# Theloderma

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***Theloderma***, the **bug-eyed frogs**, **mossy frogs** or **warty frogs**,[1] is a genus of [frogs](/source/Frog) in the family [Rhacophoridae](/source/Rhacophoridae), [subfamily](/source/Subfamily) [Rhacophorinae](/source/Rhacophorinae).[2] They are found from northeastern India and southern China, through Southeast Asia, to the [Greater Sunda Islands](/source/Greater_Sunda_Islands); the highest [species richness](/source/Species_richness) is in [Indochina](/source/Indochina).[3] Some species, especially *[T. corticale](/source/Theloderma_corticale)*, are sometimes kept in captivity.[1]

They are medium to small-sized frogs with maximum [snout–vent lengths](/source/Snout%E2%80%93vent_length) that range from 2 to 7.5 cm (0.8 to 3.0 in) depending on species, and their skin can be smooth, warty or tuberculated.[3] The genus includes species that are contrastingly marked, but most are very well-camouflaged, resembling plant material (typically bark or moss) or bird droppings.[3][4]

Little is known about their behavior, but they feed on small [arthropods](/source/Arthropod). In species where known, breeding takes place in a small water pool in a cavity of a tree, [bamboo](/source/Bamboo) or [karst](/source/Karst).[1][3][4] The female places 4–20 eggs just above the water. After about one to two weeks they hatch into [tadpoles](/source/Tadpole) that drop into the water; they [metamorphose](/source/Metamorphose) into froglets after a few months to a year.[1][3]

## Species and taxonomy

The [sister taxon](/source/Sister_taxon) of *Theloderma* is *[Nyctixalus](/source/Nyctixalus)*. The [taxonomy](/source/Taxonomy_(biology)) of this genus and *Nyctixalus* as well as *[Theloderma moloch](/source/Theloderma_moloch)* has been in flux;[2] today both AmphibiaWeb and [Amphibian Species of the World](/source/Amphibian_Species_of_the_World) recognize the two genera as valid.[2][5]

Following the Amphibian Species of the World, there are 26 recognized species in the genus *Theloderma*:[2]

- *[Theloderma albopunctatum](/source/Theloderma_albopunctatum)* (Liu and Hu, 1962)
- *[Theloderma annae](/source/Theloderma_annae)* Nguyen, Pham, Nguyen, Ngo, and Ziegler, 2016
- *[Theloderma asperum](/source/Theloderma_asperum)* (Boulenger, 1886)
- *[Theloderma auratum](/source/Theloderma_auratum)* Poyarkov, Kropachev, Gogoleva, and Orlov, 2018
- *[Theloderma baibungense](/source/Theloderma_baibungense)* (Jiang, Fei, and Huang, 2009)
- *[Theloderma bicolor](/source/Theloderma_bicolor)* (Bourret, 1937)
- *[Theloderma corticale](/source/Theloderma_corticale)* (Boulenger, 1903)
- *[Theloderma gordoni](/source/Theloderma_gordoni)* Taylor, 1962
- *[Theloderma horridum](/source/Theloderma_horridum)* (Boulenger, 1903)
- *[Theloderma khoii](/source/Theloderma_khoii)* Ninh, Nguyen, Nguyen, Hoang, Siliyavong, Nguyen, Le, Le & Ziegler, 2022
- *[Theloderma lacustrinum](/source/Theloderma_lacustrinum)* Sivongxay, Davankham, Phimmachak, Phoumixay, and Stuart, 2016
- *[Theloderma laeve](/source/Theloderma_laeve)* (Smith, 1924)
- *[Theloderma lateriticum](/source/Theloderma_lateriticum)* Bain, Nguyen, and Doan, 2009
- *[Theloderma leporosum](/source/Theloderma_leporosum)* Tschudi, 1838
- *[Theloderma licin](/source/Theloderma_licin)* McLeod and Norhayati, 2007
- *[Theloderma moloch](/source/Theloderma_moloch)* (Annandale, 1912)
- *[Theloderma nagalandense](/source/Theloderma_nagalandense)* Orlov, Dutta, Ghate, and Kent, 2006
- *[Theloderma nebulosum](/source/Theloderma_nebulosum)* Rowley, Le, Hoang, Dau, and Cao, 2011[6]
- *[Theloderma palliatum](/source/Theloderma_palliatum)* Rowley, Le, Hoang, Dau, and Cao, 2011[6]
- *[Theloderma petilum](/source/Theloderma_petilum)* (Stuart and Heatwole, 2004)
- *[Theloderma phrynoderma](/source/Theloderma_phrynoderma)* (Ahl, 1927)
- *[Theloderma pyaukkya](/source/Theloderma_pyaukkya)* Dever, 2017
- *[Theloderma rhododiscus](/source/Theloderma_rhododiscus)* (Liu and Hu, 1962)
- *[Theloderma ryabovi](/source/Theloderma_ryabovi)* Orlov, Dutta, Ghate, and Kent, 2006
- *[Theloderma stellatum](/source/Theloderma_stellatum)* Taylor, 1962
- *[Theloderma truongsonense](/source/Theloderma_truongsonense)* (Orlov and Ho, 2005)
- *[Theloderma vietnamense](/source/Theloderma_vietnamense)* Poyarkov, Orlov, Moiseeva, Pawangkhanant, Ruangsuwan, Vassilieva, Galoyan, Nguyen, and Gogoleva, 2015

## References

1. Lott, D. (2017). "Keeping and breeding mossy frogs". *Practical Reptile Keeping*. **July 2017**: 38–45.

1. Frost, Darrel R. (2016). ["*Theloderma* Tschudi, 1838"](http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Theloderma). *Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0*. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 8 January 2017.

1. Poyarkov, N.A. Jr.; N.L. Orlov; A.V. Moiseeva; P. Pawangkhanant; T. Ruangsuwan; A.B. Vassilieva; E.A. Galoyan; T.T Nguyen; S.S. Gogolev (2015). "Sorting out moss frogs: mtDNA data on taxonomic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of the Indochinese species of the genus Theloderma (Anura, Rhacophoridae)". *Russian Journal of Herpetology*. **22** (4): 241–280.

1. Sivongxay, N.; M. Davankham; S. Phimmachak; K. Phoumixay; B.L. Stuart (2016). "A new small-sized Theloderma (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Laos". *Zootaxa*. **4147** (4): 433–442. [doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4147.4.5](https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4147.4.5). [PMID 27515627](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27515627)

1. ["Rhacophoridae"](http://www.amphibiaweb.org/lists/Rhacophoridae.shtml). *AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]*. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017.

1. Jodi Rowley (2011-11-23). ["Two new species of moss frog discovered"](http://www.australianmuseum.net.au/blogpost/Science-Bytes/Two-new-species-of-moss-frog-discovered). Australian Museum.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Theloderma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theloderma) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theloderma?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.