# The arts

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Creative human and cultural expression

This article is about the group of creative disciplines. For the concept of art, see [Art](/source/Art).

"Arts" redirects here. For the acronym, see [ARTS](/source/ARTS_(disambiguation)).

Clockwise, from top left:

- *[Still Life with Profile of Laval](/source/Still_Life_with_Profile_of_Laval)* by [Paul Gauguin](/source/Paul_Gauguin), 1886

- A [tambourine](/source/Tambourine) player at a traditional [debaa](/source/Debaa) dance festival in [Mayotte](/source/Mayotte)

- [Sanctuary of Las Lajas](/source/Sanctuary_of_Las_Lajas), [Nariño Department](/source/Nari%C3%B1o_Department), Colombia

- A [bian lian](/source/Bian_lian) performer

- The title page of [Shakespeare's sonnets](/source/Shakespeare's_sonnets) in a 1609 edition by [Thomas Thorpe](/source/Thomas_Thorpe)

**The arts**, or **creative arts**, are a vast range of human practices involving [creative](/source/Creativity) expression, [storytelling](/source/Storytelling), and [cultural](/source/Cultural) participation. The arts encompass diverse and plural modes of thought, deeds, and existence in an extensive range of [media](/source/List_of_art_media). Both a dynamic and characteristically constant feature of human life, the arts have developed into increasingly stylized and intricate forms. This is achieved through sustained and deliberate study, training, or theorizing within a particular tradition, generations, and even between [civilizations](/source/Civilization). The arts are a medium through which humans cultivate distinct social, cultural, and individual identities while transmitting values, impressions, judgments, ideas, visions, spiritual meanings, patterns of life, and [experiences](/source/Experience) across time and space.

The arts are divided into three main branches: visual arts, literature, and performing arts. Examples of [visual arts](/source/Visual_arts) include [architecture](/source/Architecture), [ceramic art](/source/Ceramic_art), [drawing](/source/Drawing), [filmmaking](/source/Filmmaking), [painting](/source/Painting), [photography](/source/Photography), and [sculpture](/source/Sculpture). Examples of [literature](/source/Literature) include [fiction](/source/Fiction), [drama](/source/Drama), [poetry](/source/Poetry), and [prose](/source/Prose). Examples of [performing arts](/source/Performing_arts) include [dance](/source/Dance), [music](/source/Music), and [theatre](/source/Theatre). The arts can employ [skill](/source/Skill) and [imagination](/source/Imagination) to produce [physical objects](/source/Physical_object) and [performances](/source/Performance), convey insights and experiences, and construct new [natural environments](/source/Natural_environment) and spaces.

The arts can refer to common, popular, or everyday practices as well as more sophisticated, systematic, or institutionalized ones. They can be discrete and self-contained or combine and interweave with other art forms, such as combining artwork with the written word in [comics](/source/Comics). Art forms can also develop or contribute to aspects of more complex art forms, as in [cinematography](/source/Cinematography). By definition, the arts themselves are open to being continually redefined. The practice of [modern art](/source/Modern_art), for example, is a testament to the shifting boundaries, improvisation and experimentation, reflexive nature, and [self-criticism](/source/Self-criticism) or questioning that art and its conditions of production, reception, and possibility can undergo.

As both a means of developing capacities of attention and sensitivity and ends in themselves ([art for art's sake](/source/Art_for_art's_sake)), the arts can be a form of response to the world. It is a way to transform human responses and what humans deem worthwhile goals or pursuits. From [prehistoric cave paintings during the Upper Palaeolithic](/source/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic), to ancient and contemporary forms of [rituals](/source/Ritual), to modern-day [films](/source/Film), the arts have registered, embodied, and preserved the ever-shifting relationships of humans with each other and the world.

## Definition

Further information: [Art](/source/Art) and [Classificatory disputes about art](/source/Classificatory_disputes_about_art)

The arts are considered various practices or objects done by people with skill, creativity, and imagination across cultures and history.[1] These activities include painting, sculpting, music, theatre, literature, and more.[2] Art refers to the way of doing or applying human creative skills, typically, but not necessarily, in visual form.[3][4]

However, there have been disputes on whether or not to classify something as a work of art, referred to as [classificatory disputes about art](/source/Classificatory_disputes_about_art). For example, classificatory disputes in the 20th century have included [Cubist](/source/Cubist) and [Impressionist](/source/Impressionist) paintings, [Marcel Duchamp](/source/Marcel_Duchamp)'s *[Fountain](/source/Fountain_(Duchamp))*, the movies, [J. S. G. Boggs](/source/J._S._G._Boggs)' superlative imitations of banknotes, [conceptual art](/source/Conceptual_art), and [video games](/source/Video_game).[5]

## History and classifications

Main articles: [History of art](/source/History_of_art), [History of literature](/source/History_of_literature), and [History of music](/source/History_of_music)

The [Venus of Brassempouy](/source/Venus_of_Brassempouy), a fragmentary ivory figurine from the [Upper Paleolithic](/source/Upper_Paleolithic)

In [Ancient Greece](/source/Ancient_Greece), art and [craft](/source/Craft) were referred to by the word [techne](/source/Techne). Ancient Greek art introduced veneration of the animal form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty, and anatomically correct proportions. [Ancient Roman](/source/Roman_Empire) art depicted gods as idealized humans, shown with characteristically distinguishing features, such as [Zeus](/source/Zeus)' thunderbolt. In [Byzantine](/source/Byzantine_art) and [Gothic art](/source/Gothic_art) of the [Middle Ages](/source/Middle_Ages), the dominant church insisted on the expression of Christian themes due to the overlap of [church and state in medieval Europe](/source/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe).[6] [Asian art](/source/Asian_art) has generally worked in style akin to Western [medieval art](/source/Medieval_art), namely a concentration on surface patterning and local colour.[a] A characteristic of this style is that local colour is defined by an outline, the [cartoon](/source/Cartoon) being a contemporary equivalent. This is evident in the art of [India](/source/Indian_art), [Tibet](/source/Tibetan_art), and [Japan](/source/Japanese_art). [Islamic art](/source/Islamic_art) avoids the representation of living beings, particularly humans and other animals, in religious contexts.[7] It instead expresses religious ideas through [calligraphy](/source/Calligraphy) and geometrical designs.[8]

### Classifications

[Lawrence Alma-Tadema](/source/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema)'s *Catullus-at-Lesbia's*, 1865

In the Middle Ages, [liberal arts were taught](/source/Liberal_arts_education) in European [medieval universities](/source/Medieval_university) as part of the [trivium](/source/Trivium), an introductory curriculum involving [grammar](/source/Grammar), [rhetoric](/source/Rhetoric), and [logic](/source/Logic),[9] and of the [quadrivium](/source/Quadrivium), a curriculum involving the "mathematical arts" of [arithmetic](/source/Arithmetic), [geometry](/source/Geometry), music, and [astronomy](/source/Astronomy).[10] In modern academia, the arts can be grouped with, or a subset of, the [humanities](/source/Humanities).[11]

The arts have been classified into seven forms: painting, architecture, sculpture, literature, music, [theatre](/source/Theatre), and [filmmaking](/source/Filmmaking).[12] Some arts may be derived from others; for example, drama is literature with [acting](/source/Acting),[13] dance is music expressed through [motion](/source/Motion),[14] and [songs](/source/Song) are music with literature and [human voice](/source/Human_voice).[15] Television is sometimes called the "eighth" and comics the "ninth art" in Francophone scholarship, adding to the traditional "Seven Arts".[16][17] Cultural fields like [gastronomy](/source/Gastronomy) are only sometimes considered as arts.[18]

## Visual arts

Main article: [Visual arts](/source/Visual_arts)

Further information: [Work of art](/source/Work_of_art)

Visual art forms include [architecture](/source/Architecture), [ceramic art](/source/Ceramic_art), [crafts](/source/Craft), [design](/source/Design), [drawing](/source/Drawing), [filmmaking](/source/Filmmaking), [image](/source/Image), [painting](/source/Painting), [photography](/source/Photography), [printmaking](/source/Printmaking), [sculpture](/source/Sculpture), and [video](/source/Video). Many artistic disciplines such as [performing arts](/source/Performing_arts), [conceptual art](/source/Conceptual_art), and [textile arts](/source/Textile_arts), also involve aspects of the visual arts, as well as arts of other types. Within the visual arts, the [applied arts](/source/Applied_arts),[19] such as [industrial design](/source/Industrial_design), [graphic design](/source/Graphic_design), [fashion design](/source/Fashion_design), [interior design](/source/Interior_design), and [decorative arts](/source/Decorative_arts)[20] are also included.

### Architecture

Main article: [Architecture](/source/Architecture)

The [Parthenon](/source/Parthenon) on top of the [Acropolis](/source/Acropolis_of_Athens), Athens, [Greece](/source/Greece)

Architecture is the art and science of [designing](/source/Design) [buildings](/source/Building) and [structures](/source/Structure). Some definitions include the wider design of the built environment, from the macro level of [urban planning](/source/Urban_planning), [urban design](/source/Urban_design), and [landscape architecture](/source/Landscape_architecture), to the micro level of creating furniture.[21] Architectural design usually must address feasibility and [cost](/source/Cost) for the builder, as well as function and [aesthetics](/source/Aesthetics) for the user.[22]

In modern usage, architecture is the art and [discipline](/source/Discipline_(academia)) of creating or inferring an implied or apparent plan for a complex object or [system](/source/System).[23] Some types of architecture manipulate space, volume, texture, light, shadow, or abstract elements, to achieve pleasing aesthetics.[24] Architectural works may be seen as cultural and political [symbols](/source/Symbol) or works of art. The role of architects, though changing, has been central to the design and implementation of pleasingly built environments in which people live.[25]

### Ceramic art

Main article: [Ceramic art](/source/Ceramic_art)

12th-century [Goryeo](/source/Goryeo_ware) [celadon](/source/Celadon) kettle. Goryeo wares are considered a great achievement of [Korean art](/source/Korean_art).

Ceramic art is art made from [ceramic](/source/Ceramic) materials,[26] which may take forms such as [pottery](/source/Pottery), [tiles](/source/Tile), [figurines](/source/Figurine), [sculptures](/source/Sculpture), and [tableware](/source/Tableware). While some ceramic products are considered [fine art](/source/Fine_art), others are considered [decorative](/source/Decorative_arts), [industrial](/source/Industrial_design), or [applied](/source/Applied_arts) art objects. Ceramics may also be considered [artefacts](/source/Artifact_(archaeology)) in [archaeology](/source/Archaeology). People design, manufacture, and decorate pottery in pottery or ceramic factories. Some pottery is regarded as [art pottery](/source/Art_pottery).[27] In one-person pottery studios, ceramists or potters produce [studio pottery](/source/Studio_pottery). Ceramics exclude [glass](/source/Glass) and [mosaics](/source/Mosaic) made from glass [tesserae](/source/Tessera).[28]

### Conceptual art

Main article: [Conceptual art](/source/Conceptual_art)

Conceptual art is art where the concepts or ideas involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns.[29] The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused practice of idea-based art that defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text.[30] Through its association with the [Young British Artists](/source/Young_British_Artists) and the [Turner Prize](/source/Turner_Prize) during the 1990s,[31] the popular usage of conceptual art, particularly in the United Kingdom, developed into a synonym for all [contemporary art](/source/Contemporary_art) that does not practice the traditional skills of painting and sculpture.[32]

### Drawing

Main article: [Drawing](/source/Drawing)

Drawing is a means of making an [image](/source/Image) using various tools and techniques. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Common tools are [graphite](/source/Graphite) [pencils](/source/Pencil), pen and [ink](/source/Ink), inked [brushes](/source/Brush), wax [coloured pencils](/source/Coloured_pencil), [crayons](/source/Crayon), [charcoals](/source/Charcoal), [pastels](/source/Pastel), and [marker pens](/source/Marker_pen). Digital tools with similar effects are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are line drawing, [hatching](/source/Hatching), cross-hatching, random hatching, scribbling, [stippling](/source/Stippling), and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a *drafter*, *draftswoman*, or *draughtsman*.[33] Drawing can be used to create art used in cultural industries such as [illustrations](/source/Illustration), comics, and animation. Comics are often called the "ninth art" (*le neuvième art*) in Francophone scholarship, adding to the traditional "Seven Arts".[16]

### Painting

Main article: [Painting](/source/Painting)

The *[Mona Lisa](/source/Mona_Lisa)* by [Leonardo da Vinci](/source/Leonardo_da_Vinci)

Painting is considered to be a form of self-expression.[34] Drawing, [gesture](/source/Gesture) (as in [action painting](/source/Action_painting)), [composition](/source/Composition_(visual_arts)), [narration](/source/Narrative) (as in [narrative art](/source/Narrative_art)), or [abstraction](/source/Abstraction) (as in [abstract art](/source/Abstract_art)), among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner.[35] Paintings can be on a wide variety of topics, such as [photographic](/source/Photorealism),[36] abstract,[37] narrative,[38] [symbolistic](/source/Symbolism_(art)) ([symbolism](/source/Symbolism_(movement))),[39] [emotive](/source/Emotion) ([Expressionism](/source/Expressionism)), or political in nature ([artivism](/source/Artivism)).[40] Some modern painters, such as [Jean Dubuffet](/source/Jean_Dubuffet) or [Anselm Kiefer](/source/Anselm_Kiefer), incorporate different materials, such as [sand](/source/Sand), cement, [straw](/source/Straw), wood, or strands of hair, for their [artwork texture](/source/Texture_(visual_arts)).[41][42]

### Photography

Main article: [Photography](/source/Photography)

Further information: [Fine-art photography](/source/Fine-art_photography)

Photography as an art form refers to photographs that are created in accordance with the creative vision of the photographer. Art photography stands in contrast to [photojournalism](/source/Photojournalism), which provides a visual account of news events, and commercial photography, the primary focus of which is to advertise products or services.[43]

### Sculpture

Main article: [Sculpture](/source/Sculpture)

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the [plastic arts](/source/Plastic_arts). Durable sculptural processes originally used [carving](/source/Carving) (the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, such as clay), in [stone](/source/Stone), metal, [ceramic](/source/Ceramic), wood, and other materials, but shifts in sculptural processes have led to almost complete freedom of materials and processes following [modernism](/source/Modernism). A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by [welding](/source/Welding) or modelling, or [moulded](/source/Molding_(process)) or [cast](/source/Casting).[44][45]

### Applied arts

Main article: [Applied arts](/source/Applied_arts)

The applied arts are the application of [design](/source/Design) and decoration to everyday, functional objects to make them [aesthetically](/source/Aesthetically) pleasing.[46] The applied arts include fields such as [industrial design](/source/Industrial_design), [illustration](/source/Illustration), and commercial art.[47] The term "applied art" is used in distinction to [fine art](/source/Fine_art), where the latter is defined as arts that aim to produce objects that are beautiful or provide intellectual stimulation but have no primary everyday function. In practice, the two often overlap.

## Literary arts

Main articles: [Language](/source/Language) and [Literature](/source/Literature)

[Sonnet 18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonnet18.ogg)

***[Sonnet 18](/source/Sonnet_18)*** by [William Shakespeare](/source/William_Shakespeare), part of the Fair Youth [sequence](/source/Sonnet_sequence) of [sonnets](/source/Sonnet).

*Problems playing this file? See [media help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media).*

Literature (also known as *literary arts* or *language arts*) is generally identified as a collection of [writings](/source/Writing), which in [Western culture](/source/Western_culture) are mainly [prose](/source/Prose) (both fiction and non-fiction), drama, and poetry. In much, if not all, of the world, artistic linguistic expression can be [oral](/source/Oral_literature) as well and include such [genres](/source/Genre) as [epic](/source/Epic_poetry), [legend](/source/Legend), [myth](/source/Mythology), [ballad](/source/Ballad), other forms of oral poetry, and [folktales](/source/Folklore). Comics, the combination of drawings or other visual arts with narrating literature, are called the "ninth art" (*le neuvième art*) in Francophone scholarship.[16]

## Performing arts

Main article: [Performing arts](/source/Performing_arts)

See also: [Martial arts](/source/Martial_arts) and [Sport](/source/Sport)

*[Bharatanatyam](/source/Bharatanatyam)* performer of [Indian classical dance](/source/Indian_classical_dance)

Performing arts comprise dance, music, theatre, [opera](/source/Opera), [mime](/source/Mime), and other art forms in which human performance is the principal product. Performing arts are distinguished by this performance element in contrast with disciplines such as visual and literary arts, where the product is an object that does not require a performance to be observed and experienced. Each discipline in the performing arts is temporal in nature, meaning the product is performed over a period of time. Products are broadly categorized as being either repeatable (for example, by script or score) or improvised for each performance.[48] Artists who participate in these arts in front of an audience are called performers, including [actors](/source/Actor), [magicians](/source/Magic_(illusion)), [comedians](/source/Comedian), [dancers](/source/Dancer), [musicians](/source/Musician), and [singers](/source/Singer). Performing arts are also supported by the services of other artists or essential workers, such as [songwriters](/source/Songwriter) and those involved with [stagecraft](/source/Stagecraft). Performers adapt their [physical appearance](/source/Physical_appearance) with tools such as [costumes](/source/Costume) and [theatrical makeup](/source/Theatrical_makeup).[49]

### Dance

Main article: [Dance](/source/Dance)

Dance generally refers to human [movement](/source/Motion), either used as a form of expression or presented in a social, [spiritual](/source/Spirituality), or performance setting.[50][51][b] [Choreography](/source/Choreography) is the art of making dances,[56] and the person who does this is called a choreographer.[57] Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on social, cultural, [aesthetic](/source/Aesthetic), artistic, and moral constraints, ranging from functional movement (such as [folk dance](/source/Folk_dance)) to codified [virtuoso](/source/Virtuoso) techniques such as [ballet](/source/Ballet). Dance disciplines in sports include gymnastics, [figure skating](/source/Figure_skating), and [synchronized swimming](/source/Synchronized_swimming). In martial arts, *[kata](/source/Kata)* is compared to dance.[58]

### Music

Main article: [Music](/source/Music)

[Sheet music](/source/Sheet_music) of the opening [measures](/source/Bar_(music)) from [Piano Sonata No. 11](/source/Piano_Sonata_No._11_(Mozart)) by [Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart](/source/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart) ([Play](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/MozartExcerptK331.mid/MozartExcerptK331.mid.mp3)[ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MozartExcerptK331.mid))

Music is defined as an art form which [medium](/source/Media_(arts)) is a combination of sounds.[59] Though scholars agree that music generally consists of [a few core elements](/source/Elements_of_music), their exact definitions are debated.[60] Commonly identified aspects include [pitch](/source/Pitch_(music)) (which governs melody and harmony), [duration](/source/Duration_(music)) (including [rhythm](/source/Rhythm) and [tempo](/source/Tempo)), intensity (including [dynamics](/source/Dynamics_(music))), and [timbre](/source/Timbre).[61] Though considered a [cultural universal](/source/Cultural_universal), the [definition of music](/source/Definition_of_music) varies throughout the world as it is based on diverse views of [nature](/source/Nature), the supernatural, and humanity.[62] Music is differentiated into [composition](/source/Musical_composition) and performance, while [musical improvisation](/source/Musical_improvisation) may be regarded as an intermediary tradition.[63] Music can be divided into genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between genres are subtle, open to individual interpretation, and controversial.[64]

### Theatre

Main article: [Theatre](/source/Theatre)

Theatre is the branch of the performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound, and spectacle.[65] In addition to the standard narrative dialogue style, theatre takes such forms as opera (including [Chinese opera](/source/Chinese_opera)), ballet, mime, [kabuki](/source/Kabuki), and [Indian classical dance](/source/Indian_classical_dance).[66][67][68]

## Multidisciplinary artistic works

Areas exist in which artistic works incorporate multiple artistic fields, such as film, opera, and performance art. While opera is often categorized as the performing arts of music, the word itself is Italian for "works", because opera combines artistic disciplines into a singular artistic experience. In a traditional opera, the work uses the following: sets, costumes, acting, a [libretto](/source/Libretto), singers, and an orchestra.[69]

[Ernestine Schumann-Heink](/source/Ernestine_Schumann-Heink) as Waltraute in *[Götterdämmerung](/source/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung)*

The composer [Richard Wagner](/source/Richard_Wagner) recognized the fusion of many disciplines into a single work of opera, exemplified by his cycle *[Der Ring des Nibelungen](/source/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen)* ("The Ring of the Nibelung"). He did not use the term opera for his works, but instead *[Gesamtkunstwerk](/source/Gesamtkunstwerk)* ("synthesis of the arts" or sometimes "music drama"), emphasizing the literary and theatrical components, which were as important as the music. [Classical ballet](/source/Classical_ballet) is another form that emerged in the 17th century in which orchestral music is combined with dance.[70]

Other works in the late 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries have fused other disciplines in creative ways, such as performance art. Performance art is a performance over time that combines any number of instruments, objects, and art within a predefined or less well-defined structure, some of which can be improvised. Performance art may be scripted, unscripted, random, or carefully organized—even audience participation may occur. [John Cage](/source/John_Cage) is regarded by many as a performance artist rather than a composer, although he preferred the latter term. He did not compose for traditional ensembles. For example, Cage's composition *[Living Room Music](/source/Living_Room_Music),* composed in 1940, is a quartet for unspecified instruments, really non-melodic objects, that can be found in the living room of a typical house, hence the title.[71]

### Video games

Main articles: [Video game](/source/Video_game) and [Video games as an art form](/source/Video_games_as_an_art_form)

Hideo Kojima holding a video game case of one of his popular series, *[Metal Gear](/source/Metal_Gear)*.

[Video games](/source/Video_game) are multidisciplinary works that include uncontroversial artistic elements such as visuals and sound, as well as an emergent experience from the nature of their interactivity. Within [video game culture](/source/Video_game_culture), debates surround whether video games should be [classified as an art form](/source/Video_games_as_an_art_form) and whether [video game developers](/source/Video_game_developer)—[AAA](/source/AAA_(video_game_industry)) or [indie](/source/Indie_game)—should be classified as artists.[72]

[Hideo Kojima](/source/Hideo_Kojima), a video game designer considered a gaming *[auteur](/source/Auteur)*, argued in 2006 that video games are a type of service rather than an art form.[73][74] In the social sciences, cultural economists show how playing video games is conducive to involvement in more traditional art forms.[75] In 2011, the [National Endowment for the Arts](/source/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts) included video games in its definition of a "work of art",[76] and the [Smithsonian American Art Museum](/source/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum) presented an exhibit titled *The Art of the Video Game* in 2012.[77]

## Criticism

See also: [Architecture criticism](/source/Architecture_criticism), [Art criticism](/source/Art_criticism), [Dance criticism](/source/Dance_criticism), [Film criticism](/source/Film_criticism), [Literary criticism](/source/Literary_criticism), [Music criticism](/source/Music_criticism), [Television criticism](/source/Television_criticism), and [Theatre criticism](/source/Theatre_criticism)

*Monkeys as Judges of Art*, [Gabriel von Max](/source/Gabriel_von_Max), 1889

Art criticism is the discussion or evaluation of art.[78][79][80] [Art critics](/source/Art_critic) usually criticize art in the context of [aesthetics](/source/Aesthetics) or the theory of beauty.[79][80] A goal of art criticism is the pursuit of a rational basis for art appreciation[78][79][80] but it is questionable whether such criticism can transcend prevailing sociopolitical circumstances.[81]

The variety of [art movements](/source/Art_movement) has resulted in a division of art criticism into different disciplines, which may each use different criteria for their judgements.[80][82] The most common division in the field of criticism is between historical criticism and evaluation, a form of [art history](/source/Art_history), and contemporary criticism of work by living artists.[78][79][80]

Despite perceptions that criticism is a lower-risk activity than making art, opinions of current art are liable to corrections with the passage of time.[79] Critics of the past can be ridiculed for dismissing artists now venerated (like the early work of the [Impressionists](/source/Impressionists)).[80][83][84] Some art movements themselves were named disparagingly by critics, with the name later adopted as a badge of honour by the artists of the style with the original negative meaning forgotten, e.g. Impressionism and [Cubism](/source/Cubism).[83][85][86] Artists have had an uneasy relationship with their critics. Artists usually need positive opinions from critics for their work to be viewed and purchased.[79][87]

Many variables determine judgement of art, such as aesthetics, cognition, or perception. Aesthetic, pragmatic, expressive, formalist, relativist, processional, imitation, ritual, cognition, mimetic, and postmodern theories are some of the many theories to criticize and appreciate art. Art criticism and appreciation can be subjective based on personal preference toward aesthetics and form, or on the elements and principles of design and by social and cultural acceptance.[88]

## Education

Main article: [Arts in education](/source/Arts_in_education)

Arts in education is a field of [educational research](/source/Educational_research) and practice informed by investigations into [learning](/source/Learning) through arts experiences. In this context, the arts can include [performing arts education](/source/Performing_arts_education) (dance, drama, and music), literature and poetry, [storytelling](/source/Storytelling), [visual arts education](/source/Visual_arts_education) in film, [craft](/source/Craft), design, [digital art](/source/Digital_art), media, and photography.[89]

## Political and moral issues

Main articles: [The arts and politics](/source/The_arts_and_politics), [Artivism](/source/Artivism), and [Artistic freedom](/source/Artistic_freedom)

A strong relationship between the arts and politics, particularly between various kinds of art and [power](/source/Power_(social_and_political)), occurs across history and [archaeological cultures](/source/Archaeological_culture).[90] As the arts respond to [news](/source/News) and politics, they take on political as well as social dimensions, becoming a focus of controversy and a force of political and [social change](/source/Social_change).[91]

Some artists have been observed to have [free spirits](/source/Freethought). For instance, [Alexander Pushkin](/source/Alexander_Pushkin), a well-regarded writer,[92] attracted the irritation of [Russian officialdom](/source/Russian_Empire), particularly [Emperor Alexander I](/source/Emperor_Alexander_I), since he "instead of being a good servant of the state in the rank and file of the administration and extolling conventional virtues in his vocational writings (if write he must), composed extremely arrogant, independent, and wicked verse in which dangerous freedom of thought was evident in the novelty of his versification, in the audacity of his sensual fancy, and in his propensity for making fun of major and minor tyrants."[92] In more recent times, [Banksy](/source/Banksy), an England-based [graffiti](/source/Graffiti) artist who constantly conflicted with the authorities, has also been considered a "free spirit" due to his work.[93][94]

Artists use their work to express their political views and promote social change, from negatively influencing through [hate speech](/source/Hate_speech) to positively influencing through [artivism](/source/Artivism).[95] Governments use art, or [propaganda](/source/Propaganda), to promote their own agendas.[96]

[Moral issues](/source/Moral_issues) impact on the arts and the arts impact on discussion of moral issues. One approach to this issue is that taken by the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church), which declared in 1963 that the arts are "not exempt" from "the absolute primacy of the objective moral order".[97]

## Notes

- [The arts portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:The_arts)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** The plain colour of an object, such as basic red for a red robe, rather than the modulations of that colour brought about by light, shade, and reflection.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** The term "dance" is also used to describe the steps or pattern for particular [choreography](/source/Choreography),[52] a certain [musical form](/source/Dance_(music)) or [music genre](/source/Music_genre),[53] a [dance party](/source/Dance_party),[54] or [motion](/source/Motion) in inanimate objects (e.g. "the dance of the waters [...] was visible for over a mile around").[55]

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED''§ 2_53-0)** [*OED*](#CITEREFOED), § 2.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED''§ 2b_54-0)** [*OED*](#CITEREFOED), § 2b.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED''§ 3_55-0)** [*OED*](#CITEREFOED), § 3.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED''§ 4_56-0)** [*OED*](#CITEREFOED), § 4.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwinHalfyard2011§_para._1_58-0)** [Goodwin & Halfyard 2011](#CITEREFGoodwinHalfyard2011), § para. 1.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§I_"3._General_encyclopedias":_"There_may_be_disagreement_on_the_need_for_explicit_definition,_but_all_these_works_maintain_that_music_involves_sounds_and_their_combination,_that_it_is_both_art_and_science"_61-0)** [Nettl 2001](#CITEREFNettl2001), §I "3. General encyclopedias": "There may be disagreement on the need for explicit definition, but all these works maintain that music involves sounds and their combination, that it is both art and science".

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen20006_63-0)** [Owen 2000](#CITEREFOwen2000), p. 6.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§I_"5._Looking_to_the_vernacular_and_to_behaviour"_64-0)** [Nettl 2001](#CITEREFNettl2001), §I "5. Looking to the vernacular and to behaviour".

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2006_75-0)** [Gibson 2006](#CITEREFGibson2006).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker201242_76-0)** [Parker 2012](#CITEREFParker2012), p. 42.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorowieckiPrieto-Rodriguez2013239–258_77-0)** [Borowiecki & Prieto-Rodriguez 2013](#CITEREFBorowieckiPrieto-Rodriguez2013), pp. 239–258.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ntifotva_80-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ntifotva_80-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-ntifotva_80-2) ["Art Criticism"](http://art.unt.edu/ntieva/pages/teaching/tea_comp_artcriticism.html). *Comprehensive Art Education*. North Texas Institute For Educators on the Visual Arts. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130210014430/http://art.unt.edu/ntieva/pages/teaching/tea_comp_artcriticism.html) from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-elkins1996_82-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-elkins1996_82-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-elkins1996_82-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-elkins1996_82-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-elkins1996_82-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-elkins1996_82-5) Elkins, James (1996). ["Art Criticism"](https://www.academia.edu/163427). In Jane Turner (ed.). *Grove Dictionary of Art*. [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190514231216/https://www.academia.edu/163427/Art_Criticism_dictionary_essay_) from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2023.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-tekiner2006_84-0)** Tekiner, Deniz (2006). "Formalist Art Criticism and the Politics of Meaning". *Social Justice*. **33** (2 (104) – Art, Power, and Social Change): 31–44. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [29768369](https://www.jstor.org/stable/29768369).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-rewald1973_85-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-rewald1973_85-1) Rewald, John (1973). *The History of Impressionism* (4th, Revised Ed.). New York: The Museum of Modern Art. p. 323 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-87070-360-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87070-360-9)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ackerman1960_86-0)** Ackerman, James S. (Winter 1960). "Art History and the Problems of Criticism". *Daedalus*. **89** (1 – The Visual Arts Today): 253–263. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [20026565](https://www.jstor.org/stable/20026565).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Christopher_Green_87-0)** ["The Collection | MoMA"](http://www.moma.org/collection/details.php?theme_id=10068&displayall=1#skipToContent). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140813112047/http://www.moma.org/collection/details.php?theme_id=10068&displayall=1#skipToContent) from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-fishman1963p6_88-0)** Fishman, Solomon (1963). *The Interpretation of Art: Essays on the Art Criticism of John Ruskin, Walter Pater, Clive Bell, Robert Fry, and Herbert Read*. University of California Press. p. 6.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-89)** Seenan, Gerard (20 April 2004). ["Painting by ridiculed but popular artist sells for £744,800"](https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/apr/20/arts.artsnews1). *The Guardian*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220105020218/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/apr/20/arts.artsnews1) from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-90)** ["Is Art Subjective or Objective?"](https://www.eden-gallery.com/news/is-art-subjective). *EDEN Gallery*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240519224919/https://www.eden-gallery.com/news/is-art-subjective) from the original on 19 May 2024. Retrieved 19 May 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-91)** ["UNESCO, Road Map for Arts Education, 2006"](http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D30335%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220123011256/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D30335%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html) from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-92)** ["Intersection of Art and Politics"](https://wellsinternationalfoundation.org/art-and-politics/). *Wells International Foundation*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240602010016/https://wellsinternationalfoundation.org/art-and-politics/) from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-93)** ["Art of Propaganda"](https://www.independent.co.ug/art-of-propaganda/). *The Independent Uganda*. 14 June 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240607164702/https://www.independent.co.ug/art-of-propaganda/) from the original on 7 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Nab81Censors_94-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Nab81Censors_94-1) [Vladimir Nabokov](/source/Vladimir_Nabokov) (1981) *[Lectures on Russian Literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lectures_on_Russian_Literature&action=edit&redlink=1)*, lecture on *Russian Writers, Censors, and Readers*, pp.13–4

1. **[^](#cite_ref-95)** Syer, Joe. ["F**k the Police: The Theme of Disorder & Authority in Banksy's Prints"](https://www.myartbroker.com/artist-banksy/articles/fk-the-police-the-theme-of-disorder-authority-in-banksys-prints). *MyArtBroker*. Retrieved 6 February 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-96)** Agnihotri, Akanksha (9 November 2023). ["'The Mystery of Banksy': The unauthorized exhibition"](https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/the-mystery-of-banksy-the-unauthorized-exhibition-101699532123872.html). *Hindustan Times*. Retrieved 6 February 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Tuula2020_97-0)** Jääskeläinen, Tuula (April 2020). ["Countering Hate Speech through Arts and Arts Education: Addressing Intersections and Policy Implications"](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1478210319848953). *Policy Futures in Education*. **18** (3): 344–357. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/1478210319848953](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1478210319848953). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10138/312169](https://hdl.handle.net/10138%2F312169). Retrieved 29 July 2024 – via ERIC.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-98)** ["The Art of War: Understanding How Art Was Used by Governments to Win Over People"](https://web.archive.org/web/20231229000353/https://www.odysseyroute.com/the-art-of-war-understanding-how-art-was-used-by-governments-to-win-over-people/). *odyssey route*. 11 July 2023. Archived from [the original](https://www.odysseyroute.com/the-art-of-war-understanding-how-art-was-used-by-governments-to-win-over-people/) on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-99)** [Second Vatican Council](/source/Second_Vatican_Council), [*Inter mirifica*: Decree on the Media of Social Communications](https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19631204_inter-mirifica_en.html), paragraph 6, published on 4 December 1963, accessed on 2 August 2025

### Bibliography

**Books**

- [Canby, Sheila R.](/source/Sheila_R._Canby) (2005). *Islamic art in detail*. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-674-02390-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02390-1). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [69680120](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/69680120).

- Chilvers, Ian (2004). *The Oxford Dictionary of Art* (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-860476-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860476-1).

- Ching, Francis D. K. (16 July 2012). "7". *Architecture: Form, Space, and Order*. John Wiley & Sons. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-118-00482-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-00482-1).

- Fraleigh, Sondra Horton (1987). *Dance and the Lived Body: A Descriptive Aesthetics*. Pittsburgh: [University of Pittsburgh Press](/source/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8229-7170-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7170-2).

- [Gardner, Howard](/source/Howard_Gardner) (1983). *Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences*. New York: [Basic Books](/source/Basic_Books). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-465-02508-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02508-4).

- [Goodwin, Noël](/source/No%C3%ABl_Goodwin); Halfyard, Janet (2011). ["Choreography"](https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199579037.001.0001/acref-9780199579037-e-1379). In Latham, Alison (ed.). *[The Oxford Companion to Music](/source/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Music)*. Oxford: [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-957903-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957903-7). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220721195826/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199579037.001.0001/acref-9780199579037-e-1379) from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.(subscription required)

- Henseler, Christine, ed. (5 June 2020). [*Extraordinary Partnerships: How the Arts and Humanities are Transforming America*](https://books.google.com/books?id=qDfnDwAAQBAJ&q=the+art+are+part+of+the+humanities). Lever Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-64315-009-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64315-009-3).

- Honderich, Ted, ed. (2006). "Performing Arts". *The Oxford Companion to Philosophy*. Oxford University Press. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199264797.001.0001). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-926479-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7).

- Huntsman, Penny (2015). *Thinking About Art: A Thematic Guide to Art History*. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: [Wiley](/source/Wiley_(publisher)). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-118-90517-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-90517-3).

- [Miller, Ann](/source/Ann_Miller_(comics_scholar)) (2007). *Reading bande dessinée: critical approaches to French-language comic strip*. Intellect Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84150-177-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84150-177-2).

- [Nettl, Bruno](/source/Bruno_Nettl) (2001). ["Music"](https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040476). *[Grove Music Online](/source/Grove_Music_Online)*. Oxford: [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40476](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40476). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-56159-263-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220418003751/https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040476) from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022. (subscription, [Wikilibrary](https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/) access, or [UK public library membership](https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public) required)

- Onions, Charles Talbut; Friedrichsen, George Washington Salisbury; Burchfield, Robert William (1991). *The Oxford dictionary of English etymology*. Oxford: at The Clarendon Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-861112-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861112-7).

- Owen, Harold (2000). *Music Theory Resource Book*. Oxford and New York: [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-511539-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511539-0).

- Rechtin, Eberhardt; Maier, Mark W. (28 June 2000). [*The Art of Systems Architecting*](https://sdincose.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/TheArtOfSystemsEngineering_inaugural.pdf) (PDF) (Second ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8493-0440-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0440-7). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240416103055/https://sdincose.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/TheArtOfSystemsEngineering_inaugural.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.

- Ryynänen, Max (2020). *On the Philosophy of Central European Art: The History of an Institution and Its Global Competitors*. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-79363-418-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-79363-418-4). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1229134245](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1229134245).

**Articles**

- Adajian, Thomas (2022). Edward N. Zalta (ed.). ["The Definition of Art"](https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/art-definition/). *The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 29 July 2024.

- Borowiecki, Karol J.; Prieto-Rodriguez, Juan (2013). "Video Games Playing: A substitute for cultural consumptions?". *Journal of Cultural Economics*. **39** (3): 239–258. [CiteSeerX](/source/CiteSeerX_(identifier)) [10.1.1.676.2381](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.676.2381). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s10824-014-9229-y](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10824-014-9229-y). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [49572910](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49572910).

- Demery, Ibrahim Mostafa El (1 March 2010). ["Sustainable Architectural Design: Reviving Traditional Design and Adapting Modern Solutions"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43529965). *International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR*. **4** (1). Emerald. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1938-7806](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1938-7806). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240607164058/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43529965_Sustainable_Architectural_Design_Reviving_Traditional_Design_and_Adapting_Modern_Solutions) from the original on 7 June 2024. Retrieved 12 August 2024 – via ResearchGate.

- Fernandez, Angel (30 April 2024). ["The Importance of Art"](https://www.tccd.edu/magazine/volume-03/issue-02/arts/). *Tarrant County College District*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240601230348/https://www.tccd.edu/magazine/volume-03/issue-02/arts/) from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.

- [LeWitt, Solomon](/source/Sol_LeWitt) (June 1967). ["Paragraphs on Conceptual Art"](https://www.artforum.com/print/196706/paragraphs-on-conceptual-art-36719). *[Artforum](/source/Artforum)*. Vol. 5, no. 10. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200726100127/https://www.artforum.com/print/196706/paragraphs-on-conceptual-art-36719) from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.

- Parker, Felan (12 December 2012). ["An Art World for Artgames"](https://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/view/119/160). *Loading..*. **7** (11). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1923-2691](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1923-2691). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161226143132/http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/viewArticle/119) from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2017.

- Perry, Lincoln (Summer 2014). "The Music of Painting". *The American Scholar*. **83** (3).

**Online**

- Barber, Bonnie (16 August 2012). ["Professor Mary Flanagan Participates in White House Consortium"](https://news.dartmouth.edu/news/2012/08/professor-mary-flanagan-participates-white-house-consortium). Dartmouth News. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200726103117/https://news.dartmouth.edu/news/2012/08/professor-mary-flanagan-participates-white-house-consortium) from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.

- Evans, George (16 February 2023). ["The Role Of Architects In Shaping Cities And Communities"](https://www.commercialarchitecturemagazine.com/role-of-architects-in-shaping-cities-and-communities/). *Commercial Architecture Magazine*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231228153619/https://www.commercialarchitecturemagazine.com/role-of-architects-in-shaping-cities-and-communities/) from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2024.

- Gibson, Ellie (24 January 2006). ["Games aren't art, says Kojima"](http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/news240106kojimaart). *Eurogamer*. Gamer Network. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150309104553/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/news240106kojimaart) from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.

- Desai, Trex; DeSimone, Frank; Henig, Sarit (20 December 2013). ["The New Face of French Gastronomy – Knowledge@Wharton"](http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/new-face-french-gastronomy/). *knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu*. [Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania](/source/Wharton_School_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170912192044/http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/new-face-french-gastronomy/) from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2018.

- ["The Art of Video Games"](http://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/archive/2012/games/). *SI.edu*. Smithsonian American Art Museum. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110110015838/http://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/archive/2012/games/) from the original on 10 January 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2015.

- ["Conceptual art"](http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/c/conceptual-art). *Tate Glossary*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150320082742/http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/c/conceptual-art) from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.

- ["FY 2012 Arts in Media Guidelines"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120213155959/http://arts.endow.gov/grants/apply/AIM-presentation.html). *Endow.gov*. National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from [the original](http://arts.endow.gov/grants/apply/AIM-presentation.html) on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2015.

- Thorson, Mark (1 September 2020). ["Byzantine and Medieval Art: Teaching Christianity"](https://mlpp.pressbooks.pub/encounterswiththeartsartc150/chapter/byzantine-and-medieval-art-teaching-christianity/). Bethel University Library Press. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231228144022/https://mlpp.pressbooks.pub/encounterswiththeartsartc150/chapter/byzantine-and-medieval-art-teaching-christianity/) from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2024.

- ["The American Heritage Dictionary entry: architecture"](https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=architecture). *[American Heritage Dictionary](/source/American_Heritage_Dictionary)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240807171628/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=architecture) from the original on 7 August 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.

- ["dance, n."](https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/47116). *[OED Online](/source/OED_Online)*. Oxford: [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231002015651/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/dance_n) from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2022.(subscription required)

- ["definition of art in English from the Oxford dictionary"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160901233826/https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art). *Oxford Dictionaries*. 30 July 2016. Archived from [the original](https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art) on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2024.

- ["Definition of THE ARTS"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the%20arts). *Merriam-Webster*. 23 October 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170601021001/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the%20arts) from the original on 1 June 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2024.

- [Gilman, D. C.](/source/Daniel_Coit_Gilman); Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). ["Quadrivium"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Quadrivium). *[New International Encyclopedia](/source/New_International_Encyclopedia)*. Vol. XVI (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. The quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy.

## External links

[Library resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library) about
 **The arts**

- [Online books](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=The+arts&library=OLBP)

- [Resources in your library](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=The+arts)

- [Resources in other libraries](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=The+arts&library=0CHOOSE0)

- [Topic Dictionaries](https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/topic/art) at [Oxford Learner's Dictionaries](/source/Oxford_Advanced_Learner's_Dictionary)

- [Definition of Art](https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225612/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/art) by [Lexico](/source/Lexico)

**The arts** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects):

- [**Definitions**](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arts) from Wiktionary
- [**Media**](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_arts) from Commons
- [**Resources**](https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Arts) from Wikiversity

v t e Humanities Disciplines Anthropology Archaeology Classical studies History Language arts Literature Poetry Rhetoric Law Performing arts Dance Music Theatre Philosophy Religious studies Visual arts Filmmaking Painting Sculpture Interdisciplinary fields Digital Environmental Health Medical Public Themes Abductive reasoning Aesthetics Antipositivism The arts Beauty Belles-lettres Bildung Creativity Critical theory Criticism Cultural literacy Culture High Pop General knowledge Hermeneutics Historicism Historism Human condition Humanitas Liberal arts education Trivium Quadrivium Metaphysics Ontology Moral character Self-realization Self-reflection Wisdom Work of art Journals American Journal of Archaeology Daedalus History of Humanities Humanitas Humanities and Social Sciences Communications Journal of Controversial Ideas Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Leonardo Nova Religio Revue des Études Arméniennes Teaching Philosophy more... Academia Arts and Humanities Research Council Human science Geisteswissenschaft Humanities, arts, and social sciences Master of Humanities Moscow University for the Humanities National Endowment for the Humanities National Humanities Medal Related Criticism of mass culture Educational essentialism Humanism Anti Renaissance Humanities in the United States List of people considered a founder in a humanities field Outline of the humanities Philistinism Studia Humanitatis

v t e Visual arts and the art world Artwork Appropriation Collage Conceptual art Cultural artifact Drawing Ephemeral art Fine art Fine-art photograph Found object Installation art Kinetic art Mixed media bricolage Mural fresco graffiti New media art history digital virtual Painting Performance art endurance art Plastic arts Portrait Printmaking Public art street art Sculpture carving relief statue tallest Site-specific art Social sculpture Soft sculpture Stained glass Artwork title Roles Artist Collector Conservator-restorer paintings frescos Critic Curator Dealer Model Patron Visual arts education Europe Places and events Art auction Art colony Art commune Art exhibition alternative exhibition space Art gallery Contemporary art gallery Art museum Single-artist museum Art school Europe Arts centre Arts festival Artist collective Artist cooperative Artist-in-residence program Artist-run initiative Artist-run space Biennale Commission Sculpture garden Sculpture trail Virtual museum History of art Timeline of art Art history (academic study) Art manifesto Art movements Criticism feminist History of painting outline Periods in Western art history Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America Related Art market The arts Catalogue raisonné Classificatory disputes Museum collection management deaccessioning Conservation-restoration paintings Cultural policy Depiction Destination painting Eclecticism in art Economics of art art finance art valuation Elements of art Forgery Horror vacui Index of painting-related articles Motif Outline of the visual arts painting sculpture Provenance Sociology of art Style Unfinished work Work of art Lists Art magazines Art media Art techniques Art movements Art museums largest most visited sculpture parks single artist Art reference books Colossal sculptures in situ Contemporary artists Contemporary art galleries Modern artists National galleries Painters by name by nationality Photographers Sculptors female Stolen paintings Most expensive paintings, sculptures, works by living artists Painting portal Visual arts portal The arts portal

Authority control databases International GND National United States France BnF data Israel Other NARA

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [The arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.