# The Crown

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Political term in the Commonwealth realms

This article is about the political concept. For the television series, see [*The Crown* (TV series)](/source/The_Crown_(TV_series)). For other uses, see [Crown (disambiguation)](/source/Crown_(disambiguation)).

A [symbolic representation of the Crown](/source/Crown_(heraldry)), present on the symbols of many institutions in Commonwealth realms

**The Crown** is a political concept used in [Commonwealth realms](/source/Commonwealth_realm), analogous to the concept of the [government](/source/Government) in legal systems influenced by [Roman civil law](/source/Roman_civil_law).[1]

English [common law](/source/Common_law) never developed a concept of the state and left supreme executive power with the monarch.[1] The concept of the Crown as a [corporation sole](/source/Corporation_sole) developed in the [Kingdom of England](/source/Kingdom_of_England) as a separation of the physical crown and property of the kingdom from the person and personal property of the monarch. It spread through English and later [British colonisation](/source/British_colonisation), becoming embedded in the legal lexicon of the British [dominions](/source/Dominion). As the dominions gained control over the [royal prerogative](/source/Royal_prerogative) in the 1930s, the concept evolved such that 'the Crown [in right of](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in_right_of)' each realm and territory acts independently of the other realms and territories.[2]

Depending on the context, it may refer to the entirety of the [state](/source/State_(polity)) or [country](/source/Country), the [executive government](/source/Executive_government) specifically (either of a realm or one of its provinces, states or territories) or only to the [monarch](/source/Commonwealth_realms#Monarch) and their [direct representatives](/source/Viceroy).[1] The Crown as a political concept should not be confused with physical [crowns](/source/Crown), such as those of the [British regalia](/source/British_regalia).

## Definition

[King Charles III](/source/King_Charles_III) (wearing the [Imperial State Crown](/source/Imperial_State_Crown)), the living embodiment of the Crown in each of the [Commonwealth realms](/source/Commonwealth_realm)

The term *the Crown* does not have a single definition. Legal scholars Maurice Sunkin and Sebastian Payne opined, "the nature of the Crown has been taken for granted, in part because it is fundamental and, in part, because many academics have no idea what the term *the Crown* amounts to".[3] [Nicholas Browne-Wilkinson](/source/Nicholas_Browne-Wilkinson) theorised that the Crown is "an amorphous, abstract concept" and, thus, "impossible to define",[4] while [William Wade](/source/William_Wade_(legal_scholar)) stated the Crown "means simply [the Queen](/source/Queen_Elizabeth_II)".[5]

Warren J. Newman described the Crown as "a useful and convenient means of conveying, in a word, the compendious formal, executive and administrative powers and apparatus attendant upon the modern constitutional and monarchical state."[6]

[Lord Simon of Glaisdale](/source/Lord_Simon_of_Glaisdale) stated:[7]

The crown as an object is a piece of jewelled headgear under guard at the Tower of London. But it symbolizes the powers of government which were formerly wielded by the wearer of the crown ... The term "the Crown" is therefore used in constitutional law to denote the collection of such of those powers as remain extant (the royal prerogative), together with such other powers as have been expressly conferred by statute on "the Crown".

[Lord Diplock](/source/Lord_Diplock) suggested the Crown means "the government [and] all of the ministers and parliamentary secretaries under whose direction the administrative work of the government is carried out by the civil servants employed in the various government departments."[4] This interpretation was supported by section 8 of the [Pensions (Colonial Service) Act 1887](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pensions_(Colonial_Service)_Act_1887&action=edit&redlink=1) ([50 & 51 Vict.](/source/50_%26_51_Vict.) c. 13), which set the terms "permanent civil service of the state", "permanent civil service of Her Majesty" and "permanent civil service of the Crown" as having the same meaning.[8]

In each Commonwealth realm, the term *the Crown*, at its broadest, means the [government](/source/Government) or the polity known as [the state](/source/The_state), while the sovereign in all realms is the living [embodiment](/source/Metaphor) of the state,[9] or symbolic [personification](/source/Personification) of the Crown.[a][23] The body of the reigning sovereign thus holds two distinct personas in constant coexistence, an ancient theory of the "King's two bodies"—the body natural (subject to infirmity and death) and the body politic (which never dies).[24] The Crown and the sovereign are "conceptually divisible but legally indivisible [...] The office cannot exist without the office-holder".[b][26] This theory is the basis of the immediate succession of the new British monarch upon the death of his or her predecessor; whilst the body natural may have passed, the body politic lives on.

The terms *the Crown*,[27] *the Crown in Right of [jurisdiction]*, *His Majesty the King in Right of [jurisdiction]*,[28] and similar, are all synonymous and the monarch's [legal personality](/source/Legal_personality) is sometimes referred to simply as the relevant jurisdiction's name.[16][29] In countries using systems of government derived from Roman [civil law](/source/Civil_law_(legal_system)), the state is the equivalent concept.[30] However, the terms *the sovereign* or *monarch* and *the Crown*, though related, have different meanings: *the Crown* includes both the monarch and the government.

The Crown also represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative, and judicial governance. While the Crown's legal personality is usually regarded as a [corporation sole](/source/Corporation_sole),[31] it can, at least for some purposes, be described as a [corporation aggregate](/source/Corporation_aggregate) headed by the monarch.[32][33] [Frederic William Maitland](/source/Frederic_William_Maitland) argued the Crown is a corporation aggregate embracing the government and the "whole political community".[34] J.G. Allen preferred to view the Crown as a corporation sole; one office occupied by a single person, enduring "through generations of incumbents and, historically, lends coherence to a network of other institutions of a similar nature."[35] Canadian academic Philippe Lagassé found the crown "acts in various capacities, as such: crown-in-council (executive); crown-in-parliament (legislative); crown-in-court (judicial). It is also an artificial person and office as a corporation sole. At its most basic, 'the Crown' is, in the UK and other Commonwealth realms, what in most other countries is 'the state'."[36]

## History

[Balmoral Castle](/source/Balmoral_Castle) in [Aberdeenshire](/source/Aberdeenshire), Scotland, a privately owned property of Charles III and not property of the Crown

[Rideau Hall](/source/Rideau_Hall) in [Ottawa](/source/Ottawa), Ontario; the seat of the [governor general of Canada](/source/Governor_general_of_Canada) and a property of the Crown in Right of Canada

The concept of the Crown took form under the [feudal system](/source/Feudal_system).[37] Though not used this way in all countries that had this system, in England, all rights and privileges were ultimately bestowed by the ruler. Land, for instance, was granted by the Crown to lords in exchange for feudal services and they, in turn, granted the land to lesser lords. One exception to this was common [socage](/source/Socage): owners of land held as socage held it subject only to the crown. When such lands become ownerless, they are said to [escheat](/source/Escheat); i.e. return to direct ownership of the Crown ([Crown land](/source/Crown_land)). *[Bona vacantia](/source/Bona_vacantia)* is the [royal prerogative](/source/Royal_prerogative) by which unowned property, primarily unclaimed inheritances, becomes the property of the Crown.[c][38]

As such, the physical crown and the property belonging to successive monarchs in perpetuity came to be separated from the person of the monarch and his or her private property. After several centuries of the monarch personally exercising supreme legislative, executive, and judicial power, these functions decreased as parliaments, ministries, and courts grew through the 13th century.[39] The term *the Crown* then developed into a means by which to differentiate the monarch's official functions from his personal choices and actions.[40] Even within medieval England, there was the [doctrine of capacities](/source/Doctrine_of_capacities) separating the person of the king from his actions in the capacity of monarch.[41]

The Crown was first defined as an 'imperial' crown during the reign of [Henry VIII](/source/Henry_VIII) in the [Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532](/source/Ecclesiastical_Appeals_Act_1532) which declared that 'this realm of England is an empire ... governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial Crown of the same'.[42] In [William Blackstone](/source/William_Blackstone)'s 1765 *[Commentaries on the Laws of England](/source/Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England)*, he explained that "the meaning therefore of the legislature, when it uses these terms of *empire* and *imperial*, and applies them to the realm and crown of England, is only to assert that our king is equally sovereign and independent within these his dominions, as any emperor is in his empire; and owes no kind of subjection to any other potentate on earth."[43]

When the [Kingdom of England](/source/Kingdom_of_England) merged with those of [Scotland](/source/Kingdom_of_Scotland) and [Ireland](/source/Kingdom_of_Ireland), the concept extended into the legal lexicons of the United Kingdom and its dependencies and overseas territories and, eventually, all of the independent Commonwealth realms.

## Functions

### Executive government

Main article: [King-in-Council](/source/King-in-Council)

The institution and powers of the Crown are formally vested in the king, but, [conventionally](/source/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)), its functions are exercised in the sovereign's name by [ministers of the Crown](/source/Ministers_of_the_Crown)[d] drawn from and [responsible to](/source/Responsible_government) the elected chamber of [parliament](/source/Parliament).[44]

The king or queen is the employer of all government officials and staff (including the [viceroys](/source/Viceroy), judges, members of the armed forces, police officers, and parliamentarians),[e] the guardian of foster children ([Crown wards](/source/Crown_ward)), as well as the owner of all [Crown land](/source/Crown_land) (*public land* or *state land* in other countries), buildings and equipment (Crown property),[46] state-owned companies (Crown corporations or [Crown entities](/source/Crown_entities)),[47] and the copyright for government publications ([Crown copyright](/source/Crown_copyright)).[48] This is all in his or her position as sovereign, not as an individual; all such property is held by the Crown in perpetuity and cannot be sold by the sovereign without the proper [advice and consent](/source/Advice_and_consent) of his or her relevant ministers. Should the monarch [abdicate](/source/Abdicate), all such property would remain with the Crown and come under the ownership of their successor.

### Legislative

Main article: [King-in-Parliament](/source/King-in-Parliament)

The mace of the [Parliament of Queensland](/source/Parliament_of_Queensland), symbolising the authority of parliament as derived from the Crown.[49]

The concept of the Crown as a part of parliament is related to the idea of the [fusion of powers](/source/Fusion_of_power), meaning that the [executive branch](/source/Executive_branch) and [legislative branch](/source/Legislative_branch) of government are fused together. This is a key concept of the [Westminster system](/source/Westminster_system) of government, developed in England and used in countries in the [Commonwealth of Nations](/source/Commonwealth_of_Nations) and beyond. It is in contradistinction to the idea of the [separation of powers](/source/Separation_of_powers).

In Commonwealth realms that are [federations](/source/Federation), the concept of the King in parliament applies within that specific parliament only, as each sub-national parliament is considered separate and distinct from each other and from the federal parliaments (such as [Australian states](/source/States_and_territories_of_Australia) or the [Canadian provinces](/source/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada)).

### Justice

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The [coat of arms of the sovereign of the United Kingdom](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom) on the [Westminster Magistrates' Court](/source/Westminster_Magistrates'_Court) building in [London](/source/London), England

The King is the 'fountain of justice'. In [criminal proceedings](/source/Criminal_law), the Crown is the prosecuting party (led by a [Crown prosecutor](/source/Crown_prosecutor), or [Crown attorney](/source/Crown_attorney) in parts of Canada); the case is usually designated (in [case citation](/source/Case_citation)) as *R v [[defendant](/source/Defendant)]*,[50] where *R* can stand for either *rex* (if the current monarch is male) or *regina* (if the monarch is female), and the *v* stands for *versus*. For example, a criminal case against Smith might be referred to as *R v Smith* and verbally read as "the Crown against Smith".

The Crown is, in general, [immune to prosecution and civil lawsuits](/source/Sovereign_immunity). So, *R* is rarely (albeit sometimes[f]) seen on the right hand side of the 'v' in the first instance. To pursue a case against alleged unlawful activity by the government, a case in [judicial review](/source/Judicial_review_in_English_law) is brought by the Crown against a [minister of the Crown](/source/Minister_of_the_Crown) on the application of a [claimant](/source/Claimant). The titles of these cases now follow the pattern of *R (on the application of [X]) v [Y]*, notated as *R ([X]) v [Y]*, for short. Thus, *[R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union](/source/R_(Miller)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union)* is *R (on the application of Miller and other) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union*, where "Miller" is [Gina Miller](/source/Gina_Miller), a citizen. Until the end of the 20th century, such case titles used the pattern *R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, [ex parte](/source/Ex_parte) Miller*. Either form may be abbreviated *R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union*.

In [Scotland](/source/Scotland), criminal prosecutions are undertaken by the [Lord Advocate](/source/Lord_Advocate) (or the relevant [procurator fiscal](/source/Procurator_fiscal)) in the name of the Crown. Accordingly, the abbreviation *HMA* is used in the [High Court of Justiciary](/source/High_Court_of_Justiciary) for *His/Her Majesty's Advocate*, in place of *rex* or *regina*; as in, *[HMA v Al Megrahi and Fahima](/source/Pan_Am_Flight_103_bombing_trial)*.

Most jurisdictions in [Australia](/source/Australia) use *R* or *The King* (or *The Queen*) in criminal cases. If the Crown is the respondent to an appeal, the words *The King* will be spelled out, instead of using the abbreviation *R* (i.e. the case name at trial would be *R v Smith*; if the defendant appeals against the Crown, the case name would be *Smith v The King*). In [Western Australia](/source/Western_Australia) and [Tasmania](/source/Tasmania), prosecutions will be brought in the name of the respective state instead of the Crown (e.g. *The State of Western Australia v Smith*). [Victorian](/source/Victoria_(Australia)) trials in the original jurisdiction will be brought in the name of the [director of public prosecutions](/source/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_(Victoria)). The [Commonwealth director of public prosecutions](/source/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_(Australia)) may choose which name to bring the proceeding in. Judges usually refer to the prosecuting party as simply "the prosecution" in the text of judgments. In civil cases where the Crown is a party, it is a customary to list the body politic (e.g. *State of Queensland* or *Commonwealth of Australia*) or the appropriate government minister as the party, instead. When a case is announced in court, the clerk or bailiff may refer to the Crown orally as *our sovereign lord the king* (or *our sovereign lady the queen*).

In reporting on court proceedings in [New Zealand](/source/New_Zealand), news reports will refer to the prosecuting lawyer (often called a Crown prosecutor, as in Canada and the United Kingdom) as representing the Crown; usages such as, "for the Crown, Joe Bloggs argued", being common.

The Crown can also be a plaintiff or defendant in civil actions to which the government of the Commonwealth realm in question is a party. Such [crown proceedings](/source/Crown_proceedings) are often subject to specific rules and limitations, such as the enforcement of judgments against the Crown. *[Qui tam](/source/Qui_tam)* lawsuits on behalf of the Crown were once common, but have been unusual since the [Common Informers Act 1951](/source/Common_Informers_Act_1951) ended the practice of allowing such suits by common informers.

## Divisibility of the Crown

Further information: [Commonwealth realm § The Crown's role](/source/Commonwealth_realm#The_Crown's_role)

Historically, the Crown was considered to be indivisible and the sovereign was advised only by their ministers in the United Kingdom.[51] However, as the self-governing [dominions](/source/Dominion) of the British Commonwealth gained control over the exercise of the royal prerogative in the 1930s, this concept has evolved such that "the Crown [in right of](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in_right_of)" each realm and territory acts independently of the other realms and territories.[2][56]

The [Balfour Declaration of 1926](/source/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926) recognised the dominions as "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations."[57] The [Statute of Westminster 1931](/source/Statute_of_Westminster_1931), enshrined in law in the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia (though repealed in New Zealand under the [Constitution Act 1986](/source/Constitution_Act_1986)), recognised "a common allegiance to the Crown" in its preamble and established a [constitutional convention](/source/Convention_(political_norm)) that any "alteration in the law touching [the Succession to the Throne](/source/Succession_to_the_British_throne) or the Royal Style and Titles" would require the assent of each of the dominion parliaments as well as the UK Parliament.[2][58][g] However, this unity of action was tested with the 1936 [abdication of Edward VIII](/source/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII) when the [Irish Free State](/source/Irish_Free_State) implemented the abdication a day later than the United Kingdom and the other dominions, creating a 24-hour divergence whereby Edward VIII was king in the Irish Free State and George VI was king elsewhere.[2] The convention was reaffirmed with respect to succession in the 2011 [Perth Agreement](/source/Perth_Agreement), whereby the Commonwealth realms co-operated to end [male-preference primogeniture](/source/Male-preference_primogeniture), with the changes coming into force in unison in March 2015.[59]

The historian [Vernon Bogdanor](/source/Vernon_Bogdanor) has stated that it remains constitutionally inappropriate for the succession to the Crown to diverge, even as the Commonwealth realms have attained complete independence from the United Kingdom.[60] Legal scholar [Noel Cox](/source/Noel_Cox) chronicled a transition from "unity of title, and unity of person" in 1931, to a division of responsibility among the realms by 1952, albeit with an expectation of uniformity concerning "matters of common concern, such as the succession to the throne".[2]: 16–18 Cox views the relationship inversely to Bogdanor: the assent of each Commonwealth parliament would have effect within its own jurisdiction, and that absent mutual assent, the "Crown [is] potentially divisible in actuality as well as in law".[2]: 3–4

[Elizabeth II](/source/Elizabeth_II), [Queen of Canada](/source/Queen_of_Canada), with her [Cabinet](/source/Cabinet_of_Canada) in [Rideau Hall](/source/Rideau_Hall), 1 July 1967

Elizabeth II, [Queen of New Zealand](/source/Queen_of_New_Zealand), with her [Cabinet](/source/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand), 1981

[Governor-General](/source/Governor-General_of_Australia) [Bill Hayden](/source/Bill_Hayden), representing Elizabeth II, [Queen of Australia](/source/Queen_of_Australia), with [Cabinet](/source/Cabinet_of_Australia) outside [Government House](/source/Government_House%2C_Canberra), 25 March 1994

Elizabeth II, [Queen of the United Kingdom](/source/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom), with her [Cabinet](/source/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom) at [10 Downing Street](/source/10_Downing_Street), 18 December 2012

The monarch, and their governors or governors-general, may only act in relation to each realm or territory on the advice of that realm or territory's respective ministers

### Canada

See also: [Monarchy in the Canadian provinces](/source/Monarchy_in_the_Canadian_provinces) and [Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada](/source/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada)

The preamble to the [British North America Act 1867](/source/British_North_America_Act_1867) expressed the desire of the Canadian provinces to be united into one dominion "under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with a Constitution similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom".[61] However, the judgement in *[Ex parte Indian Association of Alberta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ex_parte_Indian_Association_of_Alberta&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([EWCA](/source/EWCA), 1982) ruled that the obligations of the Crown towards [the indigenous peoples in Canada](/source/Canadian_Indian) were held by the Crown in right of Canada and not the Crown in right of the United Kingdom.[62]

In Canada, one Crown acts separately in each of Canada's eleven governments (one federal and ten provincial).[63] For example, when Crown land is transferred between the federal government and a province, it is the responsibility to manage the land that is being transferred; the Crown does not transfer ownership to itself.[64][65] As [Eugene Forsey](/source/Eugene_Forsey) wrote in *Crown and Cabinet*, "the provinces are not themselves 'monarchies.' They are a part of a constitutional monarchy, Canada. The Queen is Queen of Canada, not Queen of Ontario, Queen of Quebec, Queen of British Columbia, etc. She is, of course, queen *in* all these provinces. But she is 'Queen of Canada,' and it is as such that she is queen *in* each of the provinces."[66]

### Australia

It is a matter of debate whether separate Crowns exist for each [Australian state](/source/Australian_state).[67] When referring to the Crown in multiple jurisdictions, wording is typically akin to "the Crown in right of [place], and all its other capacities".[68]

### New Zealand

In New Zealand, the term "the Crown" is used to mostly mean the authority of government; its meaning changes in different contexts.[69][70] In the context of considering the [claims and settlements related to the Treaty of Waitangi](/source/Treaty_of_Waitangi_claims_and_settlements), historian [Alan Ward](/source/Alan_Ward_(historian)) defines the Crown as "the people of New Zealand—including [Māori](/source/M%C4%81ori_people) themselves—acted through elected parliament and government."[71]

### Crown Dependencies

The [flag of Jersey](/source/Flag_of_Jersey), displaying the [badge of Jersey](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_Jersey) surmounted by a [Plantagenet](/source/Plantagenet) [crown](/source/Crown_(heraldry))

In the [Bailiwick of Guernsey](/source/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey), legislation refers to "the Crown in Right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey"[72] or "the Crown in Right of the Bailiwick"[73] and the law officers of the Crown of Guernsey submitted that, "the Crown in this context ordinarily means the Crown in right of the *république* of the Bailiwick of Guernsey"[74] and that this comprises "the collective governmental and civic institutions, established by and under the authority of the monarch, for the governance of these islands, including the states of Guernsey and legislatures in the other islands, the royal court and other courts, the lieutenant governor, parish authorities, and the Crown acting in and through the Privy Council".[75]

In the [Bailiwick of Jersey](/source/Bailiwick_of_Jersey), statements by the [law officers of the Crown](/source/Law_officers_of_the_Crown) define the Crown's operation in that jurisdiction as "the Crown in Right of Jersey",[76] with all Crown land in the Bailiwick of Jersey belonging to the Crown in Right of Jersey and not to the [Crown Estate](/source/Crown_Estate) of the United Kingdom.[77] The Succession to the Crown (Jersey) Law 2013 defined the Crown, for the purposes of implementing the [Perth Agreement](/source/Perth_Agreement) in Jersey law, as the "[Crown in Right of the Bailiwick of Jersey](/source/Sovereign_in_right_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey)".[78]

Legislation in the [Isle of Man](/source/Isle_of_Man) also defines the Crown in Right of the Isle of Man as being separate from the Crown in Right of the United Kingdom.[79]

### British Overseas Territories

Following the decision of the [Lords of Appeal in Ordinary](/source/Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary) in *[Ex parte Quark](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ex_parte_Quark&action=edit&redlink=1)*, 2005, it is held that the King, in exercising his authority over [British Overseas Territories](/source/British_Overseas_Territories), does not act on the advice of the [Cabinet of the United Kingdom](/source/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom), but in his role as king of each territory, with the exception of fulfilling the UK's international responsibilities for its territories. To comply with the court's decision, the territorial governors now act on the advice of each territory's executive and the UK government can no longer disallow legislation passed by territorial legislatures.[80] The Lords of Appeal wrote that "the Queen is as much the Queen of New South Wales and Mauritius and other territories acknowledging her as head of state as she is of England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, or the United Kingdom."[81]

## Symbolism

See also: [Crown (heraldry) § Commonwealth usage](/source/Crown_(heraldry)#Commonwealth_usage)

The Crown is represented by the image of a crown in [heraldry](/source/Heraldry) and other imagery such as [cap badges](/source/Cap_badge), uniforms, government logos and elsewhere. The heraldic crown is chosen by the reigning monarch. From 1661 to the reign of [Queen Victoria](/source/Queen_Victoria), an image of [St Edward's Crown](/source/St_Edward's_Crown) was used.[82] The early part of Victoria's reign depicted the Imperial State Crown [created for her coronation](/source/Coronation_of_Queen_Victoria#Crown_jewels_and_coronation_robes), while a [Tudor Crown](/source/Tudor_Crown) began to be used from the 1860s.[82] In 1901, the Tudor Crown design was standardised and continued in use until the reign of [Elizabeth II](/source/Elizabeth_II) in 1952 when a heraldic St Edward's Crown was restored.[82][83] In 2022, [Charles III](/source/Charles_III) opted for a modified Tudor Crown design.[84][85]

St Edward's Crown

1901 pattern Tudor Crown

2022 pattern Tudor Crown

Under section 4 of the [Trade Marks Act 1994](/source/Trade_Marks_Act_1994), images of the royal crowns may not be used in a trade mark in the UK (or in a country which is party to the [Paris Convention](/source/Paris_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Industrial_Property)) without permission.[86] Section 99 of the act also restricts business use of images of the crowns in a way which is calculated to give the impression that the user is an employee of, or a supplier to, the King or a member of the royal family.[87] The [Lord Chamberlain's Office](/source/Lord_Chamberlain's_Office) governs the use of depictions of the royal crowns and also maintains a selection of images which may be used without infringement.[88]

## Crown forces

The term "Crown forces" has been used by [Irish republicans](/source/Irish_republicans) and [nationalists](/source/Irish_nationalism), including members of [paramilitary](/source/Paramilitary) groups, to refer to British security forces which operate in [Ireland](/source/Ireland). The term was used by various iterations of the [Irish Republican Army](/source/Irish_Republican_Army) during conflicts such as [Irish War of Independence](/source/Irish_War_of_Independence) and [the Troubles](/source/The_Troubles). As noted by Irish republican [Danny Morrison](/source/Danny_Morrison_(Irish_republican)), "[t]he term 'security forces' suggests [legitimacy](/source/Legitimacy_(political)), which is why republicans prefer terms like 'the Brits' or 'the Crown Forces', which undermines their authority."[h][90] Due to the Irish War of Independence, "the phrase 'Crown Forces' came to represent something abhorrent in the Republican narrative".[91]

## See also

- [Monarchy portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Monarchy)

- [Crown Court](/source/Crown_Court) – Criminal court of first instance of England and Wales

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** In the Canadian context, the monarch has been described by [Eugene Forsey](/source/Eugene_Forsey) as the "symbolic embodiment of the people—not a particular group or interest or party, but the people; the whole people";[10] his daughter, Helen Forsey, said of his opinion on the Crown, "for him, the essence of the monarchy was its impartial representation of the common interests of the citizenry as a whole, as opposed to those of any particular government."[10] The [Department of Canadian Heritage](/source/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage) said the Crown serves as the "personal symbol of allegiance, unity, and authority for all Canadians,"[11][12] a concept akin to that expressed by [King Louis XIV](/source/King_Louis_XIV): "*L'État, c'est moi*", or, "I am the state".[13] [Robertson Davies](/source/Robertson_Davies) stated in 1994, "the Crown is the consecrated spirit of Canada",[14] and past Ontario chairman of the [Monarchist League of Canada](/source/Monarchist_League_of_Canada) Gary Toffoli opined, "the Queen is the legal embodiment of the state at both the national and the provincial levels [...] She is our sovereign and it is the role of the Queen, recognized by the constitutional law of Canada, to embody the state."[15]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** As Peter Boyce put it, "the Crown as a concept cannot be disentangled from the person of the monarch, but standard reference to the Crown extends well beyond the Queen's person."[25]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Jurisdictions in which this prerogative does not apply include [Cornwall](/source/Cornwall), where unowned property becomes the property of the [duke of Cornwall](/source/Duke_of_Cornwall), and [Lancashire](/source/Lancashire), where it becomes the property of the [duke of Lancaster](/source/Duke_of_Lancaster).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** [Executives](/source/Executive_(government)) who are themselves servants of the Crown.[44]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** The [Supreme Court](/source/Supreme_Court_of_Canada) found in the 1980 case *[Attorney General of Quebec v. Labrecque](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attorney_General_of_Quebec_v._Labrecque&action=edit&redlink=1)* that [civil servants](/source/Civil_servant) in Canada are not contracted by an abstraction called *the state*, but, rather, they are employed by the monarch, who "enjoys a general capacity to contract in accordance with the rule of ordinary law."[45]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** For exceptions in the United Kingdom, see [Crown Proceedings Act 1947](/source/Crown_Proceedings_Act_1947)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** The convention requiring parliamentary assent from each realm to a change in the royal style and titles was created when a uniform single title existed for the British monarch. However, with the accession of Elizabeth II in 1952, this was replaced by [an agreement](/source/1952_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers'_Economic_Conference) that each realm would pass its own [Royal Style and Titles Act](/source/Royal_Style_and_Titles_Act), allowing the monarch's title to vary in each realm but sharing a common format.[2]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Morrison_97-0)** In Danny Morrison's words, "[t]he term 'security forces' suggests [legitimacy](/source/Legitimacy_(political)), which is why republicans prefer terms like 'the Brits' or 'the Crown Forces', which undermines their authority."[89]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Jackson_2013_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Jackson_2013_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Jackson_2013_1-2) Jackson, Michael D. (2013), [*The Crown and Canadian Federalism*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcIf46DzpfUC&pg=Pnto), Dundurn, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4597-0989-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0989-8), [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240905140241/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcIf46DzpfUC&pg=Pnto#v=onepage&q&f=false) from the original on 5 September 2024, retrieved 20 May 2018

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Cox_2003_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Cox_2003_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Cox_2003_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Cox_2003_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Cox_2003_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Cox_2003_2-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Cox_2003_2-6) [Cox, Noel](/source/Noel_Cox) (18 August 2003). "The Development of a Separate Crown in New Zealand". [SSRN](/source/SSRN_(identifier)) [420026](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=420026).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Sunkin, Maurice; Payne, Sebastian (1999), *The Nature of the Crown: A Legal and Political Analysis*, Oxford: Oxford University Press

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-TIvDE_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-TIvDE_4-1) *Town Investments v Department for the Environment*, [Lord Morris of Borth-y-Gest, Lord Simon of Glaisdale, Lord Kilbrandon, Lord Edmund-Davies](https://app.justis.com/case/town-investments-ltd-v-department-of-the-environment/overview/c4ytm5Cto3Wca), 359 (House of Lords 1978), [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230302224739/https://app.justis.com/case/town-investments-ltd-v-department-of-the-environment/overview/c4ytm5Cto3Wca) from the original.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Wade, William, "The Crown, Ministers, and Officials: Legal Status and Liability", in Sunkin, M.; Payne, S. (eds.), *The Nature of the Crown*, p. 24

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Newman, Warren J. (2017), Lagassé, Philippe; MacDonald, Nicholas A. (eds.), ["The Crown in the 21st Century"](https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/22.1-Full-Issue.pdf) (PDF), *Review of Constitutional Studies*, Some Observations on the Queen, the Crown, the Constitution, and the Courts, **22** (1), Edmonton: Centre for Constitutional Studies: 56, [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220816131152/https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/22.1-Full-Issue.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2022, retrieved 5 June 2023

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** *Town Investments Ltd v Department of the Environment* [\[1977\] UKHL 2](https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1977/2.html#para16) at para. 16, [1978] [AC](/source/Law_Reports) 359.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** [Torrance 2023](#CITEREFTorrance2023), pp. 9–10

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Compendium_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Compendium_17-1) [Table Research Branch of the House of Commons](/source/House_of_Commons_of_Canada) (March 2008). ["Compendium of Procedure"](http://www.parl.gc.ca/compendium/web-content/pdf-e/parliamentaryframework-e/c_d_rolecrowngovernorgeneral-e.pdf) (PDF). Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 1. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121025024722/http://www.parl.gc.ca/compendium/web-content/pdf-e/parliamentaryframework-e/c_d_rolecrowngovernorgeneral-e.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2009.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** [MacLeod, Kevin S.](/source/Kevin_S._MacLeod) (2012), [*A Crown of Maples*](https://web.archive.org/web/20160204231448/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4) (PDF) (2 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 51, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-662-46012-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-662-46012-1), archived from [the original](http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4) (PDF) on 4 February 2016, retrieved 28 November 2012

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Marleau, Robert; Montpetit, Camille (2000), "1. Parliamentary Institutions > Institutional Framework > The Crown", [*House of Commons Procedure and Practice*](https://web.archive.org/web/20121008170948/http://www.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Lang=E&Sec=Ch01&Seq=3), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [2-89461-378-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-89461-378-4), archived from [the original](http://www2.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Sec=Ch01&Seq=3&Lang=E) on 8 October 2012

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Turpin-Tomkins2007_47-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Turpin-Tomkins2007_47-1) Turpin, Colin; Tomkins, Adam (28 June 2007). [*British Government and the Constitution: Text and Materials*](https://books.google.com/books?id=QYuF6jmoem8C). Cambridge University Press. p. 366. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-139-46536-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46536-6). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240905140242/https://books.google.com/books?id=QYuF6jmoem8C) from the original on 5 September 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** Smith, David E. (1995), *The Invisible Crown*, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p. 79, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8020-7793-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-7793-5)

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** ["Crown Entities Act 2004"](http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2004/0115/latest/DLM329631.html). *New Zealand Legislation*. Parliamentary Counsel Office. 25 February 2024. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240905134201/https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2004/0115/latest/DLM329631.html) from the original on 5 September 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** [*Canada*](https://web.archive.org/web/20090326043231/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/national/can_political_e/map.pdf) (PDF) (Map). Queen's Printer for Canada. 2006. Archived from [the original](http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/national/can_political_e/map.pdf) (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** ["Legislative Assembly Chamber"](https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/Visit-and-learn/Visitors/Take-a-look-inside-Parliament-House/Legislative-Assembly-Chamber). *[Queensland Parliament](/source/Queensland_Parliament)*. Retrieved 18 November 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** ["The Queen v Brenton Harrison Tarrant"](https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/assets/cases/r-v-tarrant/R-v-Tarrant-20200713.pdf) (PDF). In the High Court of New Zealand Christchurch Registry. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220807221204/https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/assets/cases/r-v-tarrant/R-v-Tarrant-20200713.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** Saunders, Cheryl (2015). "The Concept of the Crown". *Melbourne University Law Review*. **38**: 883.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** Lauterpacht, E.; Greenwood, C. J. (1992). [*International Law Reports*](https://books.google.com/books?id=cyEP1rc4P3UC). Vol. 87. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 286, 713. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-949009-99-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-949009-99-9). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240905140243/https://books.google.com/books?id=cyEP1rc4P3UC) from the original on 5 September 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2015.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** Bourne, C.B. (1986). [*Canadian Yearbook of International Law*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KIoTqgSdDTwC). Vol. 23. Vancouver: UBC Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7748-0259-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0259-8).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-64)** [Donald Somervell](/source/Donald_Somervell%2C_Baron_Somervell_of_Harrow), [Attorney General](/source/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales) (11 December 1936). ["Preamble"](https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1936-12-11/debates/d6ce0331-7555-4f18-8d73-ffd03269c013/Preamble). *[Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)](/source/Hansard)*. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 2229. ...the Preamble sets out as the established constitutional position that any alteration of the law affecting the succession to the Throne shall thereafter require the assent as well of the Parliaments of all the Dominions as of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is a constitutional convention and is not a statutory provision...

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-71)** Ministry of Natural Resources (24 January 2006), [*Disposition of Public Land to Other Governments and Agencies*](http://files.ontario.ca/environment-and-energy/crown-land/mnr_e000096.pdf) (PDF), Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario, p. 2, at 3.2.B, [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074542/http://files.ontario.ca/environment-and-energy/crown-land/mnr_e000096.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2015, retrieved 25 April 2010, When public land is required by the federal government or one of its departments, or any provincial ministry, the land itself is not transferred. What is transferred is the responsibility to manage the lands on behalf of Her Majesty the Queen (HMQ). This is accomplished by an Order-in-Council or a Minister's Order that transfers management of land either from HMQ in right of Ontario to HMQ in right of Canada as represented by a department or to HMQ in right of Ontario as represented by another ministry. The Crown does not transfer ownership to itself.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-81)** ["Review of the Roles of the Jersey Crown officers"](http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Guernsey%20LOs%20Submission%2020100330%20HR%20v1.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171010220559/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Guernsey%20LOs%20Submission%2020100330%20HR%20v1.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-82)** ["It's a power thing…"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110610140928/http://www.thisisguernsey.com/2010/06/21/its-a-power-thing/). *Guernsey Press*. 21 June 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.thisisguernsey.com/2010/06/21/its-a-power-thing/) on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-83)** ["Review of the Roles of the Crown Officers"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110812153038/http://www5.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Attorney%20General%20Transcript%2020100702%20WM.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www5.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Attorney%20General%20Transcript%2020100702%20WM.pdf) (PDF) on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-85)** ["Succession to the Crown (Jersey) Law 2013"](https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/Pages/15.730.aspx). States of Jersey. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240905134027/https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/Pages/15.730.aspx) from the original on 5 September 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-86)** ["The Air Navigation (Isle of Man) Order 2007 (No. 1115)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210328050859/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/1115/article/3/made). Archived from [the original](http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=3&parentActiveTextDocId=3312343&ActiveTextDocId=3312364&filesize=13636) on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-87)** [*Overseas Territories: Seventh Report of Session 2007–08, Vol. 2: Oral and Written Evidence*](https://books.google.com/books?id=HhsZSMEH5DoC&pg=PA49) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221123072439/https://books.google.com/books?id=HhsZSMEH5DoC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA49) 23 November 2022 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). London, UK: The Stationery Office, 6 July 2008, pp. 49, 296–297

1. **[^](#cite_ref-88)** Lords of Appeal, [*Ex parte Quark*, 2005](https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldjudgmt/jd051013/quark-1.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170224160034/https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldjudgmt/jd051013/quark-1.htm) 24 February 2017 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Boutell_1983_89-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Boutell_1983_89-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Boutell_1983_89-2) [Boutell, Charles](/source/Charles_Boutell) (1983). [Brooke-Little, J. P.](/source/John_Brooke-Little) (ed.). [*Boutell's Heraldry*](https://archive.org/details/boutellsheraldry0000bout_y2m5/page/184/mode/2up) (Revised ed.). London and New York: Frederick Warne. pp. 184–185. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0723230935](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0723230935).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Fox-Davies_90-0)** [Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles](/source/Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies) (1909). ["Chapter 22"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Complete_Guide_to_Heraldry/Chapter_22). [*A Complete Guide to Heraldry*](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Complete_Guide_to_Heraldry). London: T. C. & E. C. Jack. pp. 358–359 – via [Wikisource](/source/Wikisource).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Royal_Cypher_91-0)** ["Royal Cypher"](https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/news-grants/news/item/205-royal-cypher). *[College of Arms](/source/College_of_Arms)*. 27 September 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220927145228/https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/news-grants/news/item/205-royal-cypher) from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Symbols_of_State_Guidance_2023_92-0)** ["Symbols of State Guidance"](https://publicsafetyfoundation.uk/uploads/ciiir_state_symbols_guidance_july_2023.pdf) (PDF). *The Public Safety Foundation (UK)*. July 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231011071240/https://publicsafetyfoundation.uk/uploads/ciiir_state_symbols_guidance_july_2023.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Trade_Marks_Act_1994_s.4_93-0)** ["Trade Marks Act 1994: Section 4"](https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/26/section/4/), *[legislation.gov.uk](/source/Legislation.gov.uk)*, [The National Archives](/source/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)), 1994 c. 26 (s. 4), retrieved 25 July 2024

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Trade_Marks_Act_1994_s.99_94-0)** ["Trade Marks Act 1994: Section 99"](https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/26/section/99/), *[legislation.gov.uk](/source/Legislation.gov.uk)*, [The National Archives](/source/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)), 1994 c. 26 (s. 99), retrieved 25 July 2024

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Royal_Arms_restrictions_95-0)** ["Use of Royal Arms, Names and Images"](https://www.royal.uk/use-of-royal-arms). *[The Royal Family](/source/British_royal_family)*. [The Royal Household](/source/Royal_Households_of_the_United_Kingdom). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240905142231/https://www.royal.uk/use-of-royal-arms) from the original on 5 September 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-96)** Morrison, Danny (24–26 January 2004). ["Saving 'Bobby Sands Street' > Words of Freedom"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070928130357/http://www.irlandinit-hd.de/sub_misc/bsands.htm#Analysis:%20Words%20of%20Freedom). *Irish History*. Irlandinitiative Heidelberg. Archived from [the original](http://www.irlandinit-hd.de/sub_misc/bsands.htm#Analysis:%20Words%20of%20Freedom) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-98)** Hawes-Bilger, Cordula (2007). *War Zone Language: Linguistic Aspects of the Conflict in Northern Ireland*. Francke. p. 148. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-7720-8200-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7720-8200-9).; O'Neill, Conor (2004). "Terrorism, insurgency and the military response from South Armagh to Falluja". *The RUSI Journal*. **149** (5): 22–25. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/03071840408523120](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071840408523120). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0307-1847](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1847). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [152582870](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152582870).; Tomaney, John (2000). "End of the Empire State? New Labour and Devolution in the United Kingdom". *International Journal of Urban and Regional Research*. **24** (3): 675–688. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2000IJURR..24..675T](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000IJURR..24..675T). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/1468-2427.00271](https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2427.00271). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0309-1317](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-1317).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-99)** Ferriter, Diarmaid (1 November 2012). [*Ambiguous Republic: Ireland in the 1970s*](https://books.google.com/books?id=qN-jf5dN7QAC&pg=PT247). Profile Books. p. 247. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84765-856-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84765-856-2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240905141228/https://books.google.com/books?id=qN-jf5dN7QAC&pg=PT247#v=onepage&q&f=false) from the original on 5 September 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2015. Because of the events of the War of Independence, the phrase 'Crown Forces' came to represent something abhorrent in the Republican narrative.

## Further reading

- Sunkin, Maurice; Payne, Sebastian, eds. (1999). *The Nature of the Crown: A Legal and Political Analysis*. Oxford University Press. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198262732.001.0001](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198262732.001.0001). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-826273-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826273-2).

v t e Commonwealth realms and dominions Current Antigua and Barbuda (monarchy) Australia (monarchy) Bahamas (monarchy) Belize (monarchy) Canada (monarchy) Grenada (monarchy) Jamaica (monarchy) Realm of New Zealand Cook Islands New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea (monarchy) Saint Kitts and Nevis (monarchy) Saint Lucia (monarchy) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (monarchy) Solomon Islands (monarchy) Tuvalu (monarchy) United Kingdom (monarchy) Former Barbados (monarchy) Ceylon (monarchy) Fiji (monarchy) The Gambia (monarchy) Ghana (monarchy) Guyana (monarchy) India Ireland (monarchy) Kenya (monarchy) Malawi (monarchy) Malta (monarchy) Mauritius (monarchy) Newfoundland1 Nigeria (monarchy) Pakistan (monarchy) Rhodesia2 (monarchy) Sierra Leone (monarchy) South Africa (monarchy) Tanganyika (monarchy) Trinidad and Tobago (monarchy) Uganda (monarchy) 1 Annexed by Canada in 1949 2 Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.

v t e Monarchies Monarch Imperial, royal and noble ranks List of current sovereign monarchs List of current non-sovereign monarchs List of monarchy referendums Type Absolute Constitutional Diarchy Elective Federal Hereditary Non-sovereign Personal union Regency Topics Abdication Abolition of monarchy Aristocracy Criticism of monarchy Decolonization Democratization Dynasty Government Head of state Legitimacy (political) Oligarchy Order of succession Republicanism Self-proclaimed monarchy Sovereignty Titles Chhatrapati Emperor Khan King Queen regnant Pharaoh Prince regnant Raja Shah Sultan Tsar Current Africa Eswatini Lesotho Morocco list Asia Bahrain Bhutan Brunei Cambodia Japan Jordan Kuwait Malaysia Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Thailand United Arab Emirates list Europe Andorra Belgium Denmark Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Vatican City (Holy See) Oceania Tonga Commonwealth realms Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu United Kingdom Former Africa Adamawa Angoche Ankole Aussa Bagirmi Barotseland Bornu Burundi Central Africa Dahomey Egypt (Ancient Egypt) Ethiopia Ghana Gomma Gumma Islands of Refreshment Kaffa Kongo Libya Luba Madagascar Mali Maore Maravi Mwali Ndzuwani Ngazidja Rwanda Shilluk Trarza (Mauritania) Tunisia Wituland Wassoulou Yeke Zanzibar Zimbabwe Zulu and other Americas Araucanía Aztec Brazil Haiti Inca Mexico Miskito Suriname Talamanca Trinidad Thirteen Colonies Asia Afghanistan Asir Bengal Bukhara Burma Cebu Chehab China Dapitan Hejaz Indonesia Iran (Qajar) Iraq Jabal Shammar Kathiri Kazakh Khanate Khiva Korea Kumul Kurdistan Laos Maguindanao Mahra Maldives Manchukuo Mongolia Najran Nepal Qu'aiti Ryukyu Sarawak Shan Sikh Sikkim Sri Lanka Sip Song Chau Tai Sulu Syria Tibet Taiwan Upper Asir Upper Yafa Vietnam Yemen South Arabia Europe Albania Aragon Asturias Austria Austria-Hungary Bavaria Bosnia Brittany Bulgaria Catalonia Cilicia Corsica Crimea Cyprus Finland France Galicia Georgia Germany Granada Greece Hanover Hungary Iceland Imereti Ireland Italy Kartli-Kakheti Lithuania Majorca Man Moldavia Montenegro Navarre Neuchâtel Ottoman Empire Papal States Piedmont-Sardinia Poland 1917–1918 Poland–Lithuania Portugal Prussia Romania Russia Samos Savoy Saxony Scotland Serbia Tavolara Tuscany Two Sicilies United Baltic Duchy Valencia Württemberg Yugoslavia Oceania Abemama Bora Bora Easter Island Fiji Hawaii Huahine Mangareva Niuē-Fekai Nuku Hiva Raiatea Rapa Iti Rarotonga Rimatara Rurutu Tahiti Tahuata Commonwealth realms Barbados Ceylon (Sri Lanka) Fiji The Gambia Ghana Guyana India British Raj princely states Dominion Irish Free State / Ireland Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius Nigeria Pakistan Rhodesia Sierra Leone South Africa Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [The Crown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.