephoria Ascolia Bendidia Boedromia Brauronia Buphonia Chalceia Diasia Delia Delphinia Dionysia Ecdysia Elaphebolia Gamelia Halieia Haloa Heracleia Hermaea Hieromenia Iolaia Kronia Lenaia Leucophryna Lykaia Metageitnia Munichia Oschophoria Pamboeotia Pandia Plynteria Ptolemaieia Pyanopsia Skira Synoikia Soteria Tauropolia Thargelia Theseia Thesmophoria Games Agon Panathenaic Games Rhieia Panhellenic Games Olympic Games Heraean Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Actia Sacred places Temples / sanctuaries Asclepieion Delphinion Mithraeum Necromanteion of Acheron Nymphaeum Panionium Parthenon Ploutonion Telesterion Temenos Temple of Artemis, Ephesus Temple of Zeus, Olympia Oracles Amphiareion of Oropos Aornum Claros Delphi Didyma Dodona Oracle of Apollo Thyrxeus at Cyaneae Oracle of Apollo at Ptoion Oracle of Artemis at Ikaros Oracle of Menestheus Sanctuary of the Great Gods Tegyra Mountains Cretea Mount Ida (Crete) Mount Ida (Turkey) Mount Lykaion Olympus Caves Cave of Zeus, Aydın Caves of Pan Psychro Cave Vari Cave Islands Island of Achilles Delos Islands of Diomedes Springs Castalian Spring Hippocrene Pierian Spring Others Athenian sacred ships Paralus Salaminia Eleusis Hiera Orgas Kanathos Olympia Sacred Way Theatre of Dionysus Myths and mythology Deities (Family tree) Primordial deities Aether Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Titans First generation Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Mnemosyne Oceanus Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Second generation Asteria Astraeus Atlas Eos Epimetheus Helios Leto Menoetius Metis Pallas Perses Prometheus Selene Third generation Hecate Hesperus Phosphorus Twelve Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Water deities Amphitrite Alpheus Ceto Glaucus Naiads Nereids Nereus Oceanids Phorcys Poseidon Proteus River gods Scamander Thaumas Thetis Triton Love deities Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Himeros Hymen/Hymenaeus Pothos Aphrodite Aphroditus Philotes Peitho War deities Adrestia Alala Alke Amphillogiai Androktasiai Ares Athena Bia Deimos Enyalius Enyo Eris Gynaecothoenas Homados Hysminai Ioke Keres Kratos Kydoimos Ma Machai Nike Palioxis Pallas Perses Phobos Phonoi Polemos Proioxis Chthonic deities Psychopomps Charon Hermes Hermanubis Thanatos Angelos Cabeiri The Erinyes (Furies) Hades / Pluto Hecate Hypnos Keres Lampad Melinoë Persephone Zagreus Health deities Aceso Aegle Artemis Apollo Asclepius Chiron Darrhon Eileithyia Epione Hebe Hygieia Iaso Paean Panacea Telesphorus Sleep deities Empusa Epiales Hypnos Pasithea Oneiroi Messenger deities Angelia Arke Hermes Iris Trickster deities Apate Hermes Momus Magic deities Circe Hecate Hermes Trismegistus Pasiphaë Art and beauty deities Aphrodite Apollo The Charites (Graces) Aglaea Euphrosyne Thalia Dionysus The Muses Calliope Clio Polyhymnia Euterpe Terpsichore Erato Melpomene Thalia Urania Other major deities The Anemoi (Winds) Boreas Eurus Notus Zephyrus Azone Chrysaor Cybele Eileithyia Glycon Harmonia Nemesis Pan Pegasus Zelus Heroes / heroines Individuals Abderus Achilles Actaeon Adonis Aeneas Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Akademos Amphiaraus Amphitryon Antilochus Atalanta Autolycus Bellerophon Bouzyges Cadmus Chrysippus Cyamites Daedalus Diomedes Dioscuri (Castor and Polydeuces) Echetlus Eleusis Erechtheus Eunostus Ganymede Hector Heracles Icarus Iolaus Jason Meleager Menelaus Narcissus Nestor Odysseus Oedipus Orpheus Otrera Pandion Peleus Pelops Penthesilea Perseus Theseus Triptolemus Groups Argonauts Calydonian hunters Epigoni Seven against Thebes Oracles / seers Aesacus Aleuas Amphiaraus Amphilochus Ampyx Anius Asbolus Bakis Branchus Calchas Carnus Carya Cassandra Elatus Ennomus Epimenides Halitherses Helenus Iamus Idmon Manto Melampus Mopsus Munichus Phineus Polyeidos Polypheides Pythia Sibyls Cimmerian Cumaean Delphic Erythraean Hellespontine Libyan Persian Phrygian Samian Telemus Theiodamas Theoclymenus Tiresias Other mortals Aegeus Aegisthus Agamemnon Andromache Andromeda Antigone Augeas Briseis Cassiopeia Creon of Thebes Chryseis Chrysothemis Clytemnestra Damocles Deidamia Deucalion Electra Eteocles Europa Gordias Hecuba Helen of Troy Hellen The Heracleidae Hermione Hippolyta Io Iphigenia Ismene Jocasta Laius Lycian peasants Lycaon The Maenads Memnon Messapian shepherds Midas Minos Myrrha Neoptolemus Niobe Orestes Paris Patroclus Penelope Philomela Phoenix Polybus of Corinth Polynices Priam Procne Pylades Pyrrha Telemachus Troilus Underworld Entrances to the underworld Rivers Acheron Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Lakes/swamps Acherusia Avernus Lake Lerna Lake Caves Cave at Cape Matapan Cave at Lake Avernus Cave at Heraclea Pontica Charoniums Charonium at Aornum Charonium at Acharaca Ploutonion Ploutonion at Acharaca Ploutonion at Eleusis Ploutonion at Hierapolis Necromancy temple Necromanteion of Acheron Places Elysium Erebus Fields of Asphodel Isles of the Blessed Mourning Fields Tartarus Judges Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Guards Campe Cerberus Residents Anticlea Danaïdes Eurydice Ixion Ocnus Salmoneus The Shades Sisyphus Tantalus Tiresias Titans Tityos Visitors Dionysus Heracles Hermes Odysseus Orpheus Pirithous Psyche Theseus Symbols/objects Bident Cap of invisibility Charon's obol Animals, daemons, and spirits Ascalaphus Ceuthonymus Eurynomos Menoetius Mythical Beings Lists Deities Mythological creatures Mortals Minor figures Trojan War characters Minor spirits Daemon Agathodaemon Cacodaemon Eudaemon Nymph Satyr Beasts / creatures Centaur Centaurides Ichthyocentaur Cyclops Dragon Drakaina Echidna Giant Gorgon Harpy Hecatonchires Hippocampus Horses of Helios Lamia Phoenix Python Siren Scylla and Charybdis Sphinx Typhon Captured / slain by heroes Calydonian boar Cerberus Cerynian Hind Chimera Cretan Bull Crommyonian Sow Erymanthian boar Khalkotauroi Lernaean Hydra Mares of Diomedes Medusa Minotaur Nemean lion Orthrus Polyphemus Stymphalian birds Talos Teumessian fox Tribes Achaeans Amazons Anthropophagi Bebryces Cicones Curetes Dactyls Gargareans Halizones Korybantes Laestrygonians Lapiths Lotus-eaters Myrmidons Pygmies Spartoi Telchines Places / Realms Aethiopia Ara Colchis Erytheia Hyperborea Ismarus Ithaca Libya Nysa Ogygia Panchaia Phlegra Scheria Scythia Symplegades Tartessos Themiscyra Thrinacia Troy Events Apollo and Daphne Calydonian boar hunt Echo and Narcissus Eros and Psyche Judgment of Paris Labours of Heracles Orpheus and Eurydice Returns from Troy Odyssey Wars Amazonomachy Attic War Centauromachy Gigantomachy Indian War Theomachy Titanomachy Trojan War Objects Adamant Aegis Ambrosia Apple of Discord Argo Dragon's teeth Diipetes Eidolon Galatea Girdle of Aphrodite Golden apple Golden Fleece Gordian knot Harpe Ichor Labyrinth Lotus tree Milk of Hera Moly Necklace of Harmonia Orichalcum Palladium Panacea Pandora's box Petasos (Winged helmet) Phaeacian ships Philosopher's stone Shield of Achilles Shirt of Nessus Sword of Damocles Talaria Thunderbolt Thyrsus Trident of Poseidon Trojan Horse Winnowing Oar Wheel of fire Symbols Autochthon Bowl of Hygieia Caduceus Cornucopia Gorgoneion Herm Kantharos Labrys Ouroboros Owl of Athena Phallus Rod of Asclepius Swan song Wind East West North South Modern treatments Classical mythology in western art and literature Classicism Classics Greek mythology in popular culture Modern understanding of Greek mythology

v t e Ancient Greek deities Primal elements Aether Chaos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx The Ourea Pontus Tartarus Uranus Titans Twelve Titans Coeus Crius Cronus Dione Hyperion Iapetus Mnemosyne Oceanus Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Descendants of the Titans Asteria Astraeus Atlas Eos Epimetheus Hecate Helios Leto Menoetius Pallas Perses Prometheus Selene Olympian deities Twelve Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Other Olympians Eileithyia Iris Harmonia Hebe Heracles Muses Daughters of Zeus Calliope Clio Euterpe Erato Melpomene Polyhymnia Terpsichore Thalia Urania Daughters of Apollo Apollonis Borysthenis Cephisso Boeotian Muses Aoide Melete Mneme Muses of the Lyre Hypate Mese Nete Muses at Sicyon Polymatheia Charites Aglaia Euphrosyne Hegemone Pasithea Thalia Horae Dike Eirene Eunomia Children of Styx Bia Kratos Nike Zelus Water deities Sea deities Amphitrite Benthesikyme Brizo Calliste Calypso Ceto Eurybia Glaucus Leucothea Melicertes Nereus Nerites Oceanus Phorcys Pontus Poseidon Proteus Rhodos Tethys Thalassa Thaumas Thetis Triton River gods Achelous Alpheus Anapus Asopus Asterion Axius Caanthus Cebren Cephissus Enipeus Kladeos Meander Meles Nilus Numicus Phasis Phyllis Peneus Sangarius Scamander Selemnus Simoeis Strymon Personifications Children of Eris Algos Amphillogiai The Androktasiai Ate Dysnomia Horkos Hysminai Lethe Logoi Limos Machai Neikea Phonoi Ponos Pseudea Children of Nyx Apate Eris Geras Hesperides Hypnos The Keres The Moirai Atropos Clotho Lachesis Momus Moros Nemesis Oizys The Oneiroi Philotes Thanatos Others Achlys Aergia Aidos Aion Alala Alastor Aletheia Alke Amechania Anaideia Ananke Angelia Anteros Apheleia Arete The Arae Astraea Caerus Chronos Chrysus Corus Deimos Dikaiosyne Dyssebeia Eiresione Ekecheiria Eulabeia Eupraxia Eusebeia Ersa Eros Erotes Gelos Hedone Hedylogos Heimarmene Hermaphroditus Homados Homonoia Horme Hymen Iacchus Ioke Kakia Koalemos Kydoimos The Litae Lyssa The Maniae Methe Nomos Palioxis Peitharchia Peitho Penia Penthus Pepromene Pheme Phobos Phrike Phthonus Pistis Poine Polemos Poros Pothos Praxidice Proioxis Prophasis Soter Soteria Thrasos Tyche Other deities Chthonic Hades Persephone Pluto Sky The Anemoi Boreas Eurus Notus Zephyrus Hesperus Phosphorus Phaethon Astrape and Bronte Aura Nephele Sirius Tritopatores Agriculture Aphaia Demeter Despoina Eunostus Opora Philomelus Plutus Health Aceso Aegle Asclepius Epione Iaso Hygieia Paean Panacea Telesphorus Rustic Agdistis Amphictyonis Aristaeus Attis Britomartis Comus Hecaterus The Maenades Pan Priapus Rhapso Silenus Telete Others Aphroditus Arke Auxesia The Cabeiri Circe Enodia Enyalius Enyo Melinoë Ophion Orthanes Palaestra Pandia Pasiphaë Phanes Sosipolis Zagreus

Authority control databases International VIAF 2 GND National United States Israel People DDB Other IdRef Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Themis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themis) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themis?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.