# The Rippingtons

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American jazz band

The Rippingtons Eric Marienthal and Russ Freeman playing live in 2007 Background information Origin United States Genres Smooth jazz, jazz fusion, jazz pop, crossover jazz, Jazz Funk Years active 1985–2020 Labels GRP, Windham Hill, Peak, Concord Past members Russ Freeman Brandon Fields Steve Reid † Tony Morales † Kenny G Bill Lanphier Gregg Karukas Jimmy Johnson Rob Mullins Steve Bailey Mark Portmann Jeff Kashiwa Kim Stone Tom McMorran David Kochanski David Anderson Dave Hooper Ramon Yslas Paul Taylor Eric Marienthal Scott Breadman Dave Karasony Bill Heller Rico Belled Website www.rippingtons.com

**The Rippingtons** were an American contemporary jazz group, mainly relating to the genres [smooth jazz](/source/Smooth_jazz), [jazz fusion](/source/Jazz_fusion), [jazz pop](/source/Jazz_pop), and [crossover jazz](/source/Crossover_jazz). Formed in 1985 by guitarist and band leader [Russ Freeman](/source/Russ_Freeman_(guitarist)), their career has spanned more than three decades. With a revolving door of musicians, Freeman has been the only consistent member.[1]

Many of their songs have been featured in the "[Local on the 8s](/source/Local_on_the_8s)" forecast segments on *[The Weather Channel](/source/The_Weather_Channel)*.[2][3] The band's [mascot](/source/Mascot) is a grinning, sunglasses-wearing jazz cat, which appears in the artwork of all the band's releases and on their official website.

## Current members

- [Russ Freeman](/source/Russ_Freeman_(guitarist)) – guitar, keyboards and programming

- Dave Karasony – drums

- Bill Heller – piano

- Rico Belled – bass

- [Brandon Fields](/source/Brandon_Fields_(musician)) – saxophone

Past members have included bassists [Kim Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Stone&action=edit&redlink=1), 1990–2008, [Steve Bailey](/source/Steve_Bailey) and Bill Lanphier; saxophone players [Jeff Kashiwa](/source/Jeff_Kashiwa), [Paul Taylor](/source/Paul_Taylor_(saxophonist)), [Eric Marienthal](/source/Eric_Marienthal), [Kenny G](/source/Kenny_G), [Kirk Whalum](/source/Kirk_Whalum), and [Nelson Rangell](/source/Nelson_Rangell); pianists/keyboard players [Dave Kochanski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Kochanski&action=edit&redlink=1), [David Benoit](/source/David_Benoit_(musician)), [Gregg Karukas](/source/Gregg_Karukas), [Tom McMorran](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_McMorran&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Mark Portmann](/source/Mark_Portmann); drummers [Tony Morales](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Morales&action=edit&redlink=1), [David Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Anderson_(drummer)&action=edit&redlink=1), [Omar Hakim](/source/Omar_Hakim), and [Dave Hooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Hooper&action=edit&redlink=1); and percussionists Scott Breadman, Ray Yslas and [Steve Reid](/source/Steve_Reid_(The_Rippingtons)).

### Timeline

## Music career

### 1980s

The band name was conceived by Russ Freeman after hearing friends play "and they were ripping", so Freeman thought of *Rippingtons* for a name.[4][5][6] Freeman had previously released his solo debut album *[Nocturnal Playground](/source/Nocturnal_Playground)*, which was released in April 1986 under the *Brainchild Records* label.[7][8]

The band's recording career began in 1986 with the recording of the album *[Moonlighting](/source/Moonlighting_(The_Rippingtons_album))*.[9][5][10] The album was well received by critics and consumers and featured the song "She Likes to Watch," which has gone on to become a staple of the band's live set and one of their signature tunes. In April 1988, the Rippingtons released *[Kilimanjaro](/source/Kilimanjaro_(Rippingtons_album))* and began to tour more extensively.[11][10] Mark Portmann, Steve Bailey (replacing Bill Lanphier), and Jeff Kashiwa joined the band, the band then released *[Tourist in Paradise](/source/Tourist_in_Paradise)* in May 1989.[4][10] The tour for this album featured the group's first visit to [Japan](/source/Japan) with [David Benoit](/source/David_Benoit_(musician)), where they joined the special summer concert series in [Tokyo](/source/Tokyo%2C_Japan) produced by Japanese saxophonist [Sadao Watanabe](/source/Sadao_Watanabe_(musician)).

### 1990s

In August 1990, bassist Kim Stone joined the group replacing Steve Bailey; the album *[Welcome to the St. James' Club](/source/Welcome_to_the_St._James'_Club)* was released that month,[12][10] and became the band's first CD to debut at #1 in the [Billboard Charts](/source/Billboard_Charts).

In 1991, Russ Freeman relocated to [Colorado](/source/Colorado) and opened *Cheyenne Mountain Ranch* studios. The move influenced the group's next album, *[Curves Ahead](/source/Curves_Ahead)*,[10] which was released in August, and featured songs based on [Africa](/source/Africa), [Brazil](/source/Brazil), and the ski atmosphere in Colorado.[13][14] Standouts include "Aspen" and the title track.

In August 1992, the group released *[Weekend in Monaco](/source/Weekend_in_Monaco)*,[15][16][10] which, to date, has been one of their best selling albums. After its release the group toured [Europe](/source/Europe) for the first time in June 1993. The U.S. leg of the tour was documented on the album *[Live in L.A.](/source/Live_in_L.A._(The_Rippingtons_album))*,[10] with the video recorded live at *The Ventura Theatre* in [Ventura, California](/source/Ventura%2C_California) on September 25, 1992, and the album recorded at *The Greek Theatre* in [Los Angeles, California](/source/Los_Angeles%2C_California) on September 26, 1992.[15][17]

In 1994, Tom McMorran joined the band after Mark Portmann left, and in August of that year, the band released *[Sahara](/source/Sahara_(Rippingtons_album))*.[18] The following tour featured extensive dates in [East Asia](/source/East_Asia), where the group played Tokyo, [Osaka](/source/Osaka), [Fukuoka](/source/Fukuoka%2C_Fukuoka) (Japan), and [Southeast Asia](/source/Southeast_Asia) including [Jakarta](/source/Jakarta) (Indonesia), [Manila](/source/Manila) (Philippines) as well as [Singapore](/source/Singapore) and [Guam](/source/Guam).

In 1995, David Kochanski joined the group, and the group made its presence known on the Internet. February 1996 saw the release of *[Brave New World](/source/Brave_New_World_(Rippingtons_album))*,[19][5] which featured covers of "[Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now](/source/Ain't_No_Stoppin'_Us_Now)," "[While My Guitar Gently Weeps](/source/While_My_Guitar_Gently_Weeps)," and "Caravan of Love." The album was a stylistic departure for the band, and included more Urban Jazz than had appeared on previous releases. [Tony Morales](http://www.tonymorales.com), the original drummer, left the band after this release to pursue a career in web management. Morales put together the Rippingtons' first web site, which was nominated for an AOL award (Best Jazz Band Site). He later became the webmaster and manager of [Silicon Graphics International](/source/Silicon_Graphics_International)'s [web sites](http://www.sgi.com) for 10 years, and now has his own hosting and development business [tonyhosting.com](http://www.tonyhosting.com).

In March 1997, the group released *[Black Diamond](/source/Black_Diamond_(Rippingtons_album))*, their first record on [Peak Records](/source/Peak_Records) in conjunction with [Windham Hill Records](/source/Windham_Hill_Records).[20][5] The album debuted at #1 on Billboard. In 1999, Dave Hooper and Ramon Yslas joined the Rippingtons, and Jeff Kashiwa was replaced by Paul Taylor. In May 1999, the group released *[Topaz](/source/Topaz_(Rippingtons_album))*,[21] which featured Native American flute work by Robert Tree Cody. Topaz remains one of the group's most requested CDs.

### 2000s

In 2000, Russ Freeman relocated to South [Florida](/source/Florida), and the move was reflected thematically in *[Life in the Tropics](/source/Life_in_the_Tropics)*.[22] This was the group's first album to be recorded digitally. In 2001, Scott Breadman, Bill Heller, Dave Karasony, and jazz saxophonist [Eric Marienthal](/source/Eric_Marienthal) joined the group, and the following tour was documented on the live album *[Live Across America](/source/Live_Across_America)*. In 2003, the group released *[Let It Ripp](/source/Let_It_Ripp)*, featuring the title cut, which became a hit.

In 2005, the group released *[Wild Card](/source/Wild_Card_(Rippingtons_album))*, which plays on their ongoing Latin influences. The album features guest vocal spots by Latin music stars [Willy Chirino](/source/Willy_Chirino), [Chante Moore](/source/Chante_Moore), and [Albita](/source/Albita).

In 2006, the group celebrated their 20th anniversary by releasing *[20th Anniversary](/source/20th_Anniversary)*, a two disc set which includes the main CD as well as a 20th Anniversary Retrospective DVD.

On March 10, 2009, the Rippingtons made a return to the contemporary jazz scene with the release of the album *[Modern Art](/source/Modern_Art_(Rippingtons_album))*. A new bassist, Ricardo "Rico" Belled, participated in the recording of this album. *Modern Art* was nominated for a Grammy in the category "Best Pop Instrumental Album."[23]

In October 2009, the Rippingtons returned to Japan to perform four nights (eight gigs) at the Cotton Club in Tokyo. This was their first-time return to Japan in 18 years.

### 2010s

In 2011, the Rippingtons took listeners to the French coast with the thematic album, *[Côte D'Azur](/source/C%C3%B4te_D'Azur_(album)).* The album features French, Latin, Gypsy and Euro rhythms. Saxophonist [Jeff Kashiwa](/source/Jeff_Kashiwa) is featured on the album (he returned for the second album in a row.)[24]

The group released *Built To Last* on August 28, 2012, featuring [Zakk Wylde](/source/Zakk_Wylde), a full orchestra, and elements of jazz, rock, pop and country.[25] This album was the first for the Rippingtons under its new partnership with [E1 Music](/source/E1_Music).

## Discography

### Studio albums

Title Album details Peak chart positions Top Contemporary Jazz Albums [26] US [27] Top Independent Albums [28] Top Jazz Albums [29] Moonlighting Release date: 1986 Label: Alfa Moon (Japan) [under its subsidiary label The Baked Potato; initially released as Cruise Control Moon Riding], Passport Jazz [reissued by GRP in 1990] Formats: CD, cassette, LP 5 50 - 25 Kilimanjaro Release date: April 24, 1988 Label: GRP Formats: CD, cassette, LP 3 110 - - Tourist in Paradise Release date: May 15, 1989 Label: GRP Formats: CD, cassette, LP 4 85 - - Welcome to the St. James' Club Release date: August 21, 1990 Label: GRP Formats: CD, cassette, DAT, LP 1 - - - Curves Ahead Release date: August 13, 1991 Label: GRP Formats: CD, cassette, DCC, LP 1 148 - - Weekend in Monaco Release date: August 18, 1992 Label: GRP Formats: CD, cassette 2 147 - - Sahara Release date: August 30, 1994 Label: GRP Formats: CD, cassette 1 - - - Brave New World Release date: February 27, 1996 Label: GRP Formats: CD, cassette 4 - - - Black Diamond Release date: March 24, 1997 Label: Peak Formats: CD, cassette 1 147 - - Topaz Release date: May 18, 1999 Label: Peak Formats: CD, cassette 2 - - 26 Life in the Tropics Release date: October 10, 2000 Label: Peak Formats: CD 4 - 29 - Let It Ripp Release date: May 6, 2003 Label: Peak Formats: CD 6 - 15 - Wild Card Release date: May 17, 2005 Label: Peak Formats: CD 4 - - 4 20th Anniversary Release date: July 25, 2006 Label: Peak Formats: CD 3 - - 3 Modern Art Release date: March 10, 2009 Label: Peak Formats: CD 4 - - 4 Côte D'Azur Release date: February 1, 2011 Label: Peak Formats: CD 3 - - 3 Built To Last Release date: August 28, 2012 Label: eOne Formats: CD 1 - 35 1 Fountain of Youth Release date: June 10, 2014 Label: eOne Formats: CD 3 - - 3 True Stories Release date: June 24, 2016 Label: eOne Formats: CD 1 - 24 1 Open Road Release date: March 22, 2019 Label: eOne Formats: CD - - - -

### Live albums

Title Album details Peak chart positions Top Contemporary Jazz Albums US Top Independent Albums Top Jazz Albums Live in L.A. Release date: 1992 Label: GRP Formats: CD, cassette 6 - - - Live Across America Release date: March 12, 2002 Label: Peak Formats: CD 11 - - -

### Compilations

Title Album details Peak chart positions Top Contemporary Jazz Albums US Top Independent Albums Top Jazz Albums The Best of The Rippingtons Release date: November 11, 1997 Label: GRP Formats: CD, cassette 10 - - -

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["The Rippingtons"](https://www.discogs.com/artist/555275-The-Rippingtons?srsltid=AfmBOooPdNWQwZ-SH6YXovoRszGgLwyUye9ncXxFOkb4HNe4qZfUXylj). *Discogs*. Retrieved March 10, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Search Results"](https://twcclassics.com/search.php?query=The+Rippingtons&section=video). *TWC Classics*. Retrieved March 10, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-twcplaylist_3-0)** ["The Weather Channel - Music"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140812184118/http://www.weather.com/tv/music/mar2011.html). August 12, 2014. Archived from [the original](http://www.weather.com/tv/music/mar2011.html) on August 12, 2014.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-latimes_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-latimes_4-1) Heckman, Don (February 17, 1989). ["Guitarist Russ Freeman Named His Band After Its "Really Ripping" Jazz Fusion Sound"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-ca-3119-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-washingtonpost_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-washingtonpost_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-washingtonpost_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-washingtonpost_5-3) Himes, Geoffrey (June 5, 1998). ["The Rippingtons: "Peak" Performance"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1998/06/05/the-rippingtons-peak-performance/af2bd055-f4c6-4976-a392-416ce42daabf/). *The Washington Post*. Retrieved August 25, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-RippintonsName_6-0)** Lannert, John. ["Name Game Aside, Freeman Delivers"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213512/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1991-02-22/features/9101090936_1_rippingtons-russ-freeman-productions-tony-morales). *Sun Sentinel*. Tribune Newspaper. Archived from [the original](http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1991-02-22/features/9101090936_1_rippingtons-russ-freeman-productions-tony-morales) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Snowden, Don (August 13, 1986). ["JAZZ REVIEW: Russ Freeman Stuffs 'Em In"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-08-13-ca-17971-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved April 6, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Arnold, Thomas K. (December 15, 1987). ["Russ Freeman: Jazz Fuses with Country for a Top 10 Sound"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-12-15-ca-29049-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved April 6, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Joyce, Mike (March 27, 1987). ["An Effusion of Fusion"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1987/03/27/an-effusion-of-fusion/d5668b80-396e-460c-922b-1375d99cabaf/). *The Washington Post*. Retrieved August 25, 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Larkin_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Larkin_10-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Larkin_10-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Larkin_10-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Larkin_10-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Larkin_10-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Larkin_10-6) [Colin Larkin](/source/Colin_Larkin_(writer)), ed. (1997). *[The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music](/source/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music)* (Concise ed.). [Virgin Books](/source/Virgin_Books). p. 1017/8. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-85227-745-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85227-745-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Duffy, Thom (April 24, 1988). ["Freeman Bringing Exotic Sound to Cheek to Cheek"](https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1988-04-24-0030350107-story.html). *Orlando Sentinel*. Retrieved February 16, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Herrmann, Brenda (January 24, 1991). ["Rippingtons Featuring Russ Freeman, Welcome to the St. James' Club"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-01-24-9101070643-story.html). *Chicago Tribune*. Retrieved August 25, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Sutro, Dirk (April 18, 1991). ["Rippingtons' Sound Takes On an Exotic Flavor: Jazz: Leader Russ Freeman Weaves African and Brazilian Rhythms Into Group's Music"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-04-18-ca-286-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Sutro, Dirk (September 16, 1991). ["JAZZ REVIEW: Rippingtons Fall Short in Real Life"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-16-ca-1659-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved April 9, 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-latimes2_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-latimes2_15-1) Sutro, Dirk (August 18, 1992). ["The Relaxed Rippingtons Hit the Road: Music: A Rocky Mountain Retreat Helped Inspire the Group, Which Kicks Off a National Tour This Week at Humphrey's"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-08-18-ca-5736-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Joyce, Mike (October 23, 1992). ["Fusion-Led Tour with Rippingtons"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1992/10/23/fusion-led-tour-with-rippingtons/0b0e9803-1a63-40c2-900a-7a91a1b73cea/). *The Washington Post*. Retrieved August 25, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Rippingtons Official Site"](http://www.rippingtons.com/). *Rippingtons.com*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Stewart, Zan (September 9, 1994). ["MUSIC: Building on Some Jazz Basics: Russ Freeman Blends Variety of Styles in Creating Modern Sound of the Rippingtons"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-09-09-va-36367-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Heckman, Don (June 2, 1996). ["The Rippingtons' Healing Sound"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-06-02-ca-10925-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Heckman, Don (August 21, 1997). ["Diamond in the Smooth"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-aug-21-ca-24362-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Himes, Geoffrey (July 2, 1999). ["The Rippingtons, Featuring Russ Freeman: "Topaz""](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1999/07/02/the-rippingtons-featuring-russ-freeman-topaz/7ef66c2d-3f30-4853-b149-3679920de5ef/). *The Washington Post*. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Heckman, Don (November 19, 2000). ["A Revealing Look at Sandoval's Many Talents"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-nov-19-ca-54086-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved August 25, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["GRAMMY Award Results for The Rippingtons Featuring Russ Freeman; 52ND ANNUAL GRAMMY AWARDS (2009)"](https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/rippingtons-featuring-russ-freeman). *Grammy.com*. Recording Academy. Retrieved December 26, 2017.[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Soergel, Brian (March 1, 2011). ["The Rippingtons featuring Russ Freeman: Cote D'Azur"](https://jazztimes.com/reviews/albums/the-rippingtons-featuring-russ-freeman-cote-dazur). *Jazztimes*. JazzTimes, Inc. Retrieved December 26, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Wood, James (November 14, 2012). ["Interview: Russ Freeman and The Rippingtons Are 'Built To Last'"](https://www.guitarworld.com/features/interview-russ-freeman-and-rippingtons-are-built-last). *GuitarWorld.com*. NewBay Media, LLC. Retrieved December 26, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["The Rippingtons Album & Song Chart History - Jazz Albums"](https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-rippingtons/chart-history/jazz-albums). *[Billboard](/source/Billboard_(magazine))*. [Nielsen Company](/source/Nielsen_Company). Retrieved May 11, 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Billboard_200_27-0)** ["The Rippingtons Album & Song Chart History - Billboard 200"](https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-rippingtons/chart-history/billboard-200). *[Billboard](/source/Billboard_(magazine))*. [Nielsen Company](/source/Nielsen_Company). Retrieved May 11, 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["The Rippingtons Album & Song Chart History - Independent Albums"](https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-rippingtons/chart-history/independent-albums). *[Billboard](/source/Billboard_(magazine))*. [Nielsen Company](/source/Nielsen_Company). Retrieved May 11, 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["The Rippingtons - Charts and Awards"](http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-rippingtons-p7423/charts-awards). *[AllMusic](/source/Allmusic)*. Retrieved May 11, 2011.

## External links

- [Official website](http://www.rippingtons.com)

- [The Rippingtons at Discogs](https://www.discogs.com/artist/555275-The-Rippingtons?srsltid=AfmBOooPdNWQwZ-SH6YXovoRszGgLwyUye9ncXxFOkb4HNe4qZfUXylj)

- [Interview with Kim Stone at Globalbass.com](http://www.globalbass.com/archives/june2002/kim_stone.htm)

v t e The Rippingtons featuring Russ Freeman Studio albums Moonlighting Kilimanjaro Tourist in Paradise Welcome to the St. James' Club Curves Ahead Weekend in Monaco Sahara Brave New World Black Diamond Topaz Life in the Tropics Let It Ripp Wild Card 20th Anniversary Modern Art Côte D'Azur Built To Last Fountain Of Youth True Stories Open Road Live albums Live in L.A. Live Across America Compilation albums The Best of The Rippingtons Russ Freeman Nocturnal Playground The Benoit/Freeman Project Holiday From the Redwoods to the Rockies (with Craig Chaquico) Drive The Benoit/Freeman Project 2

Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND National United States Artists MusicBrainz Other Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [The Rippingtons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rippingtons) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rippingtons?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.