# The Bronx

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"Bronx" redirects here. For other uses, see [Bronx (disambiguation)](/source/Bronx_(disambiguation)).

**The Bronx** (/bɹɒŋks/ BRONKS), coextensive with **Bronx County**, is the northernmost of the [five boroughs and counties](/source/Boroughs_of_New_York_City) in [New York City](/source/New_York_City), New York, United States.

The Bronx shares a land border with [Westchester County, New York](/source/Westchester_County,_New_York) to its north; to its south and west, the New York City borough of [Manhattan](/source/Manhattan) lies across the [Harlem River](/source/Harlem_River); and to its south and east is the borough of [Queens](/source/Queens), across the [East River](/source/East_River). The Bronx, the only New York City borough located primarily on the [U.S. mainland](/source/U.S._mainland), has a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,472,654 at the [2020 census](/source/2020_United_States_census).[2] It has the fourth-largest area, fourth-highest population, and third-highest [population density](/source/Population_density) of the boroughs.[3]

The Bronx is divided by the [Bronx River](/source/Bronx_River) into a hillier section in the [west](/source/West_Bronx) and a flatter [eastern](/source/East_Bronx) section. East and west street names are divided by [Jerome Avenue](/source/Jerome_Avenue). The west was [annexed](/source/Annexation) to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895.[4] Bronx County was separated from New York County (modern-day Manhattan) in 1914.[5] About a quarter of the Bronx's area is open space,[6] including [Woodlawn Cemetery](/source/Woodlawn_Cemetery_(Bronx,_New_York)), [Van Cortlandt Park](/source/Van_Cortlandt_Park), [Pelham Bay Park](/source/Pelham_Bay_Park), the [New York Botanical Garden](/source/New_York_Botanical_Garden), and the [Bronx Zoo](/source/Bronx_Zoo) in the borough's north and center. The [Thain Family Forest](/source/Thain_Family_Forest) at the New York Botanical Garden is thousands of years old and is New York City's largest remaining tract of the original forest that once covered the city.[7] These open spaces are primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north and east from Manhattan. The Bronx is also home to [Yankee Stadium](/source/Yankee_Stadium) of [Major League Baseball](/source/Major_League_Baseball).

The word Bronx originated with [Jonas Bronck](/source/Jonas_Bronck), who established the first European settlement in the area as part of the [New Netherland](/source/New_Netherland) colony in 1639.[8][9][10] European settlers displaced the native [Lenape](/source/Lenape) after 1643. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant and migrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from European countries (especially [Ireland](/source/Irish_Americans), [Germany](/source/German_Americans), [Italy](/source/Italian_Americans), and [Eastern Europe](/source/Eastern_Europe)) and later from the [Caribbean](/source/Caribbean) region (particularly [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States), [Trinidad](/source/Trinidadian_Americans), [Haiti](/source/Haitian_Americans), [Guyana](/source/Guyanese_Americans), [Jamaica](/source/Jamaican_Americans), [Barbados](/source/Barbadian_Americans), and the [Dominican Republic](/source/Dominican_Americans)) and [West Africa](/source/West_Africa) (mainly [Ghana](/source/Ghanaian_Americans) and [Nigeria](/source/Nigerian_Americans)). [African American](/source/African_American) migrants from the [Southern United States](/source/Southern_United_States) as well as [Panamanians](/source/Panamanian_Americans), [Hondurans](/source/Honduran_Americans), and [South Asians](/source/South_Asian_ethnic_groups) also established themselves in the borough in large numbers.[11]

The Bronx contains what had been the poorest [of all 435 U.S. congressional districts](/source/Congressional_districts_of_the_United_States), [New York's 15th](/source/New_York's_15th_congressional_district), until redistricting following the 2020 census.[12] The borough also features upper- and middle-income neighborhoods, such as [Riverdale](/source/Riverdale,_Bronx), [Fieldston](/source/Fieldston,_Bronx), [Spuyten Duyvil](/source/Spuyten_Duyvil,_Bronx), [Schuylerville](/source/Schuylerville,_Bronx), [Pelham Bay](/source/Pelham_Bay,_Bronx), [Pelham Gardens](/source/Pelham_Gardens,_Bronx), [Morris Park](/source/Morris_Park,_Bronx), and [Country Club](/source/Country_Club,_Bronx).[13][14][15] Parts of the Bronx saw a steep decline in population, livable housing, and quality of life starting from the mid-to-late 1960s and lasting well into the 1980s, including a [wave of arson in the late 1970s](/source/1970s_South_Bronx_building_fires).[16] The [South Bronx](/source/South_Bronx), in particular, experienced severe [urban decay](/source/Urban_decay). The borough began experiencing new population growth starting in the late 1990s and continuing to the present day.[17]

## Etymology and naming

### Early names

The Bronx was called **Rananchqua**[18] by the native [Siwanoy](/source/Siwanoy)[19] band of [Lenape](/source/Lenape), also known historically as *the Delawares*. Other [Native Americans](/source/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) knew the Bronx as *Keskeskeck*.[20] It was divided by the Aquahung River (now known in English as the [Bronx River](/source/Bronx_River)).

The "Bronx" name derives from [Jonas Bronck](/source/Jonas_Bronck) (c. 1600–1643), a European settler whose precise origins are disputed. Documents indicate he was a Swedish-born immigrant from [Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish](/source/Komstad) in [Småland](/source/Sm%C3%A5land), Sweden, who arrived in [New Netherland](/source/New_Netherland) during the spring of 1639.[10][21][22][23][24][25] Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the present-day Bronx and built a farm named "Emmaus" close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue and 132nd Street in [Mott Haven](/source/Mott_Haven,_Bronx).[26]

He leased land from the [Dutch West India Company](/source/Dutch_West_India_Company) on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement of [New Haarlem](/source/History_of_Harlem#1637–1866) (on [Manhattan Island](/source/Manhattan_Island)), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (200 ha) between the [Harlem River](/source/Harlem_River) and the Aquahung, which became known as *Bronck's River* or *the [Bronx](/source/Bronx_River) River*. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as *Bronck's Land*.[21]

The American poet [William Bronk](/source/William_Bronk) was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, probably Jonas Bronck's nephew or cousin, as there was an age difference of 16 years.[27] Much work on the Swedish claim has been undertaken by Brian G. Andersson, former Commissioner of New York City's Department of Records, who helped organize a 375th Anniversary celebration in Bronck's hometown in 2014.[28]

### Use of definite article

The Bronx is referred to with the [definite article](/source/Article_(grammar)) as "the Bronx" or "The Bronx", both legally and colloquially.[29][30] The "County of the Bronx" also takes "the" immediately before "Bronx" in formal references, like the coextensive "Borough of the Bronx". The [United States Postal Service](/source/United_States_Postal_Service) uses "Bronx, NY" for mailing addresses.[31] The definite article comes from the Bronx River and first appeared in the "Annexed District of The Bronx", created in 1874 out of part of [Westchester County](/source/Westchester_County,_New_York).[32][33]

It was continued in the "Borough of The Bronx", created in 1898, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1895.[34] The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers.[32][33] A time-worn story purportedly explaining the use of the definite article in the borough's name says it stems from the phrase "visiting the Broncks", referring to the settler's family.[35]

The capitalization of the borough's name is sometimes disputed. Generally, the definite article is lowercase in place names ("the Bronx") except in some official references. The definite article is capitalized ("The Bronx") at the beginning of a sentence or in any other situation when a normally lowercase word would be capitalized.[36] Some people and groups refer to the borough with a capital letter at all times, such as Bronx Borough Historian [Lloyd Ultan](/source/Lloyd_Ultan_(historian)),[37] [The Bronx County Historical Society](/source/The_Bronx_County_Historical_Society), and the Bronx-based organization Great and Glorious Grand Army of The Bronx, arguing the definite article is part of the proper name.[38][39] In particular, the Great and Glorious Grand Army of The Bronx is leading efforts to make the city refer to the borough with an uppercase definite article in all uses, comparing the lowercase article in the Bronx's name to "not capitalizing the 's' in 'Staten Island'".[39]

## History

Originally, the area was part of the [Lenape](/source/Lenape)'s [Lenapehoking](/source/Lenapehoking) territory inhabited by [Siwanoy](/source/Siwanoy) of the [Wappinger](/source/Wappinger) Confederacy.[40] European colonization of the Bronx began in 1639.[41] Over time, European colonists converted the area into farmlands. The Bronx was originally part of [Westchester County](/source/Westchester_County,_New_York), but it was ceded to [New York City](/source/New_York_City) in two major parts (the [West Bronx](/source/West_Bronx) in 1874 and the [East Bronx](/source/East_Bronx) in 1895), subsequently becoming Bronx County.

### Before 1914

See also: [List of former municipalities in New York City](/source/List_of_former_municipalities_in_New_York_City)

The Bronx's development is directly connected to its strategic location between [New England](/source/New_England) and New York ([Manhattan](/source/Manhattan)). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. The King's Bridge, built in 1693 where [Broadway](/source/Broadway_(Manhattan)) reached the [Spuyten Duyvil Creek](/source/Spuyten_Duyvil_Creek), was a possession of [Frederick Philipse](/source/Frederick_Philipse), lord of [Philipse Manor](/source/Philipse_Manor_Hall_State_Historic_Site).[42] Local farmers on both sides of the creek resented the tolls, and in 1759, Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer led them in building a free bridge across the Harlem River.[43] After the [American Revolutionary War](/source/American_Revolutionary_War), the King's Bridge toll was abolished.[42][44]

The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of [Westchester County](/source/Westchester_County,_New_York), one of the 12 original counties of the English [Province of New York](/source/Province_of_New_York). The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns of [Yonkers](/source/Yonkers,_New_York), [Eastchester](/source/Eastchester,_New_York), and [Pelham](/source/Pelham,_New_York). In 1846, a new town was created by division of Westchester, called West Farms. The town of [Morrisania](/source/Morrisania,_Bronx) was created, in turn, from West Farms in 1855. In 1873, the town of [Kingsbridge](/source/Kingsbridge,_Bronx) was established within the former borders of the town of Yonkers, roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, [Riverdale](/source/Riverdale,_Bronx), and [Woodlawn Heights](/source/Woodlawn_Heights,_Bronx), and included [Woodlawn Cemetery](/source/Woodlawn_Cemetery_(Bronx,_New_York)).

Among the famous people who settled in the Bronx during the 19th and early 20th centuries were author [Willa Cather](/source/Willa_Cather), tobacco merchant [Pierre Lorillard](/source/Pierre_Lorillard_IV), and inventor [Jordan L. Mott](/source/Jordan_L._Mott), who established [Mott Haven](/source/Mott_Haven) to house the workers at his iron works.[45]

The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms, and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were soon abolished in the process.[46][47]

In 1895, the whole territory east of the Bronx River was annexed to the city three years before New York's consolidation with [Brooklyn](/source/Brooklyn), [Queens](/source/Queens), and [Staten Island](/source/Staten_Island). This included the Town of Westchester, which had voted against consolidation in 1894, and parts of Eastchester and Pelham.[4][46][48][49][50] The maritime community of [City Island](/source/City_Island,_Bronx) voted to join the city in 1896.[51]

Following these two annexations, the Bronx's territory had moved from Westchester County into New York County, which already included Manhattan and the rest of pre-1874 New York City.

On January 1, 1898, the consolidated [City of New York](/source/City_of_Greater_New_York) was born, including the Bronx as one of the five distinct [boroughs](/source/Borough_(New_York_City)). It remained part of New York County until Bronx County was created in 1914.[52]

On April 19, 1912, those parts of New York County which had been annexed from Westchester County in previous decades were newly constituted as Bronx County, the 62nd and last county to be created by the state, effective in 1914.[46][53] Bronx County's courts opened for business on January 2, 1914, the same day that [John P. Mitchel](/source/John_P._Mitchel) started work as [Mayor of New York City](/source/Mayor_of_New_York_City).[5] [Marble Hill, Manhattan](/source/Marble_Hill,_Manhattan), was now connected to the Bronx by filling in the former waterway, but it is not part of the borough or Bronx county.[54]

### After 1914

The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–1929, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The [Great Depression](/source/Great_Depression) and post-World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx changed during 1950–1985 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty in some areas. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.[55]

#### New York City expands

The Bronx was a mostly rural area for many generations, with small farms supplying the city markets. In the late 19th century, it grew into a railroad suburb. Faster transportation enabled rapid population growth in the late 19th century, involving the move from horse-drawn street cars to elevated railways and the subway system, which linked to Manhattan in 1904.[55]

The South Bronx was a manufacturing center for many years, and was noted as a center of [piano](/source/Piano) manufacturing in the early part of the 20th century. In 1919, the Bronx was the site of 63 piano factories employing more than 5,000 workers.[56]

Before the end of [World War I](/source/World_War_I), the Bronx hosted the rather small [1918 World's Fair](/source/Bronx_International_Exposition_of_Science,_Arts_and_Industries) at 177th Street and DeVoe Avenue.[4][57]

The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the [New York City Subway](/source/New_York_City_Subway) contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction.[58] Among these groups, many [Irish Americans](/source/Irish_Americans), [Italian Americans](/source/Italian_Americans), and especially [Jewish Americans](/source/Jewish_Americans) settled here. [French](/source/French_American), [German](/source/German_Americans), [Polish](/source/Polish_American), and other immigrants moved into the borough. As evidence of the change in population, by 1937, 592,185 Jews lived in the Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population),[59] while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many [synagogues](/source/Synagogue) still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses.[60]

#### Change

[Bootleggers](/source/Rum-running) and gangs were active in the Bronx during [Prohibition](/source/Prohibition_in_the_United_States), between 1920 and 1933. Irish, Italian, Jewish, and Polish gangs smuggled in most of the illegal whiskey, and the oldest sections of the borough became poverty-stricken.[61] Police Commissioner Richard Enright said that [speakeasies](/source/Speakeasy) provided a place for "the vicious elements, bootleggers, gamblers and their friends in all walks of life" to cooperate and to "evade the law, escape punishment for their crimes, [and] to deter the police from doing their duty".[62]

In 1945, the [Bronx Marian apparitions](/source/Bronx_Marian_apparitions) drew 30,000 pilgrims to the area to see the site of an alleged vision of the [Virgin Mary](/source/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus).[63]

Between 1930 and 1960, moderate and upper income Bronxites, predominantly non-Hispanic Whites, [began to relocate](/source/White_flight) from the borough's southwestern neighborhoods. This migration has left a mostly poor African American and Hispanic, largely [Puerto Rican](/source/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States), population in the West Bronx. A significant factor that shifted the racial and economic demographics was the construction of [Co-op City](/source/Co-op_City,_Bronx), built to house middle-class residents in family-sized apartments. The high-rise complex played a significant role in draining middle-class residents from older tenement buildings in the borough's southern and western fringes. Most predominantly non-Hispanic White communities today [are in the eastern and northwestern sections of the borough](/source/Demographics_of_the_Bronx).[64]

From the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, the [quality of life](/source/Quality_of_life) changed for some Bronx residents. Historians and social scientists have suggested many factors, including the theory that [Robert Moses](/source/Robert_Moses)' [Cross Bronx Expressway](/source/Cross_Bronx_Expressway) destroyed existing residential neighborhoods and created instant slums, as put forward in [Robert Caro](/source/Robert_Caro)'s biography *[The Power Broker](/source/The_Power_Broker)*.[65] Another factor in the Bronx's decline may have been the development of [high-rise](/source/High-rise) [housing projects](/source/Public_housing#United_States), particularly in the [South Bronx](/source/South_Bronx).[66] Yet another factor may have been a reduction in the real estate listings and property-related financial services offered in some areas of the Bronx, such as [mortgage loans](/source/Mortgage_loan) or insurance policies—a process known as [redlining](/source/Redlining). Others have suggested a "[planned shrinkage](/source/Planned_shrinkage)" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting.[67][68][69] There was also much debate as to whether [rent control](/source/Rent_control) laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings.[citation needed]

In the 1970s, parts of the Bronx were plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, such as the South Bronx. One explanation of this event was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money, as it was easier for them to get insurance money than to try to refurbish a dilapidated building or sell a building in a severely distressed area.[70] The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx.[71] There were cases where tenants set fire to the building they lived in so they could qualify for emergency relocations by city social service agencies to better residences, sometimes being relocated to other parts of the city.

Out of 289 census tracts in the Bronx borough, 7 tracts lost more than 97% of their buildings to arson and abandonment between 1970 and 1980; another 44 tracts had more than 50% of their buildings meet the same fate. By the early 1980s, the Bronx was considered the most blighted urban area in the country, particularly the South Bronx which experienced a loss of 60% of the population and 40% of housing units. However, starting in the 1990s, many of the burned-out and run-down tenements were replaced by new housing units.[71]

In May 1984, [New York Supreme Court](/source/New_York_Supreme_Court) justice [Peter J. McQuillan](/source/Peter_J._McQuillan) ruled that [Marble Hill, Manhattan](/source/Marble_Hill,_Manhattan), was simultaneously part of the Borough of Manhattan (not the Borough of the Bronx) and part of Bronx County (not New York County)[72] and the matter was definitively settled later that year when the [New York Legislature](/source/New_York_Legislature) overwhelmingly passed legislation declaring the neighborhood part of both New York County and the Borough of Manhattan and made this clarification retroactive to 1938, as reflected on the official maps of the city.[73][74][75]

### Revitalization

Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan"[76][77] and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating [affordable housing](/source/Affordable_housing). Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons[78][79][80] began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx.[81] The [IRT White Plains Road Line](/source/IRT_White_Plains_Road_Line) () began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as [Marshalls](/source/Marshalls), [Staples](/source/Staples_Inc.), and [Target](/source/Target_Corporation) opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs.[82][83][84][full citation needed][85]

In 1997, the Bronx was designated an *[All America City](/source/All_America_City)* by the [National Civic League](/source/National_Civic_League), acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century.[86] In 2006, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)* reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings."[87] The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx.[88]

In addition there came a revitalization of the existing housing market in areas such as Hunts Point, the Lower Concourse, and the neighborhoods surrounding the Third Avenue Bridge as people buy apartments and renovate them.[89] Several boutique and chain hotels opened in the 2010s in the [South Bronx](/source/South_Bronx).[90]

New developments are underway.[when?] The [Bronx General Post Office](/source/Bronx_General_Post_Office)[91][92] on the corner of the Grand Concourse and East 149th Street is being converted into a market place, boutiques, restaurants and office space with a USPS concession.[93] The [Kingsbridge Armory](/source/Kingsbridge_Armory), often cited as the largest armory in the world, is currently slated for redevelopment. Under consideration for future development is the construction of a platform over the [New York City Subway](/source/New_York_City_Subway)'s [Concourse Yard](/source/Concourse_Yard) adjacent to [Lehman College](/source/Lehman_College). The construction permitted approximately 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of development and cost US$350–500 million.[94]

Despite significant investment compared to the post war period, many exacerbated social problems remain including high rates of violent crime, substance abuse, overcrowding, and substandard housing conditions.[95][96][97][98] The Bronx has the highest rate of poverty in New York City, and the greater South Bronx is the poorest area.[99][100]

## Geography

Main article: [Geography of New York City](/source/Geography_of_New_York_City)

### Location and physical features

See also: [List of smaller islands in New York City](/source/List_of_smaller_islands_in_New_York_City)

According to the [U.S. Census Bureau](/source/U.S._Census_Bureau), Bronx County has a total area of 57 square miles (150 km2), of which 42 square miles (110 km2) is land and 15 square miles (39 km2) (27%) is water.[101]

The Bronx is New York City's northernmost borough, New York State's southernmost mainland county and the only part of New York City that is almost entirely on the North American mainland, unlike the other four boroughs that are either islands or located on islands.[102] The [bedrock](/source/Bedrock) of the [West Bronx](/source/West_Bronx) is primarily *Fordham [gneiss](/source/Gneiss)*, a high-grade heavily banded [metamorphic rock](/source/Metamorphic_rock) containing significant amounts of [pink feldspar](/source/Feldspar).[103] Marble Hill – politically part of Manhattan but now physically attached to the Bronx – is so-called because of the formation of [Inwood marble](/source/Inwood_marble) there as well as in [Inwood, Manhattan](/source/Inwood,_Manhattan), and parts of the Bronx and Westchester County.

The [Hudson River](/source/Hudson_River) separates the Bronx on the west from [Alpine](/source/Alpine,_New_Jersey), [Tenafly](/source/Tenafly,_New_Jersey) and [Englewood Cliffs](/source/Englewood_Cliffs,_New_Jersey) in [Bergen County, New Jersey](/source/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey). The [Harlem River](/source/Harlem_River) separates it from the island of [Manhattan](/source/Manhattan) to the southwest. The [East River](/source/East_River) separates it from [Queens](/source/Queens) to the southeast. To the east, [Long Island Sound](/source/Long_Island_Sound) separates it from [Nassau County](/source/Nassau_County,_New_York) in western Long Island. Directly north of the Bronx are (from west to east) the adjoining [Westchester County](/source/Westchester_County,_New_York) communities of [Yonkers](/source/Yonkers,_New_York), [Mount Vernon](/source/Mount_Vernon,_New_York), [Pelham Manor](/source/Pelham_Manor,_New_York) and [New Rochelle](/source/New_Rochelle,_New_York). There is also a short southern land boundary with [Marble Hill](/source/Marble_Hill,_Manhattan) in the Borough of Manhattan, over the filled-in former course of the [Spuyten Duyvil Creek](/source/Spuyten_Duyvil_Creek); Marble Hill's postal [ZIP code](/source/ZIP_code), telephonic [area codes](/source/Area_codes) and fire service, however, are shared with the Bronx and not Manhattan.[54]

The [Bronx River](/source/Bronx_River) flows south from Westchester County through the borough, emptying into the East River; it is the only entirely [freshwater](/source/Freshwater) river in New York City.[104] It separates the West Bronx from the schist of the [East Bronx](/source/East_Bronx). A smaller river, the [Hutchinson River](/source/Hutchinson_River) (named after the religious leader [Anne Hutchinson](/source/Anne_Hutchinson), killed along its banks in 1641), passes through the East Bronx and empties into [Eastchester Bay](/source/Eastchester_Bay).

The Bronx includes several small islands in the [East River](/source/East_River) and [Long Island Sound](/source/Long_Island_Sound), such as [City Island](/source/City_Island,_New_York) and [Hart Island](/source/Hart_Island_(New_York)). [Rikers Island](/source/Rikers_Island) in the East River, home to the large jail complex for the entire city, is also part of the Bronx.

The Bronx's highest elevation at 280 feet (85 m) is in the northwest corner, west of [Van Cortlandt Park](/source/Van_Cortlandt_Park) and in the Chapel Farm area near the [Riverdale Country School](/source/Riverdale_Country_School).[105] The opposite (southeastern) side of the Bronx has four large low peninsulas or "necks" of low-lying land that jut into the waters of the East River and were once [salt marsh](/source/Salt_marsh): Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and [Throggs Neck](/source/Throggs_Neck). Further up the coastline, [Rodman's Neck](/source/Rodman's_Neck) lies between [Pelham Bay Park](/source/Pelham_Bay_Park) in the northeast and [City Island](/source/City_Island,_New_York). The Bronx's irregular shoreline extends for 75 square miles (194 km2).[106]

### Parks and open space

See also:

Sample of open spaces and parks in the Bronx Acquired Name acres sq. mi. hectares 1863 Woodlawn Cemetery 400 0.6 162 1888 Pelham Bay Park 2,772 4.3 1,122 Van Cortlandt Park 1,146 1.8 464 Bronx Park 718 1.1 291 Crotona Park 128 0.2 52 St. Mary's Park 35 0.05 14 1890 Jerome Park Reservoir 94 0.15 38 1897 St. James Park 11 0.02 4.6 1899 Macombs Dam Park † 28 0.04 12 1909 Henry Hudson Park 9 0.01 4 1937 Ferry Point Park 414 0.65 168 Soundview Park 196 0.31 79 1962 Wave Hill 21 0.03 8.5 Land area of the Bronx in 2000 26,897 42.0 10,885 Water area 9,855 15.4 3,988 Total area[101] 36,752 57.4 14,873 † closed in 2007 to build a new park & Yankee Stadium[107] Main source: New York City Department of Parks & Recreation[108]

Although Bronx County was the third most densely populated county in the United States in 2022 (after [Manhattan](/source/Manhattan) and [Brooklyn](/source/Brooklyn)),[109] 7,000 acres (28 km2) of the Bronx—about one fifth of the Bronx's area, and one quarter of its land area—is given over to parkland.[6][110] The vision of a system of major Bronx parks connected by park-like thoroughfares is usually attributed to [John Mullaly](/source/John_Mullaly).

[Woodlawn Cemetery](/source/Woodlawn_Cemetery_(Bronx,_New_York)), located on 400 acres (160 ha) and one of the largest cemeteries in New York City, sits on the western bank of the [Bronx River](/source/Bronx_River) near [Yonkers](/source/Yonkers,_New_York). It opened in 1863, in what was then the town of Yonkers, at the time a rural area. Since the first burial in 1865, more than 300,000 people have been interred there.[111]

The borough's northern side includes the largest park in New York City—[Pelham Bay Park](/source/Pelham_Bay_Park), which includes [Orchard Beach](/source/Orchard_Beach,_New_York)—and the third-largest, [Van Cortlandt Park](/source/Van_Cortlandt_Park), which is west of Woodlawn Cemetery and borders [Yonkers](/source/Yonkers,_New_York).[112] Also in the northern Bronx, [Wave Hill](/source/Wave_Hill_(New_York)), the former estate of [George W. Perkins](/source/George_Walbridge_Perkins)—known for a historic house, gardens, changing site-specific art installations and concerts—overlooks the [New Jersey Palisades](/source/New_Jersey_Palisades) from a promontory on the [Hudson](/source/Hudson_River) in [Riverdale](/source/Riverdale,_Bronx).[112]

Nearer the borough's center, and along the [Bronx River](/source/Bronx_River), is [Bronx Park](/source/Bronx_Park). Its northern end houses the [New York Botanical Gardens](/source/New_York_Botanical_Gardens), which preserve the last patch of the original [hemlock](/source/Tsuga) forest that once covered the county, and its southern end the [Bronx Zoo](/source/Bronx_Zoo), the largest urban zoological gardens in the United States.[113] In 1904, the Chestnut Blight pathogen (*[Cryphonectria parasitica](/source/Cryphonectria_parasitica)*) was found for the first time outside of [Asia](/source/Asia), at the Bronx Zoo.[114] Over the next 40 years it spread throughout [eastern North America](/source/Eastern_North_America) and killed back essentially every American Chestnut (*[Castanea dentata](/source/Castanea_dentata)*), causing ecological and economic devastation.[114]

Just south of [Van Cortlandt Park](/source/Van_Cortlandt_Park) is the [Jerome Park Reservoir](/source/Jerome_Park_Reservoir), surrounded by 2 miles (3 km) of stone walls and bordering several small parks in the [Bedford Park](/source/Bedford_Park,_Bronx) neighborhood; the [reservoir](/source/Reservoir) was built in the 1890s on the site of the former [Jerome Park Racetrack](/source/Jerome_Park_Racetrack).[115] Further south is [Crotona Park](/source/Crotona_Park), home to a 3.3-acre (1.3-hectare) lake, 28 species of trees, and a large swimming pool.[116] The land for these parks, and many others, was bought by New York City in 1888, while land was still open and inexpensive, in anticipation of future needs and future pressures for development.[117]

Some of the acquired land was set aside for the [Grand Concourse](/source/Grand_Concourse_(Bronx)) and [Pelham Parkway](/source/Pelham_Parkway), the first of a series of [boulevards](/source/Boulevard) and [parkways](/source/Parkway), [thoroughfares](/source/Thoroughfare) lined with trees, vegetation and greenery. Later projects included the [Bronx River Parkway](/source/Bronx_River_Parkway), which developed a road while restoring the riverbank and reducing pollution, [Mosholu Parkway](/source/Mosholu_Parkway) and the [Henry Hudson Parkway](/source/Henry_Hudson_Parkway).

In 2006, a five-year, $220-million program of capital improvements and natural restoration in 70 Bronx parks was begun (financed by water and sewer revenues) as part of an agreement that allowed a [water filtration plant](/source/Croton_Water_Filtration_Plant) under [Mosholu Golf Course](/source/Mosholu_Golf_Course) in Van Cortlandt Park. One major focus is on opening more of the [Bronx River](/source/Bronx_River)'s banks and restoring them to a natural state.[118]

### Adjacent counties

The Bronx adjoins:[119]

- [Westchester County](/source/Westchester_County,_New_York) – north
- [Nassau County](/source/Nassau_County,_New_York) – southeast (across the [East River](/source/East_River))
- [Queens County (Queens)](/source/Queens) – south (across the East River)
- [New York County (Manhattan)](/source/Manhattan) – southwest
- [Bergen County, New Jersey](/source/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey) – west (across the [Hudson River](/source/Hudson_River))

## Divisions of the Bronx

### Regional divisions

There are two primary systems for dividing the Bronx into regions, which do not necessarily agree with one another. One system is based on the [Bronx River](/source/Bronx_River), while the other strictly separates [South Bronx](/source/South_Bronx) from the rest of the borough.

The [Bronx River](/source/Bronx_River) divides the borough nearly in half, putting the earlier-settled, more urban, and hillier sections in the west and the newer, more suburban coastal sections in the east. It is an accurate reflection on the Bronx's history considering that the towns that existed in the area prior to annexation to the City of New York generally did not straddle the Bronx River.[citation needed] In addition, what is today the Bronx was annexed to New York City in two stages: areas west of the Bronx River were annexed in 1874, while areas to the east of the river were annexed in 1895.[38]

- **[West Bronx](/source/West_Bronx)**: all parts of the Bronx west of the **Bronx River** (as opposed to Jerome Avenue – this street is simply the "east-west" divider for designating numbered streets as "east" or "west". As the Bronx's numbered streets continue from Manhattan to south, on which the street numbering system is based, Jerome Avenue actually represents a longitudinal halfway point for Manhattan, not the Bronx.)[120]
- **[East Bronx](/source/East_Bronx)**: all parts of the Bronx east of the **Bronx River** (as opposed to Jerome Avenue)[120][121]

Under this system, the Bronx can be further divided into the following regions:

- **Northwest Bronx**: the northern half of the West Bronx; the area north of Fordham Road and west of the Bronx River
- **Southwest Bronx**: the southern half of the West Bronx; the area south of Fordham Road and west of the Bronx River
- **Northeast Bronx**: the northern half of the East Bronx; the area north of Pelham Parkway and east of the Bronx River
- **Southeast Bronx**: the southern half of the East Bronx; the area south of Pelham Parkway and east of the Bronx River

A second system divides the borough first and foremost into the following sections:

- **[North Bronx](/source/North_Bronx)**: all areas not in the South Bronx (Southwest Bronx) – i.e. the Northwest Bronx, Northeast Bronx, and Southeast Bronx
- **[South Bronx](/source/South_Bronx)**: the Southwest Bronx – south of Fordham Road and west of the Bronx River. This includes the areas traditionally considered part of the South Bronx.

### Neighborhoods

See also: [List of Bronx neighborhoods](/source/List_of_Bronx_neighborhoods), [Bronx Community Board](/source/Bronx_Community_Board) and [Timeline of town creation in Downstate New York](/source/Timeline_of_town_creation_in_Downstate_New_York)

The number, locations, and boundaries of the Bronx's neighborhoods (many of them sitting on the sites of 19th-century villages) have become unclear with time and successive waves of newcomers. Even city officials do not necessarily agree. In a 2006 article for *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, Manny Fernandez described the disagreement:

According to a [Department of City Planning](/source/New_York_City_Department_of_City_Planning) map of the city's neighborhoods, the Bronx has 49. The map publisher [Hagstrom](/source/Hagstrom) identifies 69. The borough president, [Adolfo Carrión Jr.](/source/Adolfo_Carri%C3%B3n_Jr.), says 61. The Mayor's Community Assistance Unit, in a listing of the [borough's community boards](/source/Bronx_Community_Board), names 68.[122]

Major neighborhoods of the Bronx include the following.

### East Bronx

Main article: [East Bronx](/source/East_Bronx)

([Bronx Community Districts](/source/Bronx_Community_Board) 9 *[south central]*, 10 *[east]*, 11 *[east central]* and 12 *[north central]*)[123]

East of the [Bronx River](/source/Bronx_River), the borough is relatively flat and includes four large low peninsulas, or 'necks,' of low-lying land which jut into the waters of the East River and were once saltmarsh: Hunts Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck (Castle Hill Point) and [Throgs Neck](/source/Throgs_Neck). The East Bronx has older tenement buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multifamily homes, as well as single family homes. It includes New York City's largest park: [Pelham Bay Park](/source/Pelham_Bay_Park) along the [Westchester](/source/Westchester_County,_New_York)-Bronx border.

Neighborhoods include: [Clason's Point](/source/Clason's_Point,_Bronx), [Harding Park](/source/Harding_Park,_Bronx), [Soundview](/source/Soundview,_Bronx), [Castle Hill](/source/Castle_Hill,_Bronx), [Parkchester](/source/Parkchester,_Bronx) *([Community District 9](/source/Bronx_Community_Board_9))*; [Throggs Neck](/source/Throggs_Neck), [Country Club](/source/Country_Club,_Bronx), [City Island](/source/City_Island,_Bronx), [Pelham Bay](/source/Pelham_Bay), [Edgewater Park](/source/Edgewater_Park_(Bronx)), [Co-op City](/source/Co-op_City,_Bronx) *([Community District 10](/source/Bronx_Community_Board_10))*; [Westchester Square](/source/Westchester_Square,_Bronx), [Van Nest](/source/Van_Nest), [Pelham Parkway](/source/Pelham_Parkway,_Bronx), [Morris Park](/source/Morris_Park,_Bronx) *([Community District 11](/source/Bronx_Community_Board_11))*; [Williamsbridge](/source/Williamsbridge,_Bronx), [Eastchester](/source/Eastchester,_Bronx), [Baychester](/source/Baychester,_Bronx), [Edenwald](/source/Edenwald,_Bronx) and [Wakefield](/source/Wakefield,_Bronx) *([Community District 12](/source/Bronx_Community_Board_12))*.

#### City Island and Hart Island

Main articles: [City Island, Bronx](/source/City_Island,_Bronx) and [Hart Island (Bronx)](/source/Hart_Island_(Bronx))

([Bronx Community District](/source/Bronx_Community_Board) 10)

City Island is east of [Pelham Bay Park](/source/Pelham_Bay_Park) in [Long Island Sound](/source/Long_Island_Sound) and is known for its seafood restaurants and private waterfront homes.[124] City Island's single shopping street, City Island Avenue, is reminiscent of a small New England town. It is connected to [Rodman's Neck](/source/Rodman's_Neck) on the mainland by the [City Island Bridge](/source/City_Island_Bridge).

East of City Island is [Hart Island](/source/Hart_Island_(New_York)), which is uninhabited and not open to the public. It once served as a prison and now houses New York City's [potter's field](/source/Potter's_field) for unclaimed bodies.[125]

### West Bronx

Main article: [West Bronx](/source/West_Bronx)

([Bronx Community Districts](/source/Bronx_Community_Board) 1 to 8, progressing roughly from south to northwest)

The western parts of the Bronx are hillier and are dominated by a series of parallel ridges, running south to north. The West Bronx has older apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, multifamily homes in its lower income areas as well as larger single family homes in more affluent areas such as [Riverdale](/source/Riverdale,_Bronx) and [Fieldston](/source/Fieldston,_Bronx).[126] It includes New York City's third-largest park: [Van Cortlandt Park](/source/Van_Cortlandt_Park) along the Westchester-Bronx border. The [Grand Concourse](/source/Grand_Concourse_(Bronx)), a wide boulevard, runs through it, north to south.

#### Northwestern Bronx

([Bronx Community Districts](/source/Bronx_Community_Board) 7 *[between the [Bronx](/source/Bronx_River) and [Harlem Rivers](/source/Harlem_River)]* and 8 *[facing the [Hudson River](/source/Hudson_River)]* – plus part of Board 12)

Neighborhoods include: Fordham-Bedford, [Bedford Park](/source/Bedford_Park,_Bronx), [Norwood](/source/Norwood,_Bronx), [Kingsbridge Heights](/source/Kingsbridge_Heights) *([Community District 7](/source/Bronx_Community_Board_7))*, [Kingsbridge](/source/Kingsbridge,_Bronx), [Riverdale](/source/Riverdale,_Bronx) *([Community District 8](/source/Bronx_Community_Board_8))*, and [Woodlawn Heights](/source/Woodlawn_Heights,_Bronx) *([Community District 12](/source/Bronx_Community_Board_12))*. ([Marble Hill, Manhattan](/source/Marble_Hill,_Manhattan) is now connected by land to the Bronx rather than Manhattan and is served by Bronx Community District 8.)

#### South Bronx

Main article: [South Bronx](/source/South_Bronx)

([Bronx Community Districts](/source/Bronx_Community_Board) 1 to 6 plus part of CD 7—*progressing northwards, CDs 2, 3 and 6 border the [Bronx River](/source/Bronx_River) from its mouth to [Bronx Park](/source/Bronx_Park), while 1, 4, 5 and 7 face Manhattan across the [Harlem River](/source/Harlem_River)*)

Like other [neighborhoods in New York City](/source/Neighborhoods_in_New_York_City), the South Bronx has no official boundaries. The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and is applied to progressively more northern places so that by the 2000s, [Fordham Road](/source/Fordham_Road) was often used as a northern limit. The [Bronx River](/source/Bronx_River) more consistently forms an eastern boundary. The South Bronx has many high-density apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multi-unit homes. The South Bronx is home to the [Bronx County Courthouse](/source/Bronx_County_Courthouse), Borough Hall, and other government buildings, as well as [Yankee Stadium](/source/Yankee_Stadium). The [Cross Bronx Expressway](/source/Cross_Bronx_Expressway) bisects it, east to west. The South Bronx has some of the poorest neighborhoods in the country, as well as very high crime areas.

Neighborhoods include: [The Hub](/source/The_Hub,_Bronx) (a retail district at [Third Avenue](/source/Third_Avenue) and East 149th Street), [Port Morris](/source/Port_Morris,_Bronx), [Mott Haven](/source/Mott_Haven,_Bronx) *([Community District 1](/source/Bronx_Community_Board_1))*, [Melrose](/source/Melrose,_Bronx) *([Community District 1](/source/Bronx_Community_Board_1) & [Community District 3](/source/Bronx_Community_Board_3))*, [Morrisania](/source/Morrisania), [East Morrisania](/source/East_Morrisania,_Bronx) [also known as Crotona Park East] *([Community District 3](/source/Bronx_Community_Board_3))*, [Hunts Point](/source/Hunts_Point,_Bronx), [Longwood](/source/Longwood,_Bronx) *([Community District 2](/source/Bronx_Community_Board_2))*, [Highbridge](/source/Highbridge,_Bronx), [Concourse](/source/Concourse,_Bronx) *([Community District 4](/source/Bronx_Community_Board_4))*, [West Farms](/source/West_Farms,_Bronx), [Belmont](/source/Belmont,_Bronx), [East Tremont](/source/East_Tremont,_Bronx) *([Community District 6](/source/Bronx_Community_Board_6))*, [Tremont](/source/Tremont,_Bronx), [Morris Heights](/source/Morris_Heights,_Bronx) *([Community District 5](/source/Bronx_Community_Board_5))*, [University Heights](/source/University_Heights,_Bronx). *([Community District 5](/source/Bronx_Community_Board_5) & [Community District 7](/source/Bronx_Community_Board_7))*.

## Demographics

Main article: [Demographics of the Bronx](/source/Demographics_of_the_Bronx)

### Race, ethnicity, language, and immigration

See also: [List of people from the Bronx](/source/List_of_people_from_the_Bronx)

Race 2021[127] 2020[128] 2010[129] 1990[130] 1970[130] 1950[130] White 14.3% 14.1% 27.9% 35.7% 73.4% 93.1% —Non-Hispanic 9.0% 8.9% 10.9% 22.6% N/A N/A Black or African American 33.8% 33.1% 36.5% 37.3% 24.3% 6.7% Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 56.4% 54.8% 53.5% 43.5% 27.7%[131] N/A Asian 4.7% 4.7% 3.6% 3% 0.5% 0.1% Two or more races 3.8% 13.0% 5.3% N/A N/A N/A

#### 2018 estimates

The borough's most populous racial group, White, declined from 99.3% in 1920 to 14.9% in 2018.[130]

The Bronx has 532,487 housing units, with a median value of $371,800, and with an owner-occupancy rate of 19.7%, the lowest of the five boroughs. There are 495,356 households, with 2.85 persons per household. 59.3% of residents speak a language besides English at home, the highest rate of the five boroughs.

In the Bronx, the population is 7.2% under 5, 17.6% 6–18, 62.4% 19–64, and 12.8% over 65. 52.9% of the population is female. 35.3% of residents are foreign born.

The per capita income is $19,721, while the median household income is $36,593, both being the lowest of the five boroughs. 27.9% of residents live below the poverty line, the highest of the five boroughs.

#### 2010 census

According to the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race); 30.1% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 10.9% of the population was non-Hispanic White, 3.4% non-Hispanic Asian, 1.2% of two or more races (non-Hispanic), and 0.6% from some other race (non-Hispanic).

As of 2010, 46.29% (584,463) of Bronx residents aged five and older spoke [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language) at home, while 44.02% (555,767) spoke [English](/source/English_language), 2.48% (31,361) [African languages](/source/Languages_of_Africa), 0.91% (11,455) [French](/source/French_language), 0.90% (11,355) [Italian](/source/Italian_language), 0.87% (10,946) [various Indic languages](/source/Indo-Aryan_languages), 0.70% (8,836) [other Indo-European languages](/source/Indo-European_languages), and [Chinese](/source/Chinese_language) was spoken at home by 0.50% (6,610) of the population over the age of five. In total, 55.98% (706,783) of the Bronx's population age five and older spoke a language at home other than English.[132] A [Garifuna](/source/Garifuna_language)-speaking community from [Honduras](/source/Honduras) and [Guatemala](/source/Guatemala) also makes the Bronx its home.[133]

#### 2009 community survey

The Bronx is the only New York City borough with a [Hispanic](/source/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans) majority,[134] many of whom are [Puerto Ricans](/source/Puerto_Rican_American) and [Dominicans](/source/Dominican_American).[135] According to the 2009 American Community Survey, [Black Americans](/source/Black_Americans) were the second largest [racial/ethnic](/source/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census) group in the Bronx. Black people of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-third (35.4%) of the Bronx's population. Black people of non-Hispanic origin made up 30.8% of the population. Over 495,200 Black people resided in the borough, of whom 87% were non-Hispanic. Over 61,000 people identified themselves as Sub-Saharan African in the survey, making up 4.4% of the population.[136]

Multiracial Americans are also a sizable minority in the Bronx. People of multiracial heritage number over 41,800 individuals and represent 3.0% of the population. People of mixed [African American](/source/African_American) and [European American](/source/European_Americans) heritage number over 6,850 members and form 0.5% of the population. People of mixed [Native American](/source/Indigenous_people_of_North_America) and European heritage number over 2,450 members and form 0.2% of the population. People of mixed [Asian](/source/Asian_American) and European heritage number over 880 members and form 0.1% of the population. People of mixed African American and Native American heritage number over 1,220 members and form 0.1% of the population.[136]

Out of all five boroughs, the Bronx has the lowest number and proportion of white residents. As of 2009, [White Americans](/source/White_Americans) of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-fifth (22.9%) of the Bronx's population, or 320,640 people. [Non-Hispanic White](/source/Non-Hispanic_White) people accounted for one-eighth of the population (12.1%, or 168,570 12.1%). This is in contrast to a century ago, when almost all Bronx residents were white (99.3% in 1920). That share fell to about one-third by 1980 (34.4%).[137] As of 2009, White Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented one-fifth (22.9%) of the Bronx's population, but counting non-Hispanic White people the proportion was under one-eighth (12.1%). The majority of the non-Hispanic European American population is of Italian and Irish descent. [People of Italian descent](/source/Italian_American) numbered over 55,000 individuals and made up 3.9% of the population. [People of Irish descent](/source/Irish_American) numbered over 43,500 individuals and made up 3.1% of the population. [German Americans](/source/German_Americans) and [Polish Americans](/source/Polish_Americans) made up 1.4% and 0.8% of the population respectively. The Bronx has the largest [Albanian](/source/Albanian_Americans) community in the United States.[138] As of 2018, non-Hispanic White people account for about one in seven residents (14.9% in 2018).[130]

#### Older estimates

The [census of 1930](/source/1930_United_States_census) counted only 1.0% (12,930) of the Bronx's population as Negro (while making no distinct counts of Hispanic or Spanish-surname residents).[139]

Foreign or overseas birthplaces of Bronx residents, 1930 and 2000 1930 United States census[139] 2000 United States census[140] Total population of the Bronx 1,265,258 Total population of the Bronx 1,332,650 All born abroad or overseas‡ 524,410 39.4% Puerto Rico 126,649 9.5% Foreign-born Whites 477,342 37.7% All foreign-born 385,827 29.0% White persons born in Russia 135,210 10.7% Dominican Republic 124,032 9.3% White persons born in Italy 67,732 5.4% Jamaica 51,120 3.8% White persons born in Poland 55,969 4.4% Mexico 20,962 1.6% White persons born in Germany 43,349 3.4% Guyana 14,868 1.1% White persons born in the Irish Free State † 34,538 2.7% Ecuador 14,800 1.1% Other foreign birthplaces of Whites 140,544 11.1% Other foreign birthplaces 160,045 12.0% † now the Republic of Ireland ‡ beyond the 50 states and Washington, D.C.

### Population and housing

As of the 2010 census, there were 1,385,108 people living in the Bronx, a 3.9% increase since 2000.

As of the [2000 United States census](/source/2000_United_States_census),[129] there were 1,332,650 people, 463,212 households, and 314,984 families residing in the borough. The [population density](/source/Population_density) was 31,709.3 /mi2. There were 490,659 housing units at an average density of 11,674.8 /mi2.[129] Census estimates place total population of Bronx county at 1,392,002 as of 2012.[141]

There were 463,212 households, out of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.4% were married couples living together, 30.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.37.[129]

The age distribution of the population in the Bronx were as follows: 29.8% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.0 males.[129]

### Individual and household income

The 1999 [median income](/source/Median_income) for a household in the borough was $27,611, and the median family income was $30,682. Men had a median income of $31,178 versus $29,429 for women. The [per capita income](/source/Per_capita_income) for the borough was $13,959. About 28.0% of families and 30.7% of the population were below the [poverty line](/source/Poverty_line), including 41.5% of those under age 18 and 21.3% of those age 65 or over. More than half of the neighborhoods in the Bronx are high poverty or extreme poverty areas.[142][143]

From 2015 census data, the [median income](/source/Median_income) for a household was (in 2015 dollars) $34,299. [Per capita income](/source/Per_capita_income) in past 12 months (in 2015 dollars): $18,456 with persons in poverty at 30.3%. Per the 2016 Census data, the [median income](/source/Median_income) for a household was $35,302. Per capita income was cited at $18,896.[144][145]

## Culture and institutions

See also: [Culture of New York City](/source/Culture_of_New_York_City) and [List of Registered Historic Places in Bronx County, New York](/source/List_of_Registered_Historic_Places_in_Bronx_County,_New_York)

### Sports

See also: [Sports in the New York metropolitan area](/source/Sports_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area)

The Bronx is the home of the [New York Yankees](/source/New_York_Yankees)—nicknamed "the Bronx Bombers"—of [Major League Baseball](/source/Major_League_Baseball).[146] The Yankees have won 27 [World Series](/source/World_Series) titles, more than any other team, and their roster has featured players like [Babe Ruth](/source/Babe_Ruth), [Lou Gehrig](/source/Lou_Gehrig), [Joe DiMaggio](/source/Joe_DiMaggio), and [Mickey Mantle](/source/Mickey_Mantle).[147][148]

When the team's original [Yankee Stadium](/source/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)) opened in 1923, it was the largest baseball park.[149] The field also hosted college football games, and was the home of two [National Football League](/source/National_Football_League) teams, the [New York Yankees](/source/New_York_Yankees_(NFL)) (1926–1929) and the [New York Giants](/source/New_York_Giants) (1956–1973).[150] In 2008, the park was replaced with the current [Yankee Stadium](/source/Yankee_Stadium).[151]

The Bronx additionally hosts the only [Major League Soccer](/source/Major_League_Soccer) team in the five boroughs, the [New York City FC](/source/New_York_City_FC), which also plays in Yankee Stadium.[152] Part of the [New York City Marathon](/source/New_York_City_Marathon) travels through the Bronx, including the notoriously difficult Mile 20.[153] From 1889 to 1904, the borough used to have a horse racing facility, the [Morris Park Racecourse](/source/Morris_Park_Racecourse).[154] In its later years, the course was used for [motor racing](/source/1905_Morris_Park_5): a new [land speed record](/source/Land_speed_record) was reached on the track.[155] College teams in the Bronx include the [Fordham Rams](/source/Fordham_Rams) and the [Lehman Lightning](/source/Lehman_Lightning).[156][157]

### Music

See also: [Music of New York City](/source/Music_of_New_York_City)

The Bronx has had a long association with music. In the early 20th century, it was a center for the evolution of [Latin jazz](/source/Latin_jazz).[158][159][160] The [Bronx Opera](/source/Bronx_Opera) was established in 1967.[161]

In the 1970s, the Bronx was strongly associated with the development of [hip hop music](/source/Hip_hop_music),[162][163] which evolved during a decade of demographic and economic decline for the borough.[164] One of the genre's pioneers, [DJ Kool Herc](/source/DJ_Kool_Herc), held parties in the community room of an apartment building at 1520 [Sedgwick Avenue](/source/Sedgwick_Avenue), where he experimented with [turntablist](/source/Turntablism) techniques such as [mixing](/source/DJ_mix) and [scratching](/source/Scratching) of [funk](/source/Funk) records, as well as [rapping](/source/Rapping) during extended instrumentals.[165][166][167] Other significant Bronx DJs from this period include [Grandmaster Flash](/source/Grandmaster_Flash) and [Afrika Bambaataa](/source/Afrika_Bambaataa).[168] In addition, the Bronx was an important base for [drill culture](/source/Drill_music), with the rise of rappers such as [Kay Flock](/source/Kay_Flock), [Sha EK](/source/Sha_EK) and many others.

### Off-Off-Broadway

Main article: [Off-Off-Broadway](/source/Off-Off-Broadway)

The Bronx is home to several [Off-Off-Broadway](/source/Off-Off-Broadway) theaters, many staging new works by immigrant playwrights from Latin America and Africa. The [Pregones Theater](/source/Pregones_Theater), which produces Latin American work, opened a new 130-seat theater in 2005 on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx. Some artists from elsewhere in New York City have begun to converge on the area, and housing prices have nearly quadrupled in the area since 2002. However, rising prices directly correlate to a housing shortage across the city and the entire metro area.

### Arts

The [Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance](/source/Bronx_Academy_of_Arts_and_Dance), founded in 1998 by [Arthur Aviles](/source/Arthur_Aviles) and Charles Rice-Gonzalez, provides dance, theatre and art workshops, festivals and performances focusing on contemporary and modern art in relation to race, gender and sexuality. It is home to the Arthur Aviles Typical Theatre, a contemporary dance company, and the Bronx Dance Coalition. The academy was formerly in the [American Bank Note Company Building](/source/American_Bank_Note_Company_Building) before relocating to a venue on the grounds of St. Peter's Episcopal Church.[169]

The [Bronx Museum of the Arts](/source/Bronx_Museum_of_the_Arts), founded in 1971, exhibits 20th century and contemporary art through its central museum space and 11,000 square feet (1,000 m2) of galleries. Many of its exhibitions are on themes of special interest to the Bronx. Its permanent collection features more than 800 works of art, primarily by artists from Africa, Asia and Latin America, including paintings, photographs, prints, drawings, and mixed media. The museum was temporarily closed in 2006 while it underwent an expansion designed by the architectural firm [Arquitectonica](/source/Arquitectonica) that would double the museum's size to 33,000 square feet (3,100 m2).[170]

The Bronx has also become home to a peculiar poetic tribute in the form of the "[Heinrich Heine](/source/Heinrich_Heine) Memorial", better known as the [Lorelei Fountain](/source/Lorelei_Fountain). After Heine's German birthplace of [Düsseldorf](/source/D%C3%BCsseldorf) had rejected, allegedly for [antisemitic](/source/Antisemitic) motives, a centennial monument to the radical [German-Jewish](/source/German-Jewish) poet (1797–1856), his incensed [German-American](/source/German-American) admirers, including [Carl Schurz](/source/Carl_Schurz), started a movement to place one instead in [Midtown Manhattan](/source/Midtown_Manhattan), at [Fifth Avenue](/source/Fifth_Avenue) and 59th Street. However, this intention was thwarted by a combination of ethnic antagonism, aesthetic controversy and political struggles over the institutional control of public art.[171] In 1899, the memorial by [Ernst Gustav Herter](/source/Ernst_Gustav_Herter) was placed in [Joyce Kilmer Park](/source/Joyce_Kilmer_Park), near the [Yankee Stadium](/source/Yankee_Stadium). In 1999, it was moved to 161st Street and the Concourse.

### Maritime heritage

The [peninsular](/source/Peninsula) borough's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways. The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system's turn-of-the-last-century master architect [C. B. J. Snyder](/source/C._B._J._Snyder). The state's [Maritime College](/source/SUNY_Maritime_College) in [Fort Schuyler](/source/Fort_Schuyler) (on the southeastern shore) houses the [Maritime Industry Museum](/source/Maritime_Industry_Museum).[172] In addition, the Harlem River is reemerging as ["Scullers' Row"](/source/Sculling)[173] due in large part to the efforts of the Bronx River Restoration Project,[174] a joint public-private endeavor of the city's parks department. [Canoeing](/source/Canoeing) and [kayaking](/source/Kayaking) on the borough's namesake river have been promoted by the Bronx River Alliance. The river is also straddled by the [New York Botanical Gardens](/source/New_York_Botanical_Gardens), its neighbor, the [Bronx Zoo](/source/Bronx_Zoo), and a little further south, on the west shore, Bronx River Art Center.[175]

### Community celebrations

"Bronx Week", traditionally held in May, began as a one-day celebration. Begun by Bronx historian Lloyd Ultan and supported by then borough president Robert Abrams, the original one-day program was based on the "Bronx Borough Day" festival which took place in the 1920s. The following year, at the height of the decade's civil unrest, the festival was extended to a one-week event. In the 1980s the key event, the "Bronx Ball", was launched. The week includes the Bronx Week Parade as well as inductions into the "Bronx Walk of Fame".[176]

Various Bronx neighborhoods conduct their own community celebrations. The Arthur Avenue "Little Italy" neighborhood conducts an annual Autumn Ferragosto Festival that celebrates Italian culture.[177] [Hunts Point](/source/Hunts_Point,_Bronx) hosts an annual "Fish Parade and Summer Festival" at the start of summer.[178] [Edgewater Park](/source/Edgewater_Park_(Bronx)) hosts an annual "Ragamuffin" children's walk in November.[179] There are several events to honor the borough's veterans.[180] Albanian Independence Day is also observed.[181]

There are also parades to celebrate Dominican, Italian, and Irish heritage.[182][183][184]

### Press and broadcasting

The Bronx is home to several local newspapers and radio and television studios.

#### Newspapers

The Bronx has several local newspapers, including The Bronx Daily, *The [Bronx News](/source/Bronx_News)*,[185] *[Parkchester](/source/Parkchester) News*, *City News*, *The [Norwood News](/source/Norwood_News)*, *The [Riverdale Press](/source/Riverdale_Press)*, *[Riverdale Review](/source/Riverdale_Review)*, *The [Bronx Times Reporter](/source/Bronx_Times_Reporter)*, and *[Co-op City](/source/Co-op_City) Times*. Four non-profit news outlets, *[Norwood News](/source/Norwood_News)*, *Mount Hope Monitor*, *[Mott Haven Herald](/source/Mott_Haven_Herald)* and *The [Hunts Point](/source/Hunts_Point,_Bronx) Express* serve the borough's poorer communities. The editor and co-publisher of *The Riverdale Press*, Bernard Stein, won the [Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing](/source/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Editorial_Writing) for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues in 1998. (Stein graduated from the [Bronx High School of Science](/source/Bronx_High_School_of_Science) in 1959.)

The Bronx once had its own daily newspaper, *[The Bronx Home News](/source/The_Bronx_Home_News)*, which started publishing on January 20, 1907, and merged into the *[New York Post](/source/New_York_Post)* in 1948. It became a special section of the *Post*, sold only in the Bronx, and eventually disappeared from view.

#### Radio and television

One of New York City's major non-commercial radio broadcasters is [WFUV](/source/WFUV), a [National Public Radio](/source/National_Public_Radio)-affiliated 50,000-watt station broadcasting from [Fordham University](/source/Fordham_University)'s Rose Hill campus in the Bronx. The radio station's antenna was relocated to the top of an apartment building owned by [Montefiore Medical Center](/source/Montefiore_Medical_Center), which expanded the reach of the station's signal.[186]

The City of New York has an official television station run by [NYC Media](/source/NYC_Media) and broadcasting from [Bronx Community College](/source/Bronx_Community_College), and [Cablevision](/source/Cablevision) operates [News 12 The Bronx](/source/News_12_Networks), both of which feature programming based in the Bronx. [Co-op City](/source/Co-op_City) was the first area in the Bronx, and the first in New York beyond [Manhattan](/source/Manhattan), to have its own [cable television](/source/Cable_television) provider. The local [public-access television](/source/Public-access_television) station [BronxNet](/source/BronxNet) originates from Herbert H. Lehman College, the borough's only four year CUNY school, and provides [government-access television](/source/Government-access_television) (GATV) public affairs programming in addition to programming produced by Bronx residents.[187]

## Economy

See also: [Economy of New York City](/source/Economy_of_New_York_City)

Shopping malls and markets in the Bronx include:

- [Bay Plaza Shopping Center](/source/Bay_Plaza_Shopping_Center)
- [Bronx Terminal Market](/source/Bronx_Terminal_Market)
- [Hunts Point Cooperative Market](/source/Hunts_Point_Cooperative_Market)

### Shopping districts

Prominent shopping areas in the Bronx include [Fordham Road](/source/Fordham_Road), [Bay Plaza](/source/Bay_Plaza_Shopping_Center) in [Co-op City](/source/Co-op_City), [The Hub](/source/The_Hub,_Bronx), the [Riverdale](/source/Riverdale,_Bronx)/[Kingsbridge](/source/Kingsbridge,_Bronx) shopping center, and [Bruckner Boulevard](/source/Bruckner_Boulevard). Shops are also concentrated on streets aligned underneath elevated railroad lines, including Westchester Avenue, [White Plains Road](/source/White_Plains_Road), [Jerome Avenue](/source/Jerome_Avenue), [Southern Boulevard](/source/Southern_Boulevard_(Bronx)), and [Broadway](/source/Broadway_(Bronx)). The [Bronx Terminal Market](/source/Bronx_Terminal_Market) contains several [big-box stores](/source/Big-box_store), which opened in 2009 south of Yankee Stadium.

The Bronx has three primary shopping centers: The Hub, Gateway Center and Southern Boulevard. The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District (B.I.D.), in [The Hub](/source/The_Hub,_Bronx), is the retail heart of the [South Bronx](/source/South_Bronx), where four roads converge: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues.[188] It is primarily inside the neighborhood of [Melrose](/source/Melrose,_Bronx) but also lines the northern border of [Mott Haven](/source/Mott_Haven,_Bronx).[189] The Hub has been called "the Broadway of the Bronx", being likened to [the real Broadway](/source/Broadway_(Bronx)) in Manhattan and the northwestern Bronx.[190] It is the site of both maximum traffic and architectural density. In configuration, it resembles a miniature [Times Square](/source/Times_Square), a spatial "bow-tie" created by the geometry of the street.[191] The Hub is part of [Bronx Community Board 1](/source/Bronx_Community_Board_1).

The [Bronx Terminal Market](/source/Bronx_Terminal_Market), in the [West Bronx](/source/West_Bronx), formerly known as Gateway Center, is a shopping center that encompasses less than one million square feet of retail space, built on a 17 acres (7 ha) site that formerly held a wholesale fruit and vegetable market also named Bronx Terminal Market as well as the former [Bronx House of Detention](/source/Bronx_House_of_Detention), south of [Yankee Stadium](/source/Yankee_Stadium). The $500 million shopping center, which was completed in 2009, saw the construction of new buildings and two smaller buildings, one new and the other a renovation of an existing building that was part of the original market. The two main buildings are linked by a six-level garage for 2,600 cars. The center's design has earned it a [LEED](/source/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design) "Silver" designation.[192]

## Government and politics

### Local government

Main article: [Government of New York City](/source/Government_of_New_York_City)

Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, the New York City Charter that provides for a "strong" [mayor–council system](/source/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government) has governed the Bronx. The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in the Bronx.

The office of [Borough President](/source/Borough_President) was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the [New York City Board of Estimate](/source/New_York_City_Board_of_Estimate), which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the [Supreme Court of the United States](/source/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that [Brooklyn](/source/Brooklyn), the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than [Staten Island](/source/Staten_Island), the least populous borough, a violation of the [Fourteenth Amendment's](/source/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) [Equal Protection Clause](/source/Equal_Protection_Clause) pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision.[193]

Borough Presidents of the Bronx Name Party Term † Louis F. Haffen Democratic 1898 – Aug. 1909 John F. Murray Democratic Aug. 1909–1910 Cyrus C. Miller Democratic 1910–1914 Douglas Mathewson Republican- Fusion 1914–1918 Henry Bruckner Democratic 1918–1934 James J. Lyons Democratic 1934–1962 Joseph F. Periconi Republican- Liberal 1962–1966 Herman Badillo Democratic 1966–1970 Robert Abrams Democratic 1970–1979 Stanley Simon Democratic 1979 – April 1987 Fernando Ferrer Democratic April 1987 – 2002 Adolfo Carrión, Jr. Democratic 2002 – March 2009 Rubén Díaz, Jr. Democratic May 2009 – 2021 Vanessa Gibson Democratic 2022 – † Terms begin and end in January where the month is not specified.

Since 1990, the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the [City Council](/source/New_York_City_Council), the New York state government, and corporations.

Until March 1, 2009, the Borough President of the Bronx was [Adolfo Carrión Jr.](/source/Adolfo_Carri%C3%B3n_Jr.), elected as a [Democrat](/source/Democratic_Party_(United_States)) in 2001 and 2005 before retiring early to direct the [White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy](/source/White_House_Office_of_Urban_Affairs_Policy). His successor, Democratic [New York State Assembly](/source/New_York_State_Assembly) member [Rubén Díaz, Jr.](/source/Rub%C3%A9n_D%C3%ADaz_Jr.) — after winning a special election on April 21, 2009, by a vote of 86.3% (29,420) on the "Bronx Unity" line to 13.3% (4,646) for the Republican district leader Anthony Ribustello on the "People First" line,[194][195] — became Borough President on May 1, 2009. In 2021, Rubén Díaz's Democratic successor, [Vanessa Gibson](/source/Vanessa_Gibson) was elected (began serving in 2022) with 79.9% of the vote against 13.4% for Janell King (Republican) and 6.5% for Sammy Ravelo (Conservative).

All of the Bronx's currently elected public officials have first won the nomination of the [Democratic Party](/source/Democratic_Party_(U.S.)) (in addition to any other endorsements). Local party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. Controversial political issues in the Bronx include environmental issues, the cost of housing, and annexation of parkland for new [Yankee Stadium](/source/Yankee_Stadium).[196]

Since its separation from [New York County](/source/New_York_County) on January 1, 1914, the Bronx, has had, like each of the other 61 counties of New York State, its own criminal court system[5] and [District Attorney](/source/District_attorney), the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. [Darcel D. Clark](/source/Darcel_D._Clark) has been the [Bronx County District Attorney](/source/Bronx_County_District_Attorney) since 2016. Her predecessor was [Robert T. Johnson](/source/Robert_T._Johnson_(lawyer)), the District Attorney from 1989 to 2015. He was the first African-American District Attorney in New York State.[197]

The Bronx also has twelve [Community Boards](/source/Community_boards_of_the_Bronx), appointed bodies that advise on land use and municipal facilities and services for local residents, businesses and institutions.

### Politics

After becoming a separate county in 1914, the Bronx has supported only two Republican presidential candidates. It voted heavily for the winning Republican [Warren G. Harding](/source/Warren_G._Harding) in [1920](/source/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York), but much more narrowly on a split vote for his victorious Republican successor [Calvin Coolidge](/source/Calvin_Coolidge) in [1924](/source/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York) (Coolidge 79,562; [John W. Davis](/source/John_W._Davis), Dem., 72,834; [Robert La Follette](/source/Robert_M._La_Follette,_Sr.), 62,202 equally divided between the [Progressive](/source/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924)) and [Socialist](/source/Socialist_Party_of_America) lines).

Since then, the Bronx has always supported the Democratic Party's nominee for president, starting with a vote of 2–1 for the unsuccessful [Al Smith](/source/Al_Smith) in 1928, followed by four 2–1 votes for the successful [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/source/Franklin_D._Roosevelt). (Both had been Governors of New York, but Republican former Gov. [Thomas E. Dewey](/source/Thomas_E._Dewey) won only 28% of the Bronx's vote in 1948 against 55% for Pres. [Harry Truman](/source/Harry_Truman), the winning Democrat, and 17% for [Henry A. Wallace](/source/Henry_A._Wallace) of the [Progressives](/source/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)). It was only 32 years earlier, by contrast, that another Republican former Governor who narrowly lost the Presidency, [Charles Evans Hughes](/source/Charles_Evans_Hughes), had won 42.6% of the Bronx's 1916 vote against Democratic President [Woodrow Wilson](/source/Woodrow_Wilson)'s 49.8% and Socialist candidate [Allan Benson](/source/Allan_Benson)'s 7.3%.)[198] [Donald Trump](/source/Donald_Trump) improved on the Republican Party's performance from a historic low of 8% in 2012 to 27% in 2024 over the course of his three runs for president, the highest for Republicans since [1984](/source/1984_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York).

### Federal Representatives

As of 2025, four Democrats represented the Bronx in the [United States House of Representatives](/source/United_States_House_of_Representatives):[199]

- [Adriano Espaillat](/source/Adriano_Espaillat) (first elected in 2016) represents [New York's 13th congressional district](/source/New_York's_13th_congressional_district), which includes the Bronx neighborhoods of [Bedford Park](/source/Bedford_Park,_Bronx), [Jerome Park](/source/Jerome_Park,_Bronx), [Kingsbridge Heights](/source/Kingsbridge_Heights,_Bronx), [Norwood](/source/Norwood,_Bronx), and parts of [Fordham](/source/Fordham,_Bronx), [Kingsbridge](/source/Kingsbridge,_Bronx), [Morris Heights](/source/Morris_Heights,_Bronx), and [University Heights](/source/University_Heights,_Bronx), as well as a portion of Manhattan.
- [Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez](/source/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez) (first elected in 2018) represents [New York's 14th congressional district](/source/New_York's_14th_congressional_district), which includes the neighborhoods of [City Island](/source/City_Island,_Bronx), [Country Club](/source/Country_Club,_Bronx), [Van Nest](/source/Van_Nest,_Bronx), [Morris Park](/source/Morris_Park,_Bronx), [Parkchester](/source/Parkchester,_Bronx), [Pelham Bay](/source/Pelham_Bay,_Bronx), [Schuylerville](/source/Schuylerville,_Bronx), and [Throggs Neck](/source/Throgs_Neck,_Bronx), as well as a portion of Queens.
- [Ritchie Torres](/source/Ritchie_Torres) (first elected in 2020) represents [New York's 15th congressional district](/source/New_York's_15th_congressional_district), which includes [West Bronx](/source/West_Bronx) and [South Bronx](/source/South_Bronx).
- [George Latimer](/source/George_Latimer_(New_York_politician)) (first elected in 2024) represents [New York's 16th congressional district](/source/New_York's_16th_congressional_district), which includes the neighborhood of [Wakefield](/source/Wakefield,_Bronx), as well as the southern half of Westchester County.

### Elections for Mayor of New York

Main article: [New York City mayoral elections](/source/New_York_City_mayoral_elections)

The Bronx has often shown striking differences from other boroughs in [elections for Mayor](/source/New_York_City_mayoral_elections). The only Republican to carry the Bronx since 1914 was [Fiorello La Guardia](/source/Fiorello_La_Guardia) in 1933, 1937, and 1941 (and in the latter two elections, only because his 30% to 32% vote on the [American Labor Party](/source/American_Labor_Party) line was added to 22% to 23% as a Republican).[200] The Bronx was thus the only borough not carried by the successful Republican re-election campaigns of Mayors [Rudy Giuliani](/source/Rudy_Giuliani) in 1997 and [Michael Bloomberg](/source/Michael_Bloomberg) in 2005. The anti-war [Socialist](/source/Socialist_Party_of_America) campaign of [Morris Hillquit](/source/Morris_Hillquit) in the [1917 mayoral election](/source/1917_New_York_City_mayoral_election) won over 31% of the Bronx's vote, putting him second and well ahead of the 20% won by the incumbent pro-war Fusion Mayor [John Purroy Mitchel](/source/John_Purroy_Mitchel), who came in second (ahead of Hillquit) everywhere else and outpolled Hillquit citywide by 23.2% to 21.7%.

## Education

See also: [Education in New York City](/source/Education_in_New_York_City), [List of public elementary schools in New York City](/source/List_of_public_elementary_schools_in_New_York_City) and

Education in the Bronx is provided by a large number of public and private institutions, many of which draw students who live beyond the Bronx. The [New York City Department of Education](/source/New_York_City_Department_of_Education) manages the borough's public noncharter schools.[201] In 2000, public schools enrolled nearly 280,000 of the Bronx's residents over three years old (out of 333,100 enrolled in all pre-college schools).[202][needs update] There are also several public [charter schools](/source/Charter_schools). Private schools range from elite [independent schools](/source/Independent_school) to religiously affiliated [schools](/source/Parochial_schools#United_States) run by the [Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York](/source/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_York) and Jewish organizations.

A small portion of land between Pelham and Pelham Bay Park, with 35 houses, is a part of the Bronx, but is cut off from the rest of the borough due to the county boundaries; the New York City government pays for the residents' children to go to [Pelham Union Free School District](/source/Pelham_Union_Free_School_District) schools, including [Pelham Memorial High School](/source/Pelham_Memorial_High_School), since that is more cost effective than sending school buses to take the students to New York City schools. This arrangement has been in place since 1948.[203]

### Educational attainment

In 2000, according to the United States census, out of the nearly 800,000 people in the Bronx who were then at least 25 years old, 62.3% had graduated from high school and 14.6% held a bachelor's or higher college degree. These percentages were lower than those for New York's other boroughs, which ranged from 68.8% (Brooklyn) to 82.6% (Staten Island) for high school graduates over 24, and from 21.8% (Brooklyn) to 49.4% (Manhattan) for college graduates. (The respective state and national percentages were *[NY]* 79.1% & 27.4% and *[US]* 80.4% & 24.4%.)[204][needs update]

### High schools

See also: [List of high schools in New York City#Bronx](/source/List_of_high_schools_in_New_York_City#Bronx)

In the 2000 Census, 79,240 of the nearly 95,000 Bronx residents enrolled in high school attended public schools.[202][needs update]

Many public [high schools](/source/High_school_(North_America)) are in the borough including the elite [Bronx High School of Science](/source/Bronx_High_School_of_Science), [Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music](/source/Celia_Cruz_Bronx_High_School_of_Music), [DeWitt Clinton High School](/source/DeWitt_Clinton_High_School), [High School for Violin and Dance](/source/High_School_for_Violin_and_Dance), [Bronx Leadership Academy 2](/source/Bronx_Leadership_Academy_2), [Bronx International High School](/source/Bronx_International_High_School), the [School for Excellence](/source/School_for_Excellence), the [Morris Academy for Collaborative Study](/source/Morris_Academy_for_Collaborative_Study), Wings Academy for young adults, The [Bronx School for Law, Government and Justice](/source/Bronx_School_for_Law,_Government_and_Justice), [Validus Preparatory Academy](/source/Validus_Preparatory_Academy), The Eagle Academy For Young Men, Bronx Expeditionary Learning High School, Bronx Academy of Letters, [Herbert H. Lehman High School](/source/Herbert_H._Lehman_High_School) and [High School of American Studies](/source/High_School_of_American_Studies_at_Lehman_College). The Bronx is also home to three of New York City's most prestigious private, secular schools: [Fieldston](/source/Ethical_Culture_Fieldston_School), [Horace Mann](/source/Horace_Mann_School), and [Riverdale Country School](/source/Riverdale_Country_School).

High schools linked to the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church) include: [St. Raymond Academy for Girls](/source/St._Raymond_Academy_for_Girls), [All Hallows High School](/source/All_Hallows_High_School), [Fordham Preparatory School](/source/Fordham_Preparatory_School), [Monsignor Scanlan High School](/source/Monsignor_Scanlan_High_School), [St. Raymond High School for Boys](/source/St._Raymond_High_School_for_Boys), [Cardinal Hayes High School](/source/Cardinal_Hayes_High_School), [Cardinal Spellman High School](/source/Cardinal_Spellman_High_School_(New_York_City)), [The Academy of Mount Saint Ursula](/source/Academy_of_Mount_St._Ursula_High_School), [Aquinas High School](/source/Aquinas_High_School_(New_York_City)), [Preston High School](/source/Preston_High_School_(New_York_City)), [St. Catharine Academy](/source/St._Catharine_Academy), [Mount Saint Michael Academy](/source/Mount_Saint_Michael_Academy), and [St. Barnabas High School](/source/St._Barnabas_High_School).

The [SAR Academy](/source/SAR_Academy) and [SAR High School](/source/SAR_High_School) are [Modern Orthodox](/source/Modern_Orthodox) Jewish [Yeshiva](/source/Yeshiva) coeducational day schools in [Riverdale](/source/Riverdale,_Bronx), with roots in Manhattan's [Lower East Side](/source/Lower_East_Side).

In the 1990s, New York City began closing the large, public high schools in the Bronx and replacing them with small high schools. Among the reasons cited for the changes were poor graduation rates and concerns about safety. Schools that have been closed or reduced in size include [John F. Kennedy](/source/John_F._Kennedy_High_School_(Bronx,_New_York)), [James Monroe](/source/James_Monroe_High_School_(New_York)), [Taft](/source/William_Howard_Taft_High_School_(New_York_City)), [Theodore Roosevelt](/source/Theodore_Roosevelt_High_School_(New_York_City)), [Adlai Stevenson](/source/Adlai_E._Stevenson_High_School_(New_York_City)), [Evander Childs](/source/Evander_Childs_High_School), [Christopher Columbus](/source/Christopher_Columbus_High_School_(Bronx,_New_York)), [Morris](/source/Morris_High_School_(Bronx,_New_York)), [Walton](/source/Walton_High_School_(New_York_City)), and South Bronx High Schools.

### Colleges and universities

See also: [List of colleges and universities in New York City](/source/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_New_York_City)

In 2000, 49,442 (57.5%) of the 86,014 Bronx residents seeking college, graduate or professional degrees attended public institutions.[202] Several colleges and universities are in the Bronx.

[Fordham University](/source/Fordham_University) was founded as St. John's College in 1841 by the [Diocese of New York](/source/Archdiocese_of_New_York) as the first Catholic institution of higher education in the [northeast](/source/Northeastern_United_States). It is now officially an independent institution, but strongly embraces its [Jesuit](/source/Jesuit) heritage. The 85-acre (340,000-square metre) Bronx campus, known as Rose Hill, is the main campus of the university, and is among the largest within the city (other Fordham campuses are in Manhattan and Westchester County).[113]

Three campuses of the [City University of New York](/source/City_University_of_New_York) are in the Bronx: [Hostos Community College](/source/Hostos_Community_College), [Bronx Community College](/source/Bronx_Community_College) (occupying the former [University Heights](/source/University_Heights,_Bronx) Campus of [New York University](/source/New_York_University))[205] and Herbert H. [Lehman College](/source/Lehman_College) (formerly the uptown campus of [Hunter College](/source/Hunter_College)), which offers both undergraduate and graduate degrees.

The [College of Mount Saint Vincent](/source/College_of_Mount_Saint_Vincent) is a Catholic liberal arts college in [Riverdale](/source/Riverdale,_Bronx) under the direction of the [Sisters of Charity of New York](/source/Sisters_of_Charity_of_New_York). Founded in 1847 as a school for girls, the academy became a degree-granting college in 1911 and began admitting men in 1974. The school serves 1,600 students. Its campus is also home to the [Academy for Jewish Religion](/source/Academy_for_Jewish_Religion_(New_York)), a transdenominational rabbinical and cantorial school.

[Manhattan University](/source/Manhattan_University) is a Catholic college in [Riverdale](/source/Riverdale,_Bronx) which offers undergraduate programs in the arts, business, education, engineering, and science. It also offers graduate programs in education and engineering.

[Albert Einstein College of Medicine](/source/Albert_Einstein_College_of_Medicine), part of the [Montefiore Medical Center](/source/Montefiore_Medical_Center), is in [Morris Park](/source/Morris_Park,_Bronx).

The coeducational and non-sectarian [Mercy University](/source/Mercy_University)—with its main campus in [Dobbs Ferry](/source/Dobbs_Ferry,_New_York)—has a Bronx campus near [Westchester Square](/source/Westchester_Square,_Bronx).

The [State University of New York Maritime College](/source/State_University_of_New_York_Maritime_College) in [Fort Schuyler](/source/Fort_Schuyler) ([Throggs Neck](/source/Throggs_Neck))—at the far southeastern tip of the Bronx—is the national leader in maritime education and houses the [Maritime Industry Museum](/source/Maritime_Industry_Museum). (Directly across [Long Island Sound](/source/Long_Island_Sound) is [Kings Point](/source/Kings_Point,_New_York), Long Island, home of the [United States Merchant Marine Academy](/source/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy) and the American Merchant Marine Museum.) As of 2017, graduates from the university earned an average annual salary of $144,000, the highest of any university graduates in the United States.[206]

In addition, the private, proprietary [Monroe University](/source/Monroe_University), focused on preparation for business and the professions, started in the Bronx in 1933 and now has a campus in [New Rochelle](/source/New_Rochelle,_New_York) (Westchester County) as well the Bronx's [Fordham](/source/Fordham,_Bronx) neighborhood.[207]

## Transportation

See also: [Transportation in New York City](/source/Transportation_in_New_York_City)

### Roads and streets

#### Surface streets

The Bronx [street grid](/source/Street_grid) is irregular. Like the northernmost part of [upper Manhattan](/source/Upper_Manhattan), the [West Bronx](/source/West_Bronx)'s hilly terrain leaves a relatively free-style street grid. Much of the West Bronx's street numbering carries over from upper Manhattan, but does not match it exactly; East 132nd Street is the lowest numbered street in the Bronx. This dates from the mid-19th century when the southwestern area of [Westchester County](/source/Westchester_County,_New_York) west of the Bronx River, was incorporated into New York City and known as the Northside.

The [East Bronx](/source/East_Bronx) is considerably flatter, and the street layout tends to be more regular. Only the [Wakefield](/source/Wakefield,_Bronx) neighborhood picks up the street numbering, albeit at a misalignment due to Tremont Avenue's layout. At the same diagonal latitude, West 262nd Street in Riverdale matches East 237th Street in Wakefield.

Three major north–south thoroughfares run between Manhattan and the Bronx: [Third Avenue](/source/Third_Avenue), [Park Avenue](/source/Park_Avenue), and [Broadway](/source/Broadway_(Manhattan)). Other major north–south roads include the [Grand Concourse](/source/Grand_Concourse_(Bronx)), [Jerome Avenue](/source/Jerome_Avenue), [Sedgwick Avenue](/source/Sedgwick_Avenue), [Webster Avenue](/source/Webster_Avenue), and [White Plains Road](/source/White_Plains_Road). Major east-west thoroughfares include [Mosholu Parkway](/source/Mosholu_Parkway), [Gun Hill Road](/source/Gun_Hill_Road_(Bronx)), [Fordham Road](/source/Fordham_Road), [Pelham Parkway](/source/Pelham_Parkway), and Tremont Avenue.

Most east–west streets are prefixed with either *East* or *West*, to indicate on which side of Jerome Avenue they lie (continuing the similar system in Manhattan, which uses [Fifth Avenue](/source/Fifth_Avenue) as the dividing line).[208]

The historic [Boston Post Road](/source/Boston_Post_Road), part of the long pre-revolutionary road connecting [Boston](/source/Boston) with other northeastern cities, runs east–west in some places, and sometimes northeast–southwest.

[Mosholu](/source/Mosholu_Parkway) and [Pelham Parkways](/source/Pelham_Parkway), with [Bronx Park](/source/Bronx_Park) between them, [Van Cortlandt Park](/source/Van_Cortlandt_Park) to the west and [Pelham Bay Park](/source/Pelham_Bay_Park) to the east, are also linked by [bridle paths](/source/Bridle_path).

As of the 2000 Census, approximately 61.6% of all Bronx households do not have access to a car. Citywide, the percentage of autoless households is 55%.[209]

#### Highways

Several major [limited access](/source/Limited_access) highways traverse the Bronx. These include:

- the [Bronx River Parkway](/source/Bronx_River_Parkway)
- the [Bruckner Expressway](/source/Bruckner_Expressway) ([I-278](/source/Interstate_278)/[I-95](/source/Interstate_95_in_New_York))
- the [Cross Bronx Expressway](/source/Cross_Bronx_Expressway) ([I-95](/source/Interstate_95_in_New_York)/[I-295](/source/Interstate_295_(New_York)))
- the [New England Thruway](/source/New_England_Thruway) ([I-95](/source/Interstate_95_in_New_York))
- the [Henry Hudson Parkway](/source/Henry_Hudson_Parkway) ([NY-9A](/source/New_York_State_Route_9A))
- the [Hutchinson River Parkway](/source/Hutchinson_River_Parkway)
- the [Major Deegan Expressway](/source/Major_Deegan_Expressway) ([I-87](/source/Interstate_87_(New_York)))

#### Bridges and tunnels

Thirteen bridges and three tunnels connect the Bronx to Manhattan, and three bridges connect the Bronx to [Queens](/source/Queens). These are, from west to east:

*To Manhattan:* the [Spuyten Duyvil Bridge](/source/Spuyten_Duyvil_Bridge), the [Henry Hudson Bridge](/source/Henry_Hudson_Bridge), the [Broadway Bridge](/source/Broadway_Bridge_(Manhattan)), the [University Heights Bridge](/source/University_Heights_Bridge), the [Washington Bridge](/source/Washington_Bridge_(Harlem_River)), the [Alexander Hamilton Bridge](/source/Alexander_Hamilton_Bridge), the [High Bridge](/source/High_Bridge_(New_York_City)), the [Concourse Tunnel](/source/Concourse_Tunnel), the [Macombs Dam Bridge](/source/Macombs_Dam_Bridge), the [145th Street Bridge](/source/145th_Street_Bridge), the [149th Street Tunnel](/source/149th_Street_Tunnel), the [Madison Avenue Bridge](/source/Madison_Avenue_Bridge), the [Park Avenue Bridge](/source/Park_Avenue_Bridge_(New_York_City)), the [Lexington Avenue Tunnel](/source/Lexington_Avenue_Tunnel), the [Third Avenue Bridge](/source/Third_Avenue_Bridge_(Manhattan)) (southbound traffic only), and the [Willis Avenue Bridge](/source/Willis_Avenue_Bridge) (northbound traffic only).

*To both Manhattan and Queens:* the [Robert F. Kennedy Bridge](/source/Robert_F._Kennedy_Bridge), formerly known as the Triborough Bridge.

*To Queens:* the [Bronx–Whitestone Bridge](/source/Bronx%E2%80%93Whitestone_Bridge) and the [Throgs Neck Bridge](/source/Throgs_Neck_Bridge).

### Mass transit

The Bronx is served by seven [New York City Subway](/source/New_York_City_Subway) services along six physical lines, with [70 stations in the Bronx](/source/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_stations_in_the_Bronx):[210]

- [IND Concourse Line](/source/IND_Concourse_Line) ()
- [IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line](/source/IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line) ()
- [IRT Dyre Avenue Line](/source/IRT_Dyre_Avenue_Line) ()
- [IRT Jerome Avenue Line](/source/IRT_Jerome_Avenue_Line) ()
- [IRT Pelham Line](/source/IRT_Pelham_Line) ()
- [IRT White Plains Road Line](/source/IRT_White_Plains_Road_Line) ()

There are also many [MTA Regional Bus Operations](/source/MTA_Regional_Bus_Operations) bus routes in the Bronx. This includes [local and express routes](/source/List_of_bus_routes_in_the_Bronx) as well as [Bee-Line Bus System](/source/Bee-Line_Bus_System) routes.[211]

Two [Metro-North Railroad](/source/Metro-North_Railroad) commuter rail lines (the [Harlem Line](/source/Harlem_Line) and the [Hudson Line](/source/Hudson_Line_(Metro-North))) serve 11 stations in the Bronx. ([Marble Hill](/source/Marble_Hill_(Metro-North_station)), between the [Spuyten Duyvil](/source/Spuyten_Duyvil_(Metro-North_station)) and [University Heights](/source/University_Heights_(Metro-North_station)) stations, is actually in the only part of Manhattan connected to the mainland.) In addition, some trains serving the [New Haven Line](/source/New_Haven_Line) stop at [Fordham Plaza](/source/Fordham_(Metro-North_station)). As part of [Penn Station Access](/source/Penn_Station_Access), the 2018 MTA budget funded construction of four new stops along the New Haven Line to serve [Hunts Point](/source/Hunts_Point,_Bronx), [Parkchester](/source/Parkchester,_Bronx), [Morris Park](/source/Morris_Park,_Bronx), and [Co-op City](/source/Co-op_City,_Bronx).[212]

In 2018, [NYC Ferry](/source/NYC_Ferry)'s Soundview line opened, connecting the [Soundview](/source/Soundview,_Bronx) landing in [Clason Point Park](/source/Clason_Point) to three [East River](/source/East_River) locations in Manhattan. On December 28, 2021; the Throgs Neck Ferry landing at Ferry Point Park in [Throgs Neck](/source/Throgs_Neck,_Bronx) was opened providing an additional stop on the Soundview line.[213] The ferry is operated by [Hornblower Cruises](/source/Hornblower_Cruises).[214]

## In popular culture

### Film and television

See also: [List of films set in New York City](/source/List_of_films_set_in_New_York_City) and [List of television shows set in New York City](/source/List_of_television_shows_set_in_New_York_City)

#### Mid-20th century

Mid-20th century movies set in the Bronx portrayed densely settled, working-class, urban culture. *[From This Day Forward](/source/From_This_Day_Forward)* (1946), set in [Highbridge](/source/Highbridge,_Bronx), occasionally delved into Bronx life. The most notable examinations of working class Bronx life were [Paddy Chayefsky](/source/Paddy_Chayefsky)'s [Academy Award](/source/Academy_Awards)-winning *[Marty](/source/Marty_(film))*[215] and his 1956 film *[The Catered Affair](/source/The_Catered_Affair).* Other films that portrayed life in the Bronx are: the 1993 [Robert De Niro](/source/Robert_De_Niro)/[Chazz Palminteri](/source/Chazz_Palminteri) film, *[A Bronx Tale](/source/A_Bronx_Tale)*, [Spike Lee](/source/Spike_Lee)'s 1999 movie *[Summer of Sam](/source/Summer_of_Sam)*, which focused on an [Italian-American](/source/Italian-American) Bronx community in the 1970s, 1994's *[I Like It Like That](/source/I_Like_It_Like_That_(film))* which takes place in the predominantly [Puerto Rican](/source/Puerto_Rican_people) neighborhood of the South Bronx, and *Doughboys*, the story of two Italian-American brothers in danger of losing their bakery thanks to one brother's gambling debts.

The Bronx's gritty urban life had worked its way into the movies even earlier, with depictions of the "[Bronx cheer](/source/Bronx_cheer_(gesture))", a loud flatulent-like sound of disapproval, allegedly first made by [New York Yankees](/source/New_York_Yankees) fans. The sound can be heard, for example, on the [Spike Jones](/source/Spike_Jones) and His City Slickers recording of "Der Fuehrer's Face" (from the 1942 [Disney](/source/Disney) [animated film](/source/Animated_film) of the [same name](/source/Der_Fuehrer's_Face)), repeatedly lambasting [Adolf Hitler](/source/Adolf_Hitler) with: "We'll Heil! (Bronx cheer) Heil! (Bronx cheer) Right in Der Fuehrer's Face!"[216][217]

#### Symbolism

Starting in the 1970s, the Bronx often symbolized violence, decay, and urban ruin. The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that "The Bronx is burning": in 1974 it was the title of both an editorial in *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)* and a [BBC](/source/BBC) [documentary film](/source/Documentary_film).[218] The line entered the pop-consciousness with Game Two of the [1977 World Series](/source/1977_World_Series), when a fire broke out near [Yankee Stadium](/source/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)) as the team was playing the [Los Angeles Dodgers](/source/Los_Angeles_Dodgers). As the fire was captured on live television, announcer [Howard Cosell](/source/Howard_Cosell) [is wrongly remembered to have said something like](/source/The_Bronx_Is_Burning#Summary), "There it is, ladies and gentlemen: the Bronx is burning". Historians of New York City often point to Cosell's remark as an acknowledgement of both the city and the borough's decline.[219] A feature-length documentary film by Edwin Pagán called *Bronx Burning* chronicled what led up to the many arson-for-insurance fraud fires of the 1970s in the borough.[220][221]

Bronx gang life was depicted in the 1974 novel *The Wanderers* by Bronx native [Richard Price](/source/Richard_Price_(writer)) and the [1979 movie of the same name](/source/The_Wanderers_(1979_film)). They are set in the heart of the Bronx, showing apartment life and the then-landmark Krums ice cream parlor. In the 1979 film *[The Warriors](/source/The_Warriors_(film))*, the eponymous gang go to a meeting in [Van Cortlandt Park](/source/Van_Cortlandt_Park) in the Bronx, and have to fight their way out of the borough and get back to [Coney Island](/source/Coney_Island) in [Brooklyn](/source/Brooklyn). The 2005 video game adaptation features levels called Pelham, Tremont, and "Gunhill" (a play off the name [Gun Hill Road](/source/Gun_Hill_Road_(Bronx))). *[A Bronx Tale](/source/A_Bronx_Tale)* (1993) depicts gang activities in the [Belmont](/source/Belmont,_Bronx) "Little Italy" section of the Bronx. This theme lends itself to the title of *[The Bronx Is Burning](/source/The_Bronx_Is_Burning)*, an eight-part [ESPN](/source/ESPN) TV mini-series (2007) about the [New York Yankees](/source/New_York_Yankees)' drive to winning baseball's [1977 World Series](/source/1977_World_Series). The TV series emphasizes the team's boisterous nature, led by manager [Billy Martin](/source/Billy_Martin), catcher [Thurman Munson](/source/Thurman_Munson) and outfielder [Reggie Jackson](/source/Reggie_Jackson), as well as the malaise of the Bronx and New York City in general during that time, such as the blackout, the city's serious financial woes and near bankruptcy, the arson for insurance payments, and the election of [Ed Koch](/source/Ed_Koch) as mayor.

The 1981 film *[Fort Apache, The Bronx](/source/Fort_Apache,_The_Bronx)* is another film that used the Bronx's gritty image for its storyline. The movie's title is from the nickname for the 41st Police Precinct in the South Bronx which was nicknamed "Fort Apache". Also from 1981 is the horror film *[Wolfen](/source/Wolfen_(film))* making use of the rubble of the Bronx as a home for werewolf type creatures. *[Knights of the South Bronx](/source/Knights_of_the_South_Bronx)*, a true story of a teacher who worked with disadvantaged children, is another film also set in the Bronx released in 2005. The Bronx was the setting for the 1983 film *[Fuga dal Bronx](/source/Fuga_dal_Bronx)*, also known as *Bronx Warriors 2* and *Escape 2000*, an Italian B-movie best known for its appearance on the television series *[Mystery Science Theater 3000](/source/Mystery_Science_Theater_3000)*. The plot revolves around a sinister construction corporation's plans to depopulate, destroy and redevelop the Bronx, and a band of rebels who are out to expose the corporation's murderous ways and save their homes. The film is memorable for its almost incessant use of the phrase, "Leave the Bronx!" Many of the movie's scenes were filmed in [Queens](/source/Queens), substituting as the Bronx. *[Rumble in the Bronx](/source/Rumble_in_the_Bronx)*, filmed in Vancouver, was a 1995 [Jackie Chan](/source/Jackie_Chan) [kung-fu](/source/Kung-fu) film, another which popularized the Bronx to international audiences. *[Last Bronx](/source/Last_Bronx)*, a 1996 Sega game played on the bad reputation of the Bronx to lend its name to an alternate version of post-Japanese bubble Tokyo, where crime and gang warfare is rampant. The 2016 [Netflix](/source/Netflix) series *[The Get Down](/source/The_Get_Down)* is based on the development of hip hop in 1977 in the South Bronx.[222]

### Literature

See also: [List of books set in New York City](/source/List_of_books_set_in_New_York_City)

#### Books

The Bronx has been featured significantly in fiction literature. All of the characters in [Herman Wouk](/source/Herman_Wouk)'s [City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder](/source/City_Boy:_The_Adventures_of_Herbie_Bookbinder) (1948) live in the Bronx, and about half of the action is set there. [Kate Simon](/source/Kate_Simon)'s *Bronx Primitive: Portraits of a Childhood* (1982) is directly autobiographical, a warm account of a Polish-Jewish girl in an immigrant family growing up before World War II, and living near [Arthur Avenue](/source/Arthur_Avenue) and [Tremont Avenue](/source/Tremont_Avenue).[223] In Jacob M. Appel's short story, "The Grand Concourse" (2007),[224] a woman who grew up in the iconic [Lewis Morris](/source/Lewis_Morris) Building returns to the [Morrisania](/source/Morrisania) neighborhood with her adult daughter. Similarly, in [Avery Corman](/source/Avery_Corman)'s book *The Old Neighborhood* (1980),[225] an upper-middle class white protagonist returns to his birth neighborhood ([Fordham Road](/source/Fordham_Road) and the [Grand Concourse](/source/Grand_Concourse_(Bronx))), and learns that even though the folks are poor, Hispanic and African-American, they are good people.

By contrast, [Tom Wolfe](/source/Tom_Wolfe)'s *[Bonfire of the Vanities](/source/The_Bonfire_of_the_Vanities)* (1987)[226] portrays a wealthy, white protagonist, Sherman McCoy, getting lost off the [Bruckner Expressway](/source/Bruckner_Expressway) in the [South Bronx](/source/South_Bronx) and having an altercation with locals. A substantial piece of the last part of the book is set in the resulting riotous trial at the Bronx County Courthouse. However, times change, and in 2007, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)* reported that "the Bronx neighborhoods near the site of Sherman's accident are now dotted with townhouses and apartments." In the same article, the Reverend [Al Sharpton](/source/Al_Sharpton) (whose fictional analogue in the novel is "Reverend Bacon") asserts that "twenty years later, the cynicism of *The Bonfire of the Vanities* is as out of style as [Tom Wolfe](/source/Tom_Wolfe)'s wardrobe."[227]

[Don DeLillo](/source/Don_DeLillo)'s *[Underworld](/source/Underworld_(DeLillo_novel))* (1997) is also set in the Bronx and offers a perspective on the area from the 1950s onward.[228]

#### Poetry

In poetry, the Bronx has been immortalized by one of the world's shortest [couplets](/source/Couplet):

The Bronx? No Thonx : [Ogden Nash](/source/Ogden_Nash), *[The New Yorker](/source/The_New_Yorker)*, 1931

Nash repented 33 years after his [calumny](/source/Calumny), penning the following poem to the dean of faculty at [Bronx Community College](/source/Bronx_Community_College) in 1964:[229]

I wrote those lines, "The Bronx? No thonx"; I shudder to confess them. Now I'm an older, wiser man I cry, "The Bronx? God bless them!"<ref name="thonx" />

In 2016, W. R. Rodriguez published *Bronx Trilogy*—consisting of *the shoe shine parlor poems et al.*, *concrete pastures of the beautiful bronx*, and *from the banks of brook avenue*. The trilogy celebrates Bronx people, places, and events. [DeWitt Clinton High School](/source/DeWitt_Clinton_High_School), [St. Mary's Park](/source/St._Mary's_Park_(Bronx)), and Brook Avenue are a few of the schools, parks, and streets Rodriguez uses as subjects for his poems.[230]

Nash's couplet "The Bronx? No Thonx" and his subsequent blessing are mentioned in *Bronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough*, edited by Lloyd Ultan and Barbara Unger and published in 2000. The book, which includes the work of Yiddish poets, offers a selection from [Allen Ginsberg](/source/Allen_Ginsberg)'s *[Kaddish](/source/Kaddish_(poem))*, as his Aunt Elanor and his mother, Naomi, lived near Woodlawn Cemetery. Also featured is Ruth Lisa Schecther's poem, "Bronx", which is described as a celebration of the borough's landmarks. There is a selection of works from poets such as [Sandra María Esteves](/source/Sandra_Mar%C3%ADa_Esteves), [Milton Kessler](/source/Milton_Kessler), Joan Murray, W. R. Rodriguez, Myra Shapiro, Gayl Teller, and [Terence Wynch](/source/Terence_Winch).[231]

"Bronx Migrations" by Michelle M. Tokarczyk is a collection that spans five decades of Tokarczyk's life in the Bronx, from her exodus in 1962 to her return in search of her childhood tenement.[232][233]

#### Bronx Memoir Project

*[Bronx Memoir Project: Vol. 1](/source/Bronx_Memoir_Project:_Vol._1)* is a published [anthology](/source/Anthology) by the Bronx Council on the Arts and brought forth through a series of workshops meant to empower Bronx residents and shed the stigma on the Bronx's burning past.[234] The Bronx Memoir Project was created as an ongoing collaboration between the [Bronx Council on the Arts](/source/Bronx_Council_on_the_Arts) and other [cultural institutions](/source/Cultural_institution), including the Bronx [Documentary](/source/Documentary_film) Center, the [Bronx Library Center](/source/Bronx_Library_Center), the (Edgar Allan) [Poe Park Visitor Center](/source/Poe_Park_Visitor_Center), Mindbuilders, and other institutions and funded through a grant from the [National Endowment for the Arts](/source/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts).[235][236] The goal was to develop and refine memoir fragments written by people of all walks of life that share a common bond residing within the Bronx.[235]

### Songs

See also: [List of songs about New York City](/source/List_of_songs_about_New_York_City)

- "[Jenny from the Block](/source/Jenny_from_the_Block)" (2002) by [Jennifer Lopez](/source/Jennifer_Lopez),[237][238] from the album *[This is me...Then](/source/This_Is_Me..._Then)* is about the South Bronx, where Lopez grew up.[239]
- In Marc Ferris's 5-page, 15-column list of "Songs and Compositions Inspired by New York City" in *[The Encyclopedia of New York City](/source/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City)* (1995),[240] only a handful refer to the Bronx; most refer to New York City proper, especially Manhattan and Brooklyn. Ferris's extensive but selective 1995 list mentions only four songs referring specifically to the Bronx: "On the Banks of the Bronx" (1919), by [William LeBaron](/source/William_LeBaron) & [Victor Jacobi](/source/Victor_Jacobi); "Bronx Express" (1922), by [Henry Creamer](/source/Henry_Creamer), Ossip Dymow & [Turner Layton](/source/Turner_Layton); "The [Tremont Avenue](/source/Tremont_Avenue) Cruisewear Fashion Show" (1973), by [Jerry Livingston](/source/Jerry_Livingston) & Mark David; and "I Love the [New York Yankees](/source/New_York_Yankees)" (1987), by Paula Lindstrom.

### Theater

[Clifford Odets](/source/Clifford_Odets)'s play *[Awake and Sing!](/source/Awake_and_Sing!)* is set in 1933 in the Bronx. The play, first produced at the [Belasco Theater](/source/Belasco_Theatre_(Broadway)) in 1935, concerns a poor family living in small quarters, the struggles of the controlling parents and the aspirations of their children.[241]

[René Marqués](/source/Ren%C3%A9_Marqu%C3%A9s)' *[The Oxcart](/source/La_Carreta)* (1959) concerns a rural Puerto Rican family who immigrate to the Bronx for a better life.[242]

*[A Bronx Tale](/source/A_Bronx_Tale_(play))* is an autobiographical [one-man show](/source/One-man_show) written and performed by [Chazz Palminteri](/source/Chazz_Palminteri). It is a coming-of-age story set in the Bronx. It premiered in Los Angeles in the 1980s and then played on Off-Broadway. After a film version involving Palminteri and Robert De Niro, Palminteri performed his one-man show on Broadway and on tour in 2007.[243]

## See also

- [Bronx Borough Hall](/source/Bronx_Borough_Hall)
- [Bronx court system delays](/source/Bronx_court_system_delays)
- [List of counties in New York](/source/List_of_counties_in_New_York)
- [List of people from the Bronx](/source/List_of_people_from_the_Bronx)
- [National Register of Historic Places listings in the Bronx](/source/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Bronx)
- [Wildlife in the Bronx](/source/Wildlife_in_the_Bronx)

## References

### Citations

1. Moynihan, Colin. ["F.Y.I."](https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/19/nyregion/fyi-530409.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200417072347/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/19/nyregion/fyi-530409) April 17, 2020 at the Wayback Machine, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, September 19, 1999. Accessed December 17, 2019. "There are well-known names for inhabitants of four boroughs: Manhattanites, Brooklynites, Bronxites and Staten Islanders. But what are residents of Queens called?"

1. ["2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer"](https://mtgis-portal.geo.census.gov/arcgis/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=2566121a73de463995ed2b2fd7ff6eb7). US Census Bureau. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210812174830/https://mtgis-portal.geo.census.gov/arcgis/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=2566121a73de463995ed2b2fd7ff6eb7) August 12, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 12, 2021.

1. New York State Department of Health, [*Population, Land Area, and Population Density by County, New York State – 2010*](http://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/vital_statistics/2010/table02.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150716102206/http://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/vital_statistics/2010/table02.htm) July 16, 2015 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved on August 8, 2015.

1. [Lloyd Ultan](/source/Lloyd_Ultan_(historian)), ["History of the Bronx River"](http://www.bronxriver.org/?pg=content&p=abouttheriver&m1=9&m2=58), [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190619231425/http://bronxriver.org/?pg=content&p=abouttheriver&m1=9&m2=58) June 19, 2019 at the Wayback Machine Paper presented to the [Bronx River Alliance](/source/Bronx_River_Alliance), November 5, 2002 (notes taken by Maarten de Kadt, November 16, 2002), retrieved on August 29, 2008. This 2 1⁄2 hour talk covers much of the early history of the Bronx as a whole, in addition to the [Bronx River](/source/Bronx_River).

1. On the start of business for Bronx County: [Bronx County In Motion. New Officials All Find Work to Do on Their First Day.](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/01/03/100295000.pdf) *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, January 3, 1914 ([PDF](/source/PDF) retrieved on June 26, 2008): :"Despite the fact that the new Bronx County Court House is not completed there was no delay yesterday in getting the court machinery in motion. All the new county officials were on hand and the County Clerk, the District Attorney, the Surrogate, and the County Judge soon had things in working order. The seal to be used by the new county was selected by County Judge Louis D. Gibbs. It is circular. In the center is a seated figure of Justice. To her right is an American shield and over the figure is written 'Populi Suprema.' ..." :"Surrogate George M. S. Schulz, with his office force, was busy at the stroke of 9 o'clock. Two wills were filed in the early morning, but owing to the absence of a safe they were recorded and then returned to the attorneys for safe keeping. ..." :"There was a rush of business to the new County Clerk's office. Between seventy-five and a hundred men applied for first naturalization papers. Two certificates of incorporation were issued, and seventeen judgments, seven lis pendens, three mechanics' liens and one suit for negligence were filed." :"Sheriff O'Brien announced several additional appointments."

1. [Ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is blooming!](https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap_travel/20080630/ap_tr_ge/travel_trip_wild_green_bronx) by Beth J. Harpaz, Travel Editor of The [Associated Press](/source/Associated_Press) (AP), June 30, 2008, retrieved on July 11, 2008 [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110501203753/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap_travel/20080630/ap_tr_ge/travel_trip_wild_green_bronx) May 1, 2011 at the Wayback Machine

1. Conde, Ed García (July 31, 2017). ["12 Bronx Facts You Probably Didn't Know"](https://www.welcome2thebronx.com/2017/07/31/12-bronx-facts-you-probably-didnt-know/). *Welcome2TheBronx™*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210126062356/https://www.welcome2thebronx.com/2017/07/31/12-bronx-facts-you-probably-didnt-know/) January 26, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 28, 2020.

1. Wylie, Jonathon (1987). [*The Faroe Islands: Interpretations of History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=7kmEYtkttx4C). University of Kentucky Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-8131-1578-8. Jónas Bronck (or Brunck) was the son of Morten Jespersen Bronck ... Jónas seems to have gone to school in Roskilde in 1619, but found his way to Holland where he joined an expedition to Amsterdam.

1. * ["Jonas Bronx"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080509163707/http://www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/notebx.html). *Bronx Notables*. Bronx Historical Society. Archived from [the original](http://www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/notebx.html) on May 9, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2012. * van Laer, A.J.F. (October 1916). "Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630–1674". *The American Historical Review*. **22** (1): 164–166. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Historical Association. [doi:10.1086/ahr/22.1.164](https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/22.1.164). [ISSN 0002-8762](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762). [JSTOR 1836219](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1836219). ... Jonas Bronck was a Dane ... * Burrows, Edwin G. & Wallace, Mike (Michael L.) (1999). *Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898*. Vol. 1. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–37. ISBN 0-19-511634-8. ... many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)...

1. Van Rensselaer, Mariana Griswold (1909). *History of the city of New York in the seventeenth century*. Vol. 1. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. 161. [OCLC 649654938](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/649654938)

1. Braver (1998)

1. Santiago, Amana Luz Henning. ["NY has the richest, poorest, smallest, most unequal congressional districts"](https://www.cityandstateny.com/politics/2019/12/ny-has-the-richest-poorest-smallest-most-unequal-congressional-districts/176658/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20251111040211/https://www.cityandstateny.com/politics/2019/12/ny-has-the-richest-poorest-smallest-most-unequal-congressional-districts/176658/) November 11, 2025 at the Wayback Machine, *[City & State](/source/City_%26_State)*, December 5, 2019. Accessed October 9, 2025. "Poorest: District 15 Since 2010, the 15th Congressional District has been the poorest – as well as the most Democratic – House district in the country. As of 2017, the median household income in the district was estimated to be $28,042, according to 24/7 Wall St.’s analysis of 2017 census data – well below the city’s $33,562 poverty threshold at that time. The local congressman, Rep. José E. Serrano, is retiring. Most people of color: District 15 has the highest number of people of color, at 97%, compared with the rest of the country, as of 2017, according to the APM Research Lab."

1. ["datatables"](http://www.frac.org/maps/acs-poverty/tables/tab1-acs-poverty-cd-2017.html). *www.frac.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181023200151/http://www.frac.org/maps/acs-poverty/tables/tab1-acs-poverty-cd-2017.html) October 23, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 23, 2018.

1. *[The Almanac of American Politics](/source/The_Almanac_of_American_Politics) 2008*, edited by [Michael Barone](/source/Michael_Barone_(pundit)) with [Richard E. Cohen](/source/Richard_E._Cohen) and Grant Ujifusa, [National Journal](/source/National_Journal) Group, [Washington, D.C.](/source/Washington,_D.C.), 2008 ISBN 978-0-89234-117-7 (paperback) or ISBN 978-0-89234-116-0 (hardback), chapter on New York state

1. [U.S. Census Bureau](/source/U.S._Census_Bureau), *[Statistical Abstract of the United States](/source/Statistical_Abstract_of_the_United_States): 2003*, Section 31, Table 1384. Congressional District Profiles – 108th Congress: 2000

1. Gonzalez, David. ["How Fire Defined the Bronx, and Us"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/20/nyregion/bronx-fires.html), *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, January 20, 2022, updated June 22, 2023. Accessed October 9, 2025. "Those of us who grew up in the South Bronx during the 1970s and ’80s have been defined by the fires that incinerated our neighborhoods, which had already been set up to fail by disinvestment, redlining and eminent domain — which resulted in a trench gouged through the community by Robert Moses’ Cross Bronx Expressway."

1. See the "Historical Populations" table in [History](#Before_1914) above and its sources.

1. ["Bronx History: What's in a Name?"](http://www.nypl.org/branch/bronx/index2.cfm?Trg=1&d1=765&template=brnxnm). [New York Public Library](/source/New_York_Public_Library). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071226013231/http://www.nypl.org/branch/bronx/index2.cfm?Trg=1&d1=765&template=brnxnm) December 26, 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 15, 2008. The Native Americans called the land *Rananchqua*, but the Dutch and English began to refer to it as *Broncksland*.

1. ["Harding Park"](http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=13121). [New York City Department of Parks and Recreation](/source/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102709/http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=13121) September 29, 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 15, 2008.

1. Ellis, Edward Robb (1966). *The Epic of New York City*. Old Town Books. p. 55. ISBN 0-7867-1436-0.

1. Hansen, Harry (1950). *North of Manhattan*. Hastings House. [OCLC 542679](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/542679), excerpted at [The Bronx ... Its History & Perspective](http://www.bronxmall.com/cult/series/2.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060616062354/http://www.bronxmall.com/cult/series/2.html) June 16, 2006 at the Wayback Machine

1. van Laer, A. J. F. (1916). "Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630–1674". *[The American Historical Review](/source/The_American_Historical_Review)*. **22** (1): 164–166. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Historical Association. [doi:10.2307/1836219](https://doi.org/10.2307/1836219). [JSTOR 1836219](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1836219) ... Jonas Bronck was a Swede ...

1. Burrows, Edwin G. & Wallace, Mike (Michael L.) (1999). *Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898*. Vol. 1. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–37. ISBN 0-19-511634-8. …many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)...

1. ["The first Bronxite"](https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo6mAAAAIAAJ&q=Jonas+Bronck+Frisia). *The Advocate*. **24**: 59. Bronx County Bar Association. 1977. It is widely accepted that Bronck came from Sweden, but claims have also been made by the Frisian Islands on the North Sea coast and by a small town in Germany.

1. Karl Ritter, "Swedish town celebrates link to the Bronx" Associated Press, August 21, 2014. which also refers to a claim by the Faeroe Islands.

1. ["The Bronx Mall – Cultural Mosaic – The Bronx... Its History & Perspective"](http://www.bronxmall.com/cult/series/2.html). *Bronxmall.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183335/http://www.bronxmall.com/cult/series/2.html) March 3, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 12, 2016.

1. ["Excerpts from an Interview with William Bronk by Mark Katzman"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080705052453/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/bronk/katzman.htm). *uiuc.edu*. Archived from [the original](http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/bronk/katzman.htm) on July 5, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2009.

1. Roberts, Sam (August 19, 2014). ["A Bronck in the Bronx Gives a Swedish Town a Reason to Cheer"](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/20/nyregion/from-bronck-to-the-bronx-a-name-and-a-swedish-heritage-to-celebrate.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/20/nyregion/from-bronck-to-the-bronx-a-name-and-a-swedish-heritage-to-celebrate.html) January 1, 2022 at the Wayback Machine.

1. See, for example, [New York City Administrative Code §2–202](http://24.97.137.100/nyc/AdCode/Title2_2-202.asp) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010445/http://24.97.137.100/nyc/AdCode/Title2_2-202.asp) September 28, 2007 at the Wayback Machine

1. See, for example, [references on the New York City website](http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.bce0fff116ccd007a62fa24601c789a0/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070528085450/http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.bce0fff116ccd007a62fa24601c789a0/) May 28, 2007 at the Wayback Machine

1. ["ZIP Code Lookup"](http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/welcome.jsp). [United States Postal Service](/source/United_States_Postal_Service). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120208130943/http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/welcome.jsp) February 8, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 4, 2008. Note that the database also does not use punctuation, and other articles (such as *the*) to improve automated scanning of addresses.

1. Clarke, Erin ["What's in a Name: How 'The' Bronx Got the 'The'"](http://www.ny1.com/nyc/bronx/news/2015/06/7/what-s-in-a-name--how--the--bronx-got-the--the-.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160111085149/http://www.ny1.com/nyc/bronx/news/2015/06/7/what-s-in-a-name--how--the--bronx-got-the--the-.html) January 11, 2016 at the Wayback Machine, *NY1*, June 7, 2015, Retrieved on February 6, 2016.

1. Steven Hess, "From The Hague to the Bronx: Definite Articles in Place Names", *Journal of the North Central Name Society*, Fall 1987.

1. [Genealogical Information about the Bronx](https://archives.westchestergov.com/genealogical-information-about-the-bronx) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250515040749/https://archives.westchestergov.com/genealogical-information-about-the-bronx) May 15, 2025 at the Wayback Machine, [Westchester County, New York](/source/Westchester_County,_New_York). Accessed October 9, 2025. "A number of towns which were at one time part of Westchester County now form the Bronx.The towns were annexed by New York City over a period of many years and finally combined to form the Bronx Borough in 1898."

1. Rev. David J. Born (who asserts it was a Jakob Bronck and his family who settled there), letter to [William F. Buckley Jr.](/source/William_F._Buckley_Jr.) in ["Notes & Asides"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060209041431/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_1_54/ai_81775371), *[National Review](/source/National_Review)*, January 28, 2002, retrieved on July 3, 2008.

1. ["3. Capitalization Rules"](https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008-5.pdf). *gpo.gov*. United States Government Publishing Office. p. 29. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008-5.pdf) October 9, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 26, 2016.

1. ["Bronx Borough Historian Lloyd Ultan Marks 15 Years in Office"](http://bronxboropres.nyc.gov/2011/10/26/bronx-borough-historian-lloyd-ultan-marks-15-years-in-office/). *The Office of The Bronx Borough President Ruben Diaz Jr.*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200204212721/http://bronxboropres.nyc.gov/2011/10/26/bronx-borough-historian-lloyd-ultan-marks-15-years-in-office/) February 4, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 4, 2020.

1. ["Why The Bronx?"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/09/realestate/l-why-the-bronx-865793.html). *The New York Times*. May 9, 1993. [ISSN 0362-4331](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160809213038/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/09/realestate/l-why-the-bronx-865793.html) August 9, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 27, 2016.

1. Slattery, Denis (May 20, 2014). ["Bronx residents call on media and city agencies to capitalize 'The Bronx'"](http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/bronx-residents-feeling-capital-article-1.1799794). *nydailynews.com*. [New York Daily News](/source/New_York_Daily_News). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160817120643/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/bronx-residents-feeling-capital-article-1.1799794) August 17, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 27, 2016.

1. Levine, David. ["A Native History of the Hudson Valley"](https://westchestermagazine.com/life-style/hudson-valley-native-history/), *Westchester magazine*, June 4, 2021. Accessed October 9, 2025. "The Lenape (sometimes Lenni-Lenapi, meaning, roughly, “the real or original people”) first populated the Delaware River Valley, particularly around Minisink (“the place where stones are”) where New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania meet....Colonization took out the rest. By 1639, the Dutch West India Company, under the colony’s director, Willem Kieft, had begun a land grab in present-day Westchester and the Bronx."

1. Hartman, David; and Lewis, Barry. ["A Walk Through The Bronx: Early European Residents"](https://www.thirteen.org/bronx/history.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230307052900/https://www.thirteen.org/bronx/history.html) March 7, 2023 at the Wayback Machine, *[WNET](/source/WNET)*. Accessed October 9, 2025. "Thirty years later in 1639, the mainland was settled by Jonas Bronck, a Swedish sea captain from the Netherlands who eventually built a farmstead at what became 132nd Street and Lincoln Avenue; a small group of Dutch, German, and Danish servants settled with him."

1. ["Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Croton Water Treatment Plant at the Harlem River Site; 7.12: Historic and Archaeological Resources"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170211054643/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/croton/7-12resources.pdf#page=5). [New York City Department of Environmental Protection](/source/New_York_City_Department_of_Environmental_Protection). June 30, 2004. Archived from [the original](http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/croton/7-12resources.pdf#page=5) on February 11, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2017.

1. ["Dyckman House – History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121014214304/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/medny/ganelli2.html). *fordham.edu*. Archived from [the original](http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/medny/ganelli2.html) on October 14, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2014.

1. [*The Story of the Bronx from the Purchase Made by the Dutch from the Indians in 1639 to the Present Day*](https://books.google.com/books?id=E9nIC6Lva5sC&pg=PA177). [G. P. Putnam's Sons](/source/G._P._Putnam's_Sons). 1912. pp. 177–208. Retrieved January 2, 2017.

1. For Jordan L. Mott: * [*History of Westchester County: New York, Including Morrisania, Kings Bridge, and West Farms, which Have Been Annexed to New York City*](https://books.google.com/books?id=EkgVAAAAYAAJ). L. E. Preston & Company. 1886. pp. 830–832. * Troxell Freedley, Edwin & Young, Edward (1868). [*A History of American Manufactures from 1608 to 1860...: Comprising Annals of the Industry of the United States in Machinery, Manufactures and Useful Arts, with a Notice of the Important Inventions, Tariffs, and the Results of Each Decennial Census*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mugJAAAAIAAJ). E. Young. pp. 576–578.

1. Thorne, Kathryn Ford (1993). *New York Atlas of Historical County Boundaries*. Long, John H. (ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 33, 118–133. ISBN 0-13-051962-6.

1. New York. *Laws of New York*. 1873, 96th Session, Chapter 613, Section 1. p. 928.

1. Articles on "consolidation" (by David C. Hammack) and the "Bronx" (by David C. Hermalyn and Lloyd Ultan) in *[The Encyclopedia of New York City](/source/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City)*, Yale 1995

1. New York. *Laws of New York*. 1895, 118th Session, Chapter 934, Section 1. p. 1948.

1. Peck, Richard. ["In the Bronx, the Gentry Live On; The Gentry Live On"](https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/02/archives/in-the-bronx-the-gentry-live-on-the-gentry-live-on.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230418130654/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/02/archives/in-the-bronx-the-gentry-live-on-the-gentry-live-on.html) April 18, 2023 at the Wayback Machine, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, December 2, 1973. Accessed July 17, 2008. "But the Harlem riverfront was industrializing, and in 1874 the city annexed the area west of the Bronx River: Morrisania, West Farms and Kingsbridge. A second annexation in 1894 gathered in Westchester and portions of Eastchester and Pelham." However, 1894 must refer to the referendum, since the enabling act was not passed or signed until 1895.

1. [History of City Island](https://www.cityisland.com/history.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240103013150/https://www.cityisland.com/history.html) January 3, 2024 at the Wayback Machine, CityIsland.com. Accessed January 2, 2024. "In 1896, residents of City Island voted to detach themselves from Westchester County and to become part of New York City proper."

1. Macy, Harry Jr. ["Before the Five-borough City: The Old Cities, Towns, and Villages That Came Together to Form 'Greater New York'"](https://www.newyorkfamilyhistory.org/blog/five-borough-city-old-cities-towns-and-villages-came-together-form-greater-new-york) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090703114614/http://www.bklyn-genealogy-info.com/Map/5.Bor.Q.Rich.html) July 3, 2009 at the Wayback Machine, [New York Genealogical and Biographical Society](/source/New_York_Genealogical_and_Biographical_Society), January 11, 2021. Accessed January 2, 2024. "The present City of New York, consisting of five boroughs, came into existence on January 1, 1898.... In 1914, The Bronx became a separate county of the same name."

1. New York. *Laws of New York*. 1912, 135th Session, Chapter 548, Section 1. p. 1352.

1. Steinhauer, Jennifer. ["F.Y.I."](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/10/nyregion/fyi-123693.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220725150853/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/10/nyregion/fyi-123693.html) July 25, 2022 at the Wayback Machine, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, October 10, 1993. Accessed August 23, 2021. "Marble Hill's Exile Q. Why is there a small piece of Manhattan in the Bronx?. ... A. Marble Hill was originally attached to the northern part of Manhattan, but was severed in 1895 when the city deepened and straightened the waterway that connected the Hudson River to what was known as Spuyten Duyvil Creek (Dutch for 'in Spite of the Devil', thought to be a reference to the trouble it took to cross it). ... Around 1914, Spuyten Duyvil Creek was filled in and the area became physically a part of the Bronx, but it remained politically part of Manhattan."

1. Olmsted (1989); Olmsted (1998)

1. ["Piano Workers May Strike"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/08/29/103460481.pdf). *The New York Times*. August 29, 1919. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/08/29/103460481.pdf) October 9, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 25, 2011.

1. [Gray, Christopher Gray](/source/Christopher_Gray_(architectural_historian)). ["Streetscapes: The New York Coliseum; From Auditorium To Bus Garage to..."](https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/22/realestate/streetscapes-the-new-york-coliseum-from-auditorium-to-bus-garage-to.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240726233614/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/22/realestate/streetscapes-the-new-york-coliseum-from-auditorium-to-bus-garage-to.html) July 26, 2024 at the Wayback Machine, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, Real Estate section, March 22, 1992. Accessed January 2, 2024

1. Tarver, Denton. ["The New Bronx A Quick History of the Iconic Borough"](https://cooperatornews.com/article/the-new-bronx) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240103013150/https://cooperatornews.com/article/the-new-bronx) January 3, 2024 at the Wayback Machine, *Cooperator News*, April 2007. Accessed January 2, 2024. "The urbanization of the Bronx truly began with the entrance of the subway into the area in 1904. As the rapid transit came in spurts: 1905, 1910, 1918, and 1920, the subway and elevated train access to Manhattan caused the population of the Bronx to surge, as these rail lines built their tracks into the still-green fields and meadows."

1. *[The World Almanac and Book of Facts](/source/The_World_Almanac_and_Book_of_Facts), 1943*, page 494, citing the [American Jewish Committee](/source/American_Jewish_Committee) and the Jewish Statistical Bureau of the [Synagogue Council of America](/source/Synagogue_Council_of_America)

1. Seymour J. Perlin, ["Remembrance of Synagogues Past: The Lost Civilization of the Jewish South Bronx"](http://www.bronxsynagogues.org/ic/bronxsyn/survey.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080922215658/http://www.bronxsynagogues.org/ic/bronxsyn/survey.html) September 22, 2008 at the Wayback Machine (retrieved on August 10, 2008), citing population estimates in "The Jewish Community Study of New York: 2002", UJA [United Jewish Appeal] Federation of New York, June 2004, and his own survey of synagogue sites.

1. ["BNew York – The Bronx"](https://chsserver01.org/jwalker012017/Q3/Assignment00CSC2/bronx.html). *chsserver01.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231023104055/https://chsserver01.org/jwalker012017/Q3/Assignment00CSC2/bronx.html) October 23, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 15, 2023.

1. ["Prohibition"](https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2019/3/8/prohibition). *[Government of New York City](/source/Government_of_New_York_City)*. NYC Department of Records & Information Services. March 8, 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230414050417/https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2019/3/8/prohibition) April 14, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 23, 2023.

1. Duffy, Peter (2002-12-22). ["The Boy Who Saw the Virgin"](https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/22/nyregion/the-boy-who-saw-the-virgin.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN 0362-4331](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250315125859/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/22/nyregion/the-boy-who-saw-the-virgin.html) March 15, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2026-02-14.

1. ["The Bronx"](https://chsserver01.org/jmora012017/Q3/Assignment001csc/thebronx.html). *chsserver01.org*. Retrieved September 13, 2022.

1. ["The South Bronx"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140812035736/http://americanrealities.org/locations/south_bronx/). American Realities. Archived from [the original](http://americanrealities.org/locations/south_bronx/) on August 12, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014.

1. Roderick Wallace (October 1988). ["A synergism of plagues: 'planned shrinkage', contagious housing destruction, and AIDS in the Bronx"](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3168963/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220718135938/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3168963/) July 18, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. *Environmental Research*, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 1–33. Retrieved July 18, 2022.

1. Roderick Wallace (1990). ["Urban desertification, public health and public order: 'planned shrinkage', violent death, substance abuse and AIDS in the Bronx"](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2244222/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220718135929/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2244222/) July 18, 2022 at the Wayback Machine, *Social Science & Medicine*, Vol. 37, No. 7 (1990) pp. 801–813. Retrieved July 18, 2022. "Empirical and theoretical analyses strongly imply present sharply rising levels of violent death, intensification of deviant behaviors implicated in the spread of AIDS, and the pattern of the AIDS outbreak itself, have been gravely affected, and even strongly determined, by the outcomes of a program of 'planned shrinkage' directed against African-American and Hispanic communities, and implemented through systematic and continuing denial of municipal services—particularly fire extinguishment resources—essential for maintaining urban levels of population density and ensuring community stability."

1. Issues such as [redlining](/source/Redlining), hospital quality, and what looked like the planned shrinkage of garbage collection were alleged as the motivations which sparked the [Puerto Rican](/source/Puerto_Rican_people) activists known as the [Young Lords](/source/Young_Lords). The Young Lords coalesced with similar groups who claimed to be fighting for neighborhood empowerment, such as the [Black Panthers](/source/Black_Panthers), to protest urban renewal and arson for profit with sit-ins, marches, and violence. See pages 6–9 of the guide to ["*¡Palante Siempre Palante!* The Young Lords"](https://www.pbs.org/pov/utils/youthviews/pov_palante_toolkit.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090326014741/http://www.pbs.org/pov/utils/youthviews/pov_palante_toolkit.pdf) March 26, 2009 at the Wayback Machine, a "point of view" documentary on [PBS](/source/Public_Broadcasting_Service).

1. ["Arson for Hate and Profit"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080615050753/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945795-2,00.html). *[Time](/source/Time_(magazine))*. October 31, 1977. Archived from [the original](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945795-2,00.html) on June 15, 2008. Retrieved March 14, 2008.

1. Gonzalez (2004)

1. Chambers, Marcia. ["Judge's Ruling Revives Dispute On Marble Hill"](https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/16/nyregion/judge-s-ruling-revives-dispute-on-marble-hill.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240108215749/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/16/nyregion/judge-s-ruling-revives-dispute-on-marble-hill.html) January 8, 2024 at the Wayback Machine, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, May 16, 1984. Accessed January 8, 2024. "After a painstaking legal and historical analysis, Justice Peter J. McQuillan said rather, that Marble Hill lies in both. 'The conclusion is irresistible,' he said in a 36-page opinion, that Marble Hill is situated in the Borough of Manhattan, but is not part of New York County. By statute, he said, 'it is in Bronx County.' Contrary to what the Legislature may have thought when it redefined boundary lines for Manhattan in 1938 and again in 1940, it 'dealt only with boroughs and not counties,' the judge wrote. In short, the boundaries of New York County and Manhattan are not the same, he said."

1. Bloom, Jennifer Kingson (July 23, 1995). ["If Your Thinking of Living In/Marble Hill; A Bit of Manhattan in the Bronx"](https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/23/realestate/if-your-thinking-of-living-in-marble-hill-a-bit-of-manhattan-in-the-bronx.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170104091034/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/23/realestate/if-your-thinking-of-living-in-marble-hill-a-bit-of-manhattan-in-the-bronx.html) January 4, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 3, 2017.

1. ["Bill Would Clarify Marble Hill's Status"](https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/27/nyregion/bill-would-clarify-marble-hill-s-status.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240204182616/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/27/nyregion/bill-would-clarify-marble-hill-s-status.html) February 4, 2024 at the Wayback Machine, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, June 27, 1984. Accessed January 8, 2024. "The Assembly voted tonight to move the Marble Hill section of the Borough of Manhattan into New York County, thereby correcting a 46-year old mistake.... A dispute over Marble Hill followed, but the matter was mostly put to rest in 1938, when the boundaries of the Borough of Manhattan were shifted to include Marble Hill.... Tonight the Assembly voted 140 to 4 and joined the Senate in moving to change that, and the measure now goes to the Governor. It would be retroactive to Jan. 1, 1938."

1. [*Montesano v New York City Hous. Auth.*](https://law.justia.com/cases/new-york/appellate-division-first-department/2007/2007-09955.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240108221245/https://law.justia.com/cases/new-york/appellate-division-first-department/2007/2007-09955.html) January 8, 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Justia, as corrected through March 19, 2008. Accessed January 8, 2024. "Less than 10 weeks after the Boyd decision, the Legislature eliminated any doubt that the Borough of Manhattan and New York County were conterminous in this respect by specifically including Marble Hill in both the Borough of Manhattan and New York County, 'for all purposes,' retroactive to 1938 (L 1984, ch 939). The official map of the City of New York now shows that Marble Hill is located in New York County."

1. ["Perspectives: The 10-Year Housing Plan; Issues for the 90's: Management and Costs"](https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/07/realestate/perspectives-the-10-year-housing-plan-issues-for-the-90-s-management-and-costs.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240103013149/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/07/realestate/perspectives-the-10-year-housing-plan-issues-for-the-90-s-management-and-costs.html) January 3, 2024 at the Wayback Machine, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, January 7, 1990. Accessed January 2, 2024.

1. ["Neighborhood Change and the City of New York's Ten-Year Housing Plan](http://www.fanniemaefoundation.org/programs/hpd/pdf/hpd_1004_ryzin.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191424/http://www.fanniemaefoundation.org/programs/hpd/pdf/hpd_1004_ryzin.pdf) August 19, 2008 at the Wayback Machine. *Housing Policy Debate*, Volume 10, Issue 4. Fannie Mae Foundation 1999.

1. [NOS QUEDAMOS/WE STAY "Melrose Commons, Bronx, New York"](http://www.sustainable.org/casestudies/SIA_PDFs/SIA_New_York.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191424/http://www.sustainable.org/casestudies/SIA_PDFs/SIA_New_York.pdf) August 19, 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Sustainable Communities Network Case Studies. *Sustainability in Action*, 1997, retrieved on July 6, 2008

1. David Gonzalez, ["Yolanda Garcia, 53, Dies; A Bronx Community Force"](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/19/obituaries/19garcia.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121101150949/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/19/obituaries/19garcia.html) November 1, 2012 at the Wayback Machine, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, February 19, 2005, retrieved on July 6, 2008

1. Meera Subramanian, ["Homes and Gardens in the South Bronx"](http://journalism.nyu.edu/portfolio/subramanian/SBxGardens.html), [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080821135846/http://journalism.nyu.edu/portfolio/subramanian/SBxGardens.html) August 21, 2008 at the Wayback Machine, *Portfolio*, November 8, 2005, [New York University](/source/New_York_University) Department of Journalism, retrieved on July 6, 2008

1. Powell, Michael (July 27, 2011). ["How the South Bronx's Ruins Became Fertile Ground"](http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/27/how-the-south-bronxs-ruins-became-fertile-ground/). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151027050726/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/27/how-the-south-bronxs-ruins-became-fertile-ground/) October 27, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 1, 2015.

1. ["Wealthy are drowning in new bank branches, says study"](http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/09/10/2007-09-10_wealthy_are_drowning_in_new_bank_branche.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080724203846/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/09/10/2007-09-10_wealthy_are_drowning_in_new_bank_branche.html) July 24, 2008 at the Wayback Machine, *[New York Daily News](/source/New_York_Daily_News)*, September 10, 2007

1. ["Superintendent Neiman Addresses the Ninth Annual Bronx Bankers Breakfast"](http://www.banking.state.ny.us/sp070615.htm), June 15, 2007 [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090109212357/http://www.banking.state.ny.us/sp070615.htm) January 9, 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Among the remarks of Richard H. Neiman, New York State's Superintendent of Banks, were these: "The Bronx was an economically stable community until the mid-1960s when the entire South Bronx struggled with major construction, real estate issues, red-lining, and block busting. This included a thoroughfare that divided communities, the deterioration of property as a result of rent control, and decrease in the value of real estate. Due to strong community leadership, advances in policing, social services, and changing economic migration patterns to New York City, the Bronx is undergoing a resurgence, with new housing developments and thriving business. From 2000 to 2006, there was a 2.2% increase in population, and home ownership rates increased by 19.6%. Still, bank branches were absent in places such as Community districts 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12."

1. ["New bank targets Latinos in South Bronx"](http://www.hispanicmpr.com/2007/12/11/new-bank-targets-latinos-in-south-bronx/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080430122220/http://www.hispanicmpr.com/2007/12/11/new-bank-targets-latinos-in-south-bronx/) April 30, 2008 at the Wayback Machine December 11, 2007

1. On June 30, 2005, there were 129 federally insured banking offices in the Bronx, for a ratio of 1.0 offices for every 10,000 inhabitants. By contrast the national financial center of Manhattan had 555 for a ratio of 3.5/10,000, Staten Island a ratio of 1.9, Queens 1.7 and Brooklyn 1.1. In New York State as a whole the ratio was 2.6 and in the United States, 3.5 (a single office can serve more people in a more densely populated area). [U.S. Census Bureau](/source/U.S._Census_Bureau), ["Table B-11. Counties – Banking, Retail Trade, and Accommodation and Food Services"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110102191509/http://www.census.gov/statab/ccdb/cc07_tabB11.xls), *City and County Data Book*, 2007. For 1997 and 2007, [Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation](/source/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation), ["Summary of Deposits; summary tables"](http://www4.fdic.gov/SOD/sodSummary.asp?barItem=3), [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081218061429/http://www2.fdic.gov/sod/sodSummary.asp?barItem=3) December 18, 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Deposits of all FDIC-Insured Institutions Operating in New York: State Totals by County – all retrieved on July 15–16, 2008.

1. Smalls, F. Romall (July 20, 1997). ["The Bronx Is Named an 'All-America' City"](https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/20/nyregion/the-bronx-is-named-an-all-america-city.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160112212648/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/20/nyregion/the-bronx-is-named-an-all-america-city.html) January 12, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 1, 2015.

1. Williams, Timothy (June 27, 2006). ["Celebrities Now Give Thonx for Their Roots in the Bronx"](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/27/nyregion/27bronx.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080408134942/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/27/nyregion/27bronx.html) April 8, 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 14, 2008.

1. Topousis, Tom (July 23, 2007). ["Bx is Booming"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090111114655/http://www.nypost.com/seven/07232007/news/regionalnews/bx__is_booming_regionalnews_tom_topousis.htm). *[New York Post](/source/New_York_Post)*. Archived from [the original](http://www.nypost.com/seven/07232007/news/regionalnews/bx__is_booming_regionalnews_tom_topousis.htm) on January 11, 2009. Retrieved March 15, 2008.

1. Kaysen, Rhonda (September 17, 2015). ["The South Bronx Beckons"](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/realestate/the-south-bronx-beckons.html?_r=0). *The New York Times*

1. Slattery, Denis (September 15, 2014). ["The Bronx is booming with boutique and luxury hotels"](http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/bronx-booming-boutique-luxury-hotels-article-1.1937956). *[Daily News](/source/New_York_Daily_News)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072516/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/bronx-booming-boutique-luxury-hotels-article-1.1937956) March 4, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 18, 2016.

1. ["NYC Post Offices to observe Presidents' Day"](http://www.usps.com/communications/newsroom/localnews/ny/2009/ny_2009_0211.htm). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110606073444/http://www.usps.com/communications/newsroom/localnews/ny/2009/ny_2009_0211.htm) June 6, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. [United States Postal Service](/source/United_States_Postal_Service). February 11, 2009. Retrieved on May 5, 2009.

1. ["Post Office Location – BRONX GPO"](http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/33768?p=1&s=ny&service_name=post_office&z=10451). [United States Postal Service](/source/United_States_Postal_Service). Retrieved on May 5, 2009.

1. Anthony, Madeline (March 18–24, 2016). "Bronx GPO conversion to retail space in motion". Bronx Times Reporter. p. 28.

1. Wirsing, Robert (February 12, 2016). "Concourse Yard revisited as 'new' development site". Bronx Times Reporter.

1. Cruz, David (June 17, 2021). ["The Bronx Has The Highest Crime Rate In NYC. What Do Locals Want The Next Mayor To Do About It?"](https://gothamist.com/news/bronx-has-highest-crime-rate-nyc-what-do-locals-want-next-mayor-do-about-it). *The Gothamist*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220125144913/https://gothamist.com/news/bronx-has-highest-crime-rate-nyc-what-do-locals-want-next-mayor-do-about-it) January 25, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 16, 2022.

1. ["Epi Data Brief: Unintentional Drug Poisoning (Overdose) Deaths in New York City in 2020"](https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/databrief129.pdf). No. 129. New York City Health. November 2021. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/databrief129.pdf) October 9, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 16, 2022.

1. Venugopal, Arun (January 19, 2022). ["Fatal Fire In The Bronx: Tragedy Rooted In The Past"](https://gothamist.com/news/fatal-fire-bronx-tragedy-rooted-past). *The Gothamist*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220213062253/https://gothamist.com/news/fatal-fire-bronx-tragedy-rooted-past) February 13, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 16, 2022.

1. Seiden, Aidan (January 25, 2022). ["Report finds the Bronx was the coldest borough with several heat complaints this winter | amNewYork"](https://www.amny.com/news/report-finds-the-bronx-was-the-coldest-borough-with-several-heat-complaints-this-winter/). Amny.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220127055737/https://www.amny.com/news/report-finds-the-bronx-was-the-coldest-borough-with-several-heat-complaints-this-winter/) January 27, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 4, 2022.

1. Sisk, Richard (September 29, 2010). ["South Bronx is poorest district in nation, U.S. Census Bureau finds: 38% live below poverty line"](https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/south-bronx-poorest-district-nation-u-s-census-bureau-finds-38-live-poverty-line-article-1.438344). *New York Daily News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220127053615/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/south-bronx-poorest-district-nation-u-s-census-bureau-finds-38-live-poverty-line-article-1.438344) January 27, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 4, 2022.

1. ["The Poorest Congressional District in America? Right Here, in New York City"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180913193712/https://www.villagevoice.com/2010/09/30/the-poorest-congressional-district-in-america-right-here-in-new-york-city/). *The Village Voice*. September 30, 2010. Archived from [the original](https://www.villagevoice.com/2010/09/30/the-poorest-congressional-district-in-america-right-here-in-new-york-city/) on September 13, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2022.

1. ["2010 Census Gazetteer Files"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140519062322/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_36.txt). United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from [the original](https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_36.txt) on May 19, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2015.

1. ["Find a County"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx). National Association of Counties. Archived from [the original](http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx) on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.

1. The fact that the immediate layer of bedrock in the Bronx is Fordham gneiss, while that of Manhattan is schist has led to the expression: "The Bronx is gneiss (nice) but Manhattan is schist." p. 42, n1.

1. Berger, Joseph (July 19, 2010). ["Reclaimed Jewel Whose Attraction Can Be Perilous"](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/nyregion/20river.html?ref=nyregion). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170628093301/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/nyregion/20river.html?ref=nyregion) June 28, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 21, 2010.

1. [Bronx High Point](http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=7110) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080925192434/http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=7110) September 25, 2008 at the Wayback Machine and [Ascent of Bronx Point on June 24, 2008](http://www.peakbagger.com/climber/ascent.aspx?aid=33535) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121021091550/http://www.peakbagger.com/climber/ascent.aspx?aid=33535) October 21, 2012 at the Wayback Machine at Peakbaggers.com, retrieved on July 22, 2008

1. [Waterfront Development Initiative](http://bronxboropres.nyc.gov/en/gv/president/waterfront.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080919220603/http://bronxboropres.nyc.gov/en/gv/president/waterfront.htm) September 19, 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Bronx Borough President's office, March 19, 2004, retrieved on July 29, 2008

1. ["Last Section Of Macombs Dam Park Closes To The Public For Redevelopment"](http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/press_releases/press_releases.php?id=19967). [New York City Department of Parks and Recreation](/source/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation). November 1, 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110604034810/http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/press_releases/press_releases.php?id=19967) June 4, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 19, 2008.

1. ["List of Parks: Bronx"](https://www.nycgovparks.org/park-features/parks-list?boro=X). [New York City Department of Parks and Recreation](/source/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240916214749/https://www.nycgovparks.org/park-features/parks-list?boro=X) September 16, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 22, 2025.

1. [Highest Density States, Counties and Cities (2022)](https://www.census.gov/popclock/embed.php?component=density) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220708114810/https://www.census.gov/popclock/embed.php?component=density) July 8, 2022 at the Wayback Machine, [United States Census Bureau](/source/United_States_Census_Bureau). Accessed December 30, 2023.

1. [What Is New York's Greenest Borough? Probably Not the One You Think.](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/nyregion/bronx-parks-nyc.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221208062526/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/nyregion/bronx-parks-nyc.html) December 8, 2022 at the Wayback Machine by David Gonzales of *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, December 5, 2022

1. [Woodlawn Cemetery](https://www.lehman.edu/vpadvance/artgallery/publicart/sites/woodlawn.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231129155404/https://www.lehman.edu/vpadvance/artgallery/publicart/sites/woodlawn.html) November 29, 2023 at the Wayback Machine, [Lehman College](/source/Lehman_College). Accessed January 2, 2024. "Woodlawn Cemetery, first called Wood-Lawn, is located at the northern border of the Bronx. In 1863 Reverend Absalom Peters and the cemetery trustees bought 313 acres (now 400 acres) of farmland for a rural cemetery which New Yorkers could reach by a special Harlem River Railroad train. The first burial to take place at Wood-Lawn was in 1865 and since then it has become the final resting place of more than 300,000 people."

1. ["Van Cortlandt Park : NYC Parks"](https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/VanCortlandtPark). *Nycgovparks.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161001202627/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/VanCortlandtPark) October 1, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 26, 2017.

1. In September 2008, [Fordham University](/source/Fordham_University) and its neighbor, the Wildlife Conservation Society, a global research organization which operates the [Bronx Zoo](/source/Bronx_Zoo), will begin a joint program leading to a [Master of Science](/source/Master_of_Science) degree in adolescent science education (biology grades 7–12).

1. Van der Plank, J. E. (1965). "Dynamics of Epidemics of Plant Disease". *[Science](/source/Science_(journal))*. **147** (3654): 120–124. [American Association for the Advancement of Science](/source/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science) (AAAS). [Bibcode:1965Sci...147..120V](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965Sci...147..120V). [doi:10.1126/science.147.3654.120](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.147.3654.120). [ISSN 0036-8075](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075). [PMID 17790685](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17790685). [S2CID 220109549](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220109549)

1. [Jerome Park](http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=11042) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090130090331/http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=11042) January 30, 2009 at the Wayback Machine ([New York City Department of Parks and Recreation](/source/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation), retrieved on July 12, 2008).

1. [Crotona Park](http://nycgovparks.org/parks/crotonapark) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080615045527/http://nycgovparks.org/parks/crotonapark) June 15, 2008 at the Wayback Machine [New York City Department of Parks and Recreation](/source/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation), retrieved on July 20, 2008

1. Article on the Bronx by [Gary Hermalyn](/source/Gary_Hermalyn) and Lloyd Ultan in *[The Encyclopedia of New York City](/source/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City)* (1995 – see [Further reading](#Further_reading) for bibliographic details)

1. [Bronx Parks for the 21st Century](http://nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/croton/html/main_page.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080617231525/http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/croton/html/main_page.html) June 17, 2008 at the Wayback Machine, [New York City Department of Parks and Recreation](/source/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation), retrieved on July 20, 2008. This links to both an interactive map and a downloadable (1.7 MB PDF) map showing nearly every public park and green space in the Bronx.

1. [Areas touching Bronx County](http://global.mapit.mysociety.org/area/803841/touches.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240101154616/https://global.mapit.mysociety.org/area/803841/touches.html) January 1, 2024 at the Wayback Machine, MapIt. Accessed August 1, 2016.

1. ["Unlock the Grid, Then Ditch the Maps and Apps"](http://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2012/02/unlock-the-grid-then-ditch-the-maps-and-apps/). February 24, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151231211235/http://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2012/02/unlock-the-grid-then-ditch-the-maps-and-apps/) December 31, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 30, 2015.

1. ["Geography & Neighborhoods"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151227053358/http://grandconcourse100.org/brief/geography). Archived from [the original](http://grandconcourse100.org/brief/geography) on December 27, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.

1. [As Maps and Memories Fade, So Do Some Bronx Boundary Lines](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/16/nyregion/16bronx.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170201133705/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/16/nyregion/16bronx.html) February 1, 2017 at the Wayback Machine by Manny Fernandez, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, September 16, 2006, retrieved on August 3, 2008

1. Most correlations with Community Board jurisdictions in this section come from [Bronx Community Boards](http://www.bronxmall.com/commboards/index.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080704121353/http://bronxmall.com/commboards/index.html) July 4, 2008 at the Wayback Machine at the Bronx Mall web-site, and [New York: a City of Neighborhoods](http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neighbor/neigh.shtml) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120915134408/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neighbor/neigh.shtml) September 15, 2012 at the Wayback Machine, [New York City Department of City Planning](/source/New_York_City_Department_of_City_Planning), both retrieved on August 5, 2008

1. Fischler, Marcelle Sussman (September 13, 2015). ["City Island, a Quainter Side of the Bronx"](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/realestate/city-island-a-quainter-side-of-the-bronx.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151027090439/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/realestate/city-island-a-quainter-side-of-the-bronx.html) October 27, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 23, 2016.

1. Walshe, Sadhbh (June 3, 2015). ["'Like a prison for the dead': welcome to Hart Island, home to New York City's pauper graves"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/03/hart-island-new-york-city-mass-burial-graves). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. Retrieved January 23, 2016.

1. [Fieldston Property Owners' Association, Inc. By-Laws](https://web.archive.org/web/20110721202132/http://fpoa.info/images/FPOA_APPROVED_BY-LAWS.doc), by the FPOA, September 17, 2006

1. ["QuickFacts: Bronx County, New York"](https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/bronxcountynewyork/PST045222#PST045222). *U.S. Census Bureau*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221230174621/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/bronxcountynewyork/PST045222#PST045222) December 30, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 22, 2023.

1. ["2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)"](https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Bronx%20borough,%20Bronx%20County,%20New%20York&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1). *U.S. Census Bureau*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220221021529/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Bronx%20borough,%20Bronx%20County,%20New%20York&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1) February 21, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 20, 2022.

1. ["Census.gov"](https://www.census.gov/). [United States Census Bureau](/source/United_States_Census_Bureau). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/) December 27, 1996 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 31, 2008.

1. ["Population Division Working Paper – Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990 – U.S. Census Bureau"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html). *U.S. Census Bureau*. Archived from [the original](https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html) on August 12, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2019.

1. From 15% sample

1. ["Bronx County, New York"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060619224705/http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results). [Modern Language Association](/source/Modern_Language_Association). Archived from [the original](http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results) on June 19, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2013.

1. Claudio Torrens (May 28, 2011). ["Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as barrier"](http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/may/28/some-ny-immigrants-cite-lack-of-spanish-as-barrier/). *The San Diego Union-Tribune*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150201040607/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/may/28/some-ny-immigrants-cite-lack-of-spanish-as-barrier/) February 1, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 10, 2013.

1. ["U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts"](https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/newyorkcitynewyork,bronxcountybronxboroughnewyork,kingscountybrooklynboroughnewyork,newyorkcountymanhattanboroughnewyork,queenscountyqueensboroughnewyork,richmondcountystatenislandboroughnewyork/PST045218). *[United States Census Bureau](/source/United_States_Census_Bureau)*. 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200425162717/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/newyorkcitynewyork,bronxcountybronxboroughnewyork,kingscountybrooklynboroughnewyork,newyorkcountymanhattanboroughnewyork,queenscountyqueensboroughnewyork,richmondcountystatenislandboroughnewyork/PST045218) April 25, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 28, 2020.

1. ["National Origin in Bronx County, New York (County)"](https://statisticalatlas.com/county/New-York/Bronx-County/National-Origin). *Statistical Atlas*. 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200703025235/https://statisticalatlas.com/county/New-York/Bronx-County/National-Origin) July 3, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 28, 2020.

1. TheBronxDaily & Bronck, Jonas (October 12, 2010). ["Census 2010"](https://bronx.com/census-2010/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230802094958/https://bronx.com/census-2010/) August 2, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 18, 2023.

1. ["New York – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from [the original](https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html) on August 12, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2012.

1. [""Little Albania" in the Bronx"](http://bronxink.org/2011/12/15/21004-little-albania/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230714/http://bronxink.org/2011/12/15/21004-little-albania/) August 10, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 10, 2023.

1. [Historical Census Browser](http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/index.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070815235059/http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/index.html) August 15, 2007 at the Wayback Machine [University of Virginia](/source/University_of_Virginia), Geospatial and Statistical Data Center, retrieved on August 7, 2008, querying 1930 Census for New York State. "The data and terminology presented in the Historical Census Browser are drawn directly from historical volumes of the U.S. Census of Population and Housing."

1. [Quick Tables QT-P15 and QT-P22](http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-state=qt&-context=qt&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP15&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP22&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-CONTEXT=qt&-tree_id=402&-all_geo_types=N&-redoLog=true&-geo_id=05000US36005&-search_results=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en), [U.S. Census Bureau](/source/U.S._Census_Bureau), retrieved on August 10, 2008 [Archived](https://archive.today/20200212042639/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-state=qt&-context=qt&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP15&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP22&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-CONTEXT=qt&-tree_id=402&-all_geo_types=N&-redoLog=true&-geo_id=05000US36005&-search_results=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en) February 12, 2020 at archive.today

1. ["Bronx County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707233637/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36005.html). Archived from [the original](http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36005.html) on July 7, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2013.

1. ["Focus on Poverty in New York City"](https://furmancenter.org/thestoop/entry/focus-on-poverty). *The Stoop*. June 7, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220126120140/https://furmancenter.org/thestoop/entry/focus-on-poverty) January 26, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 16, 2022.

1. ["Furman Center releases report highlighting spatially concentrated poverty in New York City | NYU School of Law"](https://www.law.nyu.edu/news/Furman-Center-2017-New-York-City-housing-report-concentrated-poverty). Law.nyu.edu. June 20, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220126120054/https://www.law.nyu.edu/news/Furman-Center-2017-New-York-City-housing-report-concentrated-poverty) January 26, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 4, 2022.

1. ["2016 U.S. Census: Selected Economic Characteristics, 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170529192346/https://census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html). United States Census Bureau. Archived from [the original](https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF) on May 29, 2017.

1. ["Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 – State – Place 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File"](http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST13&prodType=table). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 26, 2018.[dead link]

1. ["The Official website of the New York Yankees"](https://www.mlb.com/yankees). *Yankees.com*. [MLB Advanced Media](/source/MLB_Advanced_Media). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170409113050/https://www.mlb.com/yankees) April 9, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 7, 2022.

1. ["Teams with the most World Series titles"](https://www.mlb.com/news/teams-with-the-most-world-series-titles-c299893938). Major League Baseball. October 30, 2024. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220221072430/https://www.mlb.com/news/teams-with-the-most-world-series-titles-c299893938) February 21, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 9, 2024.

1. ["Yankees Timeline – 1900s"](https://www.mlb.com/yankees/history/timeline-1900s). *New York Yankees*. MLB.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220127121436/https://www.mlb.com/yankees/history/timeline-1900s) January 27, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 7, 2022.

1. Dayn, Perry (April 18, 2023). ["Old Yankee Stadium's rise and fall: Complete story of 'The House that Ruth Built' 100 years after its opening"](https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/old-yankee-stadiums-rise-and-fall-complete-story-of-the-house-that-ruth-built-100-years-after-its-opening/). *CBS Sports*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241226034202/https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/old-yankee-stadiums-rise-and-fall-complete-story-of-the-house-that-ruth-built-100-years-after-its-opening/) December 26, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 2, 2024.

1. Dietzler, Bryan. ["A Brief Review Of Football At Old Yankee Stadium"](https://sabr.org/journal/article/a-brief-review-of-football-at-old-yankee-stadium/). Society for American Baseball Research. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241119102621/https://sabr.org/journal/article/a-brief-review-of-football-at-old-yankee-stadium/) November 19, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 9, 2025.

1. Kepner, Tyler; Bretherton, George; Bell, Jack; Klein, Jeff (November 15, 2008). ["New Stadium Is Definitely Something to Write Home About"](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/16/sports/16blogs.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250210180715/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/16/sports/16blogs.html) February 10, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 10, 2025.

1. ["New York City FC announce Yankee Stadium to be home field for 2015 season"](https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/new-york-city-fc-announce-yankee-stadium-be-home-field-2015-season) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241225211741/https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/new-york-city-fc-announce-yankee-stadium-be-home-field-2015-season) 2024-12-25 at the Wayback Machine, [Major League Soccer](/source/Major_League_Soccer), April 21, 2014. Accessed January 2, 2024.

1. Coughlin, Jennie (October 31, 2024). ["Your Guide to the 2024 New York City Marathon"](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/31/nyregion/nyc-marathon-guide.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250115182505/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/31/nyregion/nyc-marathon-guide.html) January 15, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 9, 2024.

1. NYPL Staff (March 14, 2019). ["Bronx History at the Bronx Library Center: The Morris Park Racecourse"](https://www.nypl.org/blog/2019/03/14/bronx-history-morris-park-racecourse). New York public Library. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231012163703/https://www.nypl.org/blog/2019/03/14/bronx-history-morris-park-racecourse) October 12, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 9, 2025.

1. ["Morris Park: From Horses and Planes to Racing Cars and Ultimately Medicine"](https://einsteinmed.edu/features/stories/571/morris-park-from-horses-and-planes-to-racing-cars-and-ultimately-medicine/). Albert Einstein College of Medicine. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250210181157/https://einsteinmed.edu/features/stories/571/morris-park-from-horses-and-planes-to-racing-cars-and-ultimately-medicine/) February 10, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 9, 2025.

1. Appleman, Jake (January 4, 2013). ["Basketball Is Reborn at an Old Bronx Gym"](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/05/sports/ncaabasketball/basketball-is-reborn-at-fordham.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250210180451/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/05/sports/ncaabasketball/basketball-is-reborn-at-fordham.html) February 10, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 10, 2025.

1. ["Lehman Athletics"](https://lehmanathletics.com/). Lehman College. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250210180451/https://lehmanathletics.com/) February 10, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 10, 2025.

1. ["LPC Designates Three Bronx Sites as Individual Landmarks"](https://www.nyc.gov/site/lpc/about/pr2023/lpc-designates-three-bronx-sites-as-individual-landmarks.page). *www.nyc.gov*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240717194930/https://www.nyc.gov/site/lpc/about/pr2023/lpc-designates-three-bronx-sites-as-individual-landmarks.page) July 17, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-07-17.

1. Custodio, Jonathan (2023-05-31). ["Bronx Opera House Where They Danced the Pachanga Could Become a Landmark"](http://www.thecity.nyc/2023/05/31/bronx-opera-house-pachanga-landmark-mott-haven-broadway-landmarks-preservation-commission/). *THE CITY - NYC News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240525225409/https://www.thecity.nyc/2023/05/31/bronx-opera-house-pachanga-landmark-mott-haven-broadway-landmarks-preservation-commission/) May 25, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-07-17.

1. Slotnik, Daniel E. (2019-10-23). ["Ray Santos, a Pillar of Latin Jazz, Is Dead at 90"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/23/arts/music/ray-santos-dead.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN 0362-4331](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191023202004/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/23/arts/music/ray-santos-dead.html) October 23, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-07-17.

1. ["Our History & Mission – The Bronx Opera"](https://bronxopera.org/history-and-mission/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250113190015/https://bronxopera.org/history-and-mission/) January 13, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2025-01-13.

1. Knight, Christina. ["How the Bronx Gave Us Hip Hop"](https://www.thirteen.org/blog-post/how-the-bronx-gave-us-hip-hop/). *THIRTEEN - New York Public Media*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230423223536/https://www.thirteen.org/blog-post/how-the-bronx-gave-us-hip-hop/) April 23, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2025-09-13.

1. Blanco, Alvin (2023-08-01). ["A Short History of Hip-Hop in the Bronx"](https://www.nyctourism.com/articles/guide-to-hip-hop-culture-in-the-bronx-past-and-present/). *New York City Tourism*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20251001134924/https://www.nyctourism.com/articles/guide-to-hip-hop-culture-in-the-bronx-past-and-present/) October 1, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2025-09-13.

1. ["Why Rap Creates Entrepreneurs"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/ruthblatt/2014/04/10/what-the-history-of-hip-hop-teaches-us-about-entrepreneurship/). *[Forbes](/source/Forbes)*. April 10, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210508201649/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ruthblatt/2014/04/10/what-the-history-of-hip-hop-teaches-us-about-entrepreneurship/) May 8, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 25, 2019.

1. David Gonzalez, ["Will Gentrification Spoil the Birthplace of Hip-Hop?"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/21/nyregion/21citywide.html) [Archived](https://archive.today/20120905153313/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/21/nyregion/21citywide.html?_r=1) September 5, 2012 at archive.today, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, May 21, 2007, retrieved on July 1, 2008

1. Jennifer Lee, ["Tenants Might Buy the Birthplace of Hip-Hop"](http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/15/tenants-might-buy-the-birthplace-of-hip-hop) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080704132435/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/15/tenants-might-buy-the-birthplace-of-hip-hop/) July 4, 2008 at the Wayback Machine, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, January 15, 2008, retrieved on July 1, 2008

1. Tukufu Zuberi ("detective"), "Birthplace of Hip Hop", *[History Detectives](/source/History_Detectives)*, Season 6, Episode 11, New York City, found at [PBS official website](https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigation/birthplace-of-hip-hop/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110807203444/http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigation/birthplace-of-hip-hop/) August 7, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed February 24, 2009.

1. ["Afrika Bambaataa: Renegade of Funk"](https://www.arts.gov/stories/other/afrika-bambaataa-renegade-funk). *www.arts.gov*. 2013-08-01. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20251206124921/https://www.arts.gov/stories/other/afrika-bambaataa-renegade-funk) December 6, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2025-09-13.

1. ["About"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170827043233/http://www.baadbronx.org/about.html). *BAAD! Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance*. Archived from [the original](http://www.baadbronx.org/about.html) on August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.

1. ["New and Improved Bronx Museum"](https://www.archpaper.com/2006/10/new-and-improved-bronx-museum/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210605184434/https://www.archpaper.com/2006/10/new-and-improved-bronx-museum/) June 5, 2021 at the Wayback Machine, *[The Architect's Newspaper](/source/The_Architect's_Newspaper)*, October 20, 2006. Accessed May 14, 2021. "One of the first and most notable additions is a $19 million expansion of the Bronx Museum of Art, designed by Bernardo Fort-Brescia and his firm Arquitectonica. Rising three towering stories above the busy street, the northern wing of the museum is the first phase of a project that will literally unfold to the corner, eventually replacing the squat former-synagogue the museum has occupied since 1982. It adds 16,700 square feet to an existing 33,000."

1. Christopher Gray, ["Sturm und Drang Over a Memorial to Heinrich Heine"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/27/realestate/27scap.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220608033456/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/27/realestate/27scap.html?_r=2) June 8, 2022 at the Wayback Machine, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, May 27, 2007, retrieved on July 3, 2008.. See also [Public Art in the Bronx: Joyce Kilmer Park](http://www.lehman.edu/vpadvance/artgallery/publicart/J_kilmer_pk.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140306134446/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/27/realestate/27scap.html) March 6, 2014 at the Wayback Machine, from [Lehman College](/source/Lehman_College)

1. ["Maritime Industry Museum"](http://www.sunymaritime.edu/Maritime%20Museum/index.aspx). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080725015411/http://www.sunymaritime.edu/Maritime%20Museum/index.aspx) July 25, 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 21, 2008.

1. ["Home"](https://sites.google.com/harlemrivercr.org/hrcr). *sites.google.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200809030600/https://sites.google.com/harlemrivercr.org/hrcr) August 9, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 14, 2020.

1. ["Bronx River Ecological Restoration and Management Plan"](http://www.bronxriver.org/puma/images/usersubmitted/greenway_plan/). *broxriver.org*. August 14, 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080814050737/http://www.bronxriver.org/puma/images/usersubmitted/greenway_plan/) August 14, 2008 at the Wayback Machine.

1. ["Welcome"](http://www.bronxriverart.org/). Bronx River Art Center. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20041216015112/http://www.bronxriverart.org/) December 16, 2004 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 29, 2004.

1. Mitchell, Alex (May 11, 2018). "Top Bronx Week events set for May 19–20 weekend". *Bronx Times Reporter*. p. 42.

1. ["Ferragosto festival brings lively celebration of Italian culture"](http://bronx.news12.com/story/36331929/ferragosto-festival-brings-lively-celebration-of-italian-culture). News12:The Bronx. September 10, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180517082059/http://bronx.news12.com/story/36331929/ferragosto-festival-brings-lively-celebration-of-italian-culture) May 17, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 16, 2018.

1. Slattery, Denis (June 19, 2014). ["There's something fishy going on in the Bronx"](http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/fish-parade-returns-bronx-article-1.1836592). *The New York Daily News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180517005624/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/fish-parade-returns-bronx-article-1.1836592) May 17, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 16, 2018.

1. Wirsing, Robert (November 24, 2017). ["Edgewater Park Hosts Annual Ragamuffin Parade"](https://www.bxtimes.com/stories/2017/47/47-a-ragamuffin-2017-11-24-bx.html). *The Bronx Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180517082444/https://www.bxtimes.com/stories/2017/47/47-a-ragamuffin-2017-11-24-bx.html) May 17, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 16, 2018.

1. Rocchio, Patrick (November 11, 2017). ["Plethora of Bronx Veterans Day events on Nov. 11th"](https://www.bxtimes.com/stories/2017/45/45-vetsroundup-2017-11-10-bx.html). *The Bronx Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180517082428/https://www.bxtimes.com/stories/2017/45/45-vetsroundup-2017-11-10-bx.html) May 17, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 16, 2018.

1. Samuels, Tanyanika (November 27, 2012). ["In Bronx and beyond, local Albanians to mark the 100th anniversary of independence from Turkish rule"](http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/local-albanians-celebrate-homeland-independence-article-1.1208296). *New York Daily News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152757/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/local-albanians-celebrate-homeland-independence-article-1.1208296) May 17, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 16, 2018.

1. ["Thousands turn out for parade celebrating Dominican pride"](http://bronx.news12.com/story/36004425/thousands-turn-out-for-parade-celebrating-dominican-pride). News12:The Bronx. July 30, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180517005401/http://bronx.news12.com/story/36004425/thousands-turn-out-for-parade-celebrating-dominican-pride) May 17, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 16, 2018.

1. Rocchio, Patrick (October 6, 2017). ["Bronx Columbus Parade steps off on Sunday"](https://www.bxtimes.com/stories/2017/40/40-columbus-2017-10-06-bx.html). *The Bronx Times*

1. ["Bronx St Patrick's Day Parade in Throgs Neck"](http://bronxbuzz.nyc/east-bronx-neighborhoods---east-bronx-news-cms-1459). *Bronx Buzz NYC*. March 12, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180517005426/http://bronxbuzz.nyc/east-bronx-neighborhoods---east-bronx-news-cms-1459) May 17, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 16, 2018.

1. ["Bronx News"](https://www.bxnews.net/http:__www.bxnews.net/Bronx_News.html). *www.bxnews.net*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120610160535/http://www.bxnews.net/) June 10, 2012 at the Wayback Machine.

1. Ramirez, Anthony. ["Radio Tower in Bronx Falls; Botanical Garden Hears It, Happily"](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/29/nyregion/radio-tower-in-bronx-falls-botanical-garden-hears-it-happily.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132229/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/29/nyregion/radio-tower-in-bronx-falls-botanical-garden-hears-it-happily.html) May 14, 2021 at the Wayback Machine, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, April 29, 2006. Accessed May 14, 2021. "Under the 2002 deal, the Fordham tower was to come down, ridding the blight for the botanical garden, and a new Fordham radio antenna, for WFUV-FM (90.7), was to be built atop an apartment building owned by Montefiore. The elevation and the location of the Montefiore building, a mile from the old site, mean that the Fordham radio signal can reach far more listeners than the old one could."

1. Its website showcases very short selections (less than 20 seconds and over 2 MB each in uncompressed [AIFF](/source/Audio_Interchange_File_Format) format) from *[Bronx Music Vol.1](http://www.bronxnet.org/info/music/bxmusic.htm)*, an out-of-press [compact disc](/source/Compact_disc) of the old and new sounds and artists of the Bronx. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070813130030/http://www.bronxnet.org/info/music/bxmusic.htm) August 13, 2007 at the Wayback Machine

1. ["The Hub"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100106082418/http://www.forgotten-ny.com/STREET%20SCENES/hub/hub.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.forgotten-ny.com/STREET%20SCENES/hub/hub.html) on January 6, 2010.

1. ["Bronx Neighborhood Histories"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080515092129/http://www.lehman.edu/vpadvance/artgallery/publicart/neighborhood.htm). Archived from [the original](http://www.lehman.edu/vpadvance/artgallery/publicart/neighborhood.htm) on May 15, 2008.

1. ["Bronx Hub revival gathers steam"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071112071728/http://www.therealdeal.net/issues/JULY_2006/1151609191.php). Archived from [the original](http://www.therealdeal.net/issues/JULY_2006/1151609191.php) on November 12, 2007.

1. ["Michael Sorkin Studio"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090801123524/http://www.sorkinstudio.com/Bronx%20Hub.htm). Michael Sorkin Studio. Archived from [the original](http://www.sorkinstudio.com/Bronx%20Hub.htm) on August 1, 2009.

1. "Chains of Silver: Gateway Center At Bronx Terminal Market Earns LEED Silver Bona Fides"

1. [Cornell Law School Supreme Court Collection: Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris](https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0489_0688_ZS.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130924104029/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0489_0688_ZS.html) September 24, 2013 at the Wayback Machine, accessed June 12, 2006

1. Trymaine Lee, ["Bronx Voters Elect Díaz as New Borough President"](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/22/nyregion/22bronx.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170201134118/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/22/nyregion/22bronx.html) February 1, 2017 at the Wayback Machine, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, New York edition, April 22, 2009, page A24, retrieved on May 13, 2009

1. The Board of Elections in the City of New York, [Bronx Borough President special election results, April 21, 2009](http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/pdf/results/2009/BronxBoroPresident_4_21_09/BronxBoroPresident-Recap.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110725025650/http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/pdf/results/2009/BronxBoroPresident_4_21_09/BronxBoroPresident-Recap.pdf) July 25, 2011 at the Wayback Machine ([PDF](/source/PDF) with details by Assembly District, April 29, 2009), retrieved on May 13, 2009

1. Calder, Rich (May 8, 2017). [""City backtracks on promise to replace Yankee Stadium parkland""](https://nypost.com/2017/05/08/city-backtracks-on-promise-to-build-affordable-housing-units/). *New York Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230303025101/https://nypost.com/2017/05/08/city-backtracks-on-promise-to-build-affordable-housing-units/) March 3, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 3, 2023.

1. Mueller, Benjamin. ["Robert Johnson, Bronx District Attorney, Says He Wants to Become a State Judge"](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/19/nyregion/robert-johnson-bronx-district-attorney-says-he-wants-to-become-a-state-judge.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132227/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/19/nyregion/robert-johnson-bronx-district-attorney-says-he-wants-to-become-a-state-judge.html) May 14, 2021 at the Wayback Machine, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, September 18, 2015. Accessed May 14, 2021. "With the backing of Democratic leaders, Mr. Johnson won a contested election in 1988 to become the first black district attorney in the state."

1. *[The World Almanac and Book of Facts](/source/The_World_Almanac_and_Book_of_Facts)* for 1929 & 1957; *[The Encyclopedia of New York City](/source/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City)*, edited by [Kenneth T. Jackson](/source/Kenneth_T._Jackson) ([Yale University Press](/source/Yale_University_Press) and the [New-York Historical Society](/source/New-York_Historical_Society), [New Haven, Connecticut](/source/New_Haven,_Connecticut), 1995 ISBN 0-300-05536-6), article on "government and politics"

1. ["New York Senators, Representatives, and Congressional District Maps"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181230030025/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/NY#representatives). *GovTrack.us*. May 21, 2018. Archived from [the original](https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/NY#representatives) on December 30, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018.

1. (The Republican line exceeded the ALP's in every other borough)

1. ["2020 census – school district reference map: Bronx County, NY"](https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st36_ny/schooldistrict_maps/c36005_bronx/DC20SD_C36005.pdf). [U.S. Census Bureau](/source/U.S._Census_Bureau). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220714065028/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st36_ny/schooldistrict_maps/c36005_bronx/DC20SD_C36005.pdf) July 14, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2022-07-22. – [Text list](https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st36_ny/schooldistrict_maps/c36005_bronx/DC20SD_C36005_SD2MS.txt) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220714065028/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st36_ny/schooldistrict_maps/c36005_bronx/DC20SD_C36005_SD2MS.txt) July 14, 2022 at the Wayback Machine

1. [QT-P19. School Enrollment: 2000; Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) – Sample Data; Geographic Area: Bronx County, New York](http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-context=qt&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP19&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-CONTEXT=qt&-tree_id=403&-all_geo_types=N&-geo_id=05000US36005&-search_results=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en), [United States Census Bureau](/source/United_States_Census_Bureau), retrieved August 22, 2008 [Archived](https://archive.today/20200212043728/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-context=qt&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP19&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-CONTEXT=qt&-tree_id=403&-all_geo_types=N&-geo_id=05000US36005&-search_results=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en) February 12, 2020 at archive.today

1. ["A Tiny Strip of New York That Feels Like the Suburbs"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160717200357/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/06/nyregion/a-tiny-strip-of-new-york-that-feels-like-the-suburbs.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. May 6, 1997. Archived from [the original](https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/06/nyregion/a-tiny-strip-of-new-york-that-feels-like-the-suburbs.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm) on July 17, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2012. ()

1. [U.S. Census Bureau](/source/U.S._Census_Bureau), [*County and City Data Book:2007*](https://web.archive.org/web/20080422014749/http://www.census.gov/statab/ccdb/ccdbstcounty.html), Table B-4. Counties – Population Characteristics

1. Chronopoulos, Themis. [""Urban Decline and the Withdrawal of New York University from University Heights, The Bronx." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLVI (Spring/Fall 2009): 4–24."](https://web.archive.org/web/20141031124152/http://themis.slass.org/university-heights.html). Archived from [the original](http://themis.slass.org/university-heights.html) on October 31, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2014.

1. ["The Young Mariners of Throgs Neck"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/16/nyregion/suny-maritime-college.html). *The New York Times*. March 16, 2017. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/16/nyregion/suny-maritime-college.html) January 1, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 17, 2017.

1. [Monroe College history](http://www.monroecollege.edu/aboutmonroe/monroeshistory) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081012041201/http://monroecollege.edu/aboutmonroe/monroeshistory) October 12, 2008 at the Wayback Machine (from the College's web site) retrieved on July 27, 2008.

1. ["Unlock the Grid, Then Ditch the Maps and Apps"](http://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2012/02/unlock-the-grid-then-ditch-the-maps-and-apps/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160730132347/http://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2012/02/unlock-the-grid-then-ditch-the-maps-and-apps/) July 30, 2016 at the Wayback Machine, [WNET](/source/WNET), February 24, 2012. Accessed August 1, 2016. "Jerome Avenue is the Bronx's Fifth Avenue: Jerome Avenue divides the eastern and western halves of the Bronx. Much of the West Bronx's numbering continues where Upper Manhattan's street grid left off."

1. [Bronx factsheet](http://www.tstc.org/reports/cpsheets/Bronx_factsheet.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110723211430/http://www.tstc.org/reports/cpsheets/Bronx_factsheet.pdf) July 23, 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Tri‐State Transportation Campaign. Accessed August 1, 2016.

1. ["MTA Budget For Four New East Bronx Metro North Stations Finally Approved"](https://www.welcome2thebronx.com/2016/05/25/mta-budget-for-four-new-east-bronx-metro-north-stations-finally-approved/). *Welcome2TheBronx*. May 25, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223256/https://www.welcome2thebronx.com/2016/05/25/mta-budget-for-four-new-east-bronx-metro-north-stations-finally-approved/) August 21, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 21, 2018.

1. ["Mayor de Blasio Announces Opening of new NYC Ferry Landing in Throgs Neck, the Bronx | City of New York"](https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/874-21/mayor-de-blasio-opening-new-nyc-ferry-landing-throgs-neck-bronx#/0). .nyc.gov. December 28, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115956/https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/874-21/mayor-de-blasio-opening-new-nyc-ferry-landing-throgs-neck-bronx#/0) January 26, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 4, 2022.

1. Roccio, Patrick (August 17–23, 2018). "SV Ferry Launched". *Bronx Times Reporter*

1. Chronopoulos, Themis. [""Paddy Chayefsky's 'Marty' and Its Significance to the Social History of Arthur Avenue, The Bronx, in the 1950s." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLIV (Spring/Fall 2007): 50–59."](https://web.archive.org/web/20130120181558/http://themis.slass.org/marty.html). Archived from [the original](http://themis.slass.org/marty.html) on January 20, 2013.

1. Hinkley, David (March 3, 2004). ["Scorn and disdain: Spike Jones giffs Hitler der old birdaphone, 1942"](http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2004/03/03/2004-03-03_scorn_and_disdain_spike_jone.html). *[New York Daily News](/source/New_York_Daily_News)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090408091714/https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2004/03/03/2004-03-03_scorn_and_disdain_spike_jone.html) April 8, 2009 at the Wayback Machine.

1. Gilliland, John (April 14, 1972). ["Pop Chronicles 1940s Program #5"](https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1633240/m1/). *UNT Digital Library*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200411074752/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1633240/m1/) April 11, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 11, 2020.

1. O'Connor, John J. ["TV: CBS on C.I.A., and BBC's *Bronx is Burning*"](https://www.nytimes.com/1975/06/13/archives/tv-cbs-on-cia-and-bbcs-bronx-is-burning.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230310152830/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/06/13/archives/tv-cbs-on-cia-and-bbcs-bronx-is-burning.html) March 10, 2023 at the Wayback Machine, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, June 13, 1975. Accessed March 10, 2023. "This Sunday at 9 P.M., WNEW/Channel 5 will offer an hour‐long documentary called *The Bronx is Burning.* Documenting the daily routines of Engine. Company 82 in the South Bronx, the program captures some of the peculiar ingredients that constitute 'perhaps the toughest square mile in the city.'""

1. Mahler, Jonathan (2005). [*Ladies and Gentlemen, the Bronx is Burning*](https://archive.org/details/ladiesgentlemenb00mahl). [Farrar, Straus and Giroux](/source/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux). ISBN 0-312-42430-2.

1. Conde, Ed Garcia. ["*Bronx Burning*: A Documentary By Edwin Pagán"](https://welcome2thebronx.com/2014/05/06/bronx-burning-a-documentary-by-edwin-pagan/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230310152830/https://welcome2thebronx.com/2014/05/06/bronx-burning-a-documentary-by-edwin-pagan/) March 10, 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Welcome2TheBronx, May 6, 2014. Accessed March 10, 2023. "Edwin Pagán, a "New York-based filmmaker, Photographer, cinematographer, screenwriter and cultural activist," will begin filming Bronx Burning this June and is seeking individuals who lived those terrible years of our borough and have any personal, unique, or little known stories they'd like to share."

1. ["Opportunities for Arts Organizations and Community Based Organizations"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060626082500/http://www.bronxarts.org/newsletter/200601.html). *E-News Update*. Bronx Council on the Arts. January 2006. Archived from [the original](http://www.bronxarts.org/newsletter/200601.html) on June 26, 2006. Retrieved December 27, 2006.

1. ["*The Get Down* review – an insanely extravagant love letter to 70s New York"](https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/aug/15/baz-luhrmann-get-down-tv-review-netflix) by Sam Wollaston, *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*, August 15, 2016

1. Kate Simon, *Bronx Primitive: Portraits in a Childhood.* New York: Harper Colophon, 1983.

1. *[The Threepenny Review](/source/The_Threepenny_Review)*, [Volume 109, Spring 2007](http://www.threepennyreview.com/tocs/109_sp07.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080514151831/http://www.threepennyreview.com/tocs/109_sp07.html) May 14, 2008 at the Wayback Machine

1. [Avery Corman](/source/Avery_Corman), *The Old Neighborhood*, [Simon & Schuster](/source/Simon_%26_Schuster), 1980; ISBN 0-671-41475-5

1. Tom Wolfe, *The Bonfire of the Vanities*, [Farrar, Straus and Giroux](/source/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux) 1987 (hardback) ISBN 978-0-374-11535-7, Picador Books 2008 (paperback) ISBN 978-0-312-42757-3

1. Anne Barnard, [Twenty Years After 'Bonfire,' A City No Longer in Flames](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/nyregion/10bonfire.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170201133856/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/nyregion/10bonfire.html) February 1, 2017 at the Wayback Machine, *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, December 10, 2007, retrieved on July 1, 2008

1. Kakutani, Michiko (September 16, 1997). ["'Underworld': Of America as a Splendid Junk Heap"](https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/14/daily/underworld-book-review.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210908195426/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/14/daily/underworld-book-review.html) September 8, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 22, 2021.

1. ["Contrite Poet Gives A Cheer for Bronx On Golden Jubilee"](https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/27/archives/contrite-poet-gives-a-cheer-for-bronx-on-golden-jubilee.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. May 27, 1964. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210418071336/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/27/archives/contrite-poet-gives-a-cheer-for-bronx-on-golden-jubilee.html) April 18, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 18, 2021.

1. ["From the Banks of Brook Avenue by W.R. Rodriguez"](https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/wr-rodriguez/banks-brook-avenue/). *Kirkusreviews.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170731204154/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/wr-rodriguez/banks-brook-avenue/) July 31, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 26, 2017.

1. Ultan, Lloyd & Unger, Barbara (2006). [*Bronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough*](https://books.google.com/books?id=M2i8HAAACAAJ). Rivergate Regionals Collection. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3862-4. Retrieved August 2, 2017.

1. Tokarczyk, M.M. (2016). [*Bronx Migrations*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KPO7DAEACAAJ). Cherry Castle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-692-73765-1. Retrieved January 11, 2018.

1. Daniels, Jim (December 2016). ["Tokarczyk, Michelle M. (2016) Bronx Migrations, Cherry Castle Publishing, Columbia, Md."](https://workingclassstudiesjournal.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/jwcs-vol-1-issue-1-december-2016-daniels.pdf). *Journal of Working-Class Studies*. **1** (1). [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://workingclassstudiesjournal.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/jwcs-vol-1-issue-1-december-2016-daniels.pdf) October 9, 2022 at the Wayback Machine.

1. ["A trio of Bronx tomes tell the tales of the borough"](http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/trio-bronx-tomes-tales-borough-article-1.2057670). *NY Daily News*. December 28, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150920232340/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/trio-bronx-tomes-tales-borough-article-1.2057670) September 20, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 24, 2016.

1. ["Writing to Heal in the Bronx"](https://huffingtonpost.com/charlie-vazquez/writing-to-heal-in-the-br_b_7485218.html). *The Huffington Post*. June 2, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151203022737/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/charlie-vazquez/writing-to-heal-in-the-br_b_7485218.html) December 3, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 24, 2016.

1. ["Bronx Council on the Arts Receives National Endowment for the Arts Grant for The Bronx Memoir Project – Bronx, NY"](http://www.americantowns.com/ny/bronx/news/bronx-council-on-the-arts-receives-national-endowment-for-the-arts-grant-for-the-bronx-memoir-project-15548834). *www.americantowns.com*. Retrieved January 24, 2016.[dead link]

1. This Is Me... Then (liner notes). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2003.

1. Cartlidge, Cherese (2012). Jennifer Lopez. Lucent Books. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4205-0755-3. Jennifer Lynn Lopez's parents, David and Guadalupe, were both born in Ponce, the second-largest city in Puerto Rico.

1. "Jennifer Lopez: Actress, Reality Television Star, Dancer, Singer (1969–)"

1. *[The Encyclopedia of New York City](/source/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City)*, edited by [Kenneth T. Jackson](/source/Kenneth_T._Jackson) ([Yale University Press](/source/Yale_University_Press) and the [New-York Historical Society](/source/New-York_Historical_Society), New Haven, Connecticut, 1995 ISBN 0-300-05536-6), pages 1091–1095

1. ["Clifford Odets | American dramatist"](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Clifford-Odets). *Encyclopedia Britannica*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201014020635/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Clifford-Odets) October 14, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 7, 2020.

1. Gussow, Mel. "Theater: The Oxcart". *The New York Times*

1. ["'A Bronx Tale: The Musical': Theater Review | Hollywood Reporter"](https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/a-bronx-tale-musical-theater-1159895). *www.hollywoodreporter.com*. November 9, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210303153102/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/a-bronx-tale-musical-theater-1159895) March 3, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 7, 2020.

### Further reading

See also: [Bibliography of the history of the Bronx](/source/Timeline_of_the_Bronx#Bibliography)

#### General

- Baver, Sherrie L. (1988). "Development of New York's Puerto Rican Community". *Bronx County Historical Society Journal*. **25** (1): 1–9.
- Briggs, Xavier de Souza, Anita Miller and John Shapiro. "CCRP in the South Bronx". *Planners' Casebook*, Winter 1996.
- Corman, Avery. "My Old Neighborhood Remembered, A Memoir". Barricade Books (2014)
- Chronopoulos, Themis. "Paddy Chayefsky's 'Marty' and Its Significance to the Social History of Arthur Avenue, The Bronx, in the 1950s". *The Bronx County Historical Society Journal* XLIV (Spring/Fall 2007): 50–59.
- Chronopoulos, Themis. "Urban Decline and the Withdrawal of New York University from University Heights, The Bronx". *The Bronx County Historical Society Journal* XLVI (Spring/Fall 2009): 4–24.
- de Kadt, Maarten. *The Bronx River: An Environmental and Social History*. The History Press (2011)
- DiBrino, Nicholas. *The History of the Morris Park Racecourse and the Morris Family* (1977)
- Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. *[The Encyclopedia of New York City](/source/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City)*, ([Yale University Press](/source/Yale_University_Press) and the [New-York Historical Society](/source/New-York_Historical_Society), (1995) ISBN 0-300-05536-6), has entries, maps, illustrations, statistics and bibliographic references on almost all of the significant topics in this article, from the entire borough to individual neighborhoods, people, events and artistic works.
- McNamara, John. *History In Asphalt: The Origin of Bronx Street and Place Names* (1993) ISBN 0-941980-16-2
- McNamara, John *McNamara's Old Bronx* (1989) ISBN 0-941980-25-1
- Twomey, Bill and Casey, Thomas. *Images of America Series: Northwest Bronx* (2011)
- Twomey, Bill and McNamara, John. *Throggs Neck Memories* (1993)
- Twomey, Bill and McNamara, John. *Images of America Series: Throggs Neck-Pelham Bay* (1998)
- Twomey, Bill and Moussot, Peter. *Throggs Neck* (1983), pictorial
- Twomey, Bill. *Images of America Series: East Bronx* (1999)
- Twomey, Bill. *Images of America Series: South Bronx* (2002)
- Twomey, Bill. *The Bronx in Bits and Pieces* (2007)

#### Bronx history

- Barrows, Edward, and Mike Wallace. *Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898* (1999)
- Baver, Sherrie L (1988). "Development of New York's Puerto Rican Community". *Bronx County Historical Society Journal*. **25** (1): 1–9.
- Federal Writers' Project. *New York City Guide: A Comprehensive Guide to the Five Boroughs of the Metropolis: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Richmond* (1939) [online edition](https://www.questia.com/read/99253940?title=New%20York%20City%20Guide%3a%20A%20Comprehensive%20Guide%20to%20the%20Five%20Boroughs%20of%20the%20Metropolis%3a%20Manhattan%2c%20Brooklyn%2c%20the%20Bronx%2c%20Queens%2c%20and%20Richmond) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120626095909/http://www.questia.com/read/99253940?title=New%20York%20City%20Guide%3a%20A%20Comprehensive%20Guide%20to%20the%20Five%20Boroughs%20of%20the%20Metropolis%3a%20Manhattan%2c%20Brooklyn%2c%20the%20Bronx%2c%20Queens%2c%20and%20Richmond) June 26, 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- Fitzpatrick Benedict. *The Bronx and Its People; A History 1609–1927* (The Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1927. 3 volumes), Narrative history plus many biographies of prominent citizens
- Gonzalez, Evelyn. *The Bronx*. (Columbia University Press, 2004. 263 ISBN 0-231-12114-8), scholarly history focused on the slums of the South Bronx [online edition](https://www.questia.com/read/114330210?title=The%20Bronx) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120626091726/http://www.questia.com/read/114330210?title=The%20Bronx) June 26, 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- Goodman, Sam. "The Golden Ghetto: The Grand Concourse in the Twentieth Century", *Bronx County Historical Society Journal* 2004 41(1): 4–18 and 2005 42(2): 80–99
- Greene, Anthony C., "The Black Bronx: A Look at the Foundation of the Bronx's Black Communities until 1900", *Bronx County Historical Society Journal*, 44 (Spring–Fall 2007), 1–18.
- Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. *[The Encyclopedia of New York City](/source/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City)*, (Yale University Press and the [New-York Historical Society](/source/New-York_Historical_Society), (1995) ISBN 0-300-05536-6), has entries, maps, illustrations, statistics and bibliographic references on almost all of the significant topics in this article, from the entire borough to individual neighborhoods, people, events and artistic works.
- Jonnes, Jull. *South Bronx Rising: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of an American City* (2002) [online edition](https://www.questia.com/read/111733280?title=South%20Bronx%20Rising%3a%20%20The%20Rise%2c%20Fall%2c%20and%20Resurrection%20of%20an%20American%20City) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120626005424/http://www.questia.com/read/111733280?title=South%20Bronx%20Rising%3a%20%20The%20Rise%2c%20Fall%2c%20and%20Resurrection%20of%20an%20American%20City) June 26, 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- [Melancholy in the Bronx, but Not Because of the Stadium](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/20/nyregion/20bronx.html) by [David Gonzales](/source/David_Gonzalez_(journalist)), *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, published and retrieved on September 19, 2008
- Olmsted, Robert A (1989). "A History of Transportation in the Bronx". *Bronx County Historical Society Journal*. **26** (2): 68–91.
- Olmsted, Robert A (1998). "Transportation Made the Bronx". *Bronx County Historical Society Journal*. **35** (2): 166–180.
- Purnell, Brian (2009). "Desegregating the Jim Crow North: Racial Discrimination in the Postwar Bronx and the Fight to Integrate the Castle Hill Beach Club (1953–1973)". *Afro-Americans in New York Life and History*. **33**: 47–78.
- Purnell, Brian & LaBennett, Oneka (2009). "The Bronx African American History Project (BAAHP) and Approaches to Scholarship about/for Black Communities". *Afro-Americans in New York Life and History*. **33**: 7–23.
- Rodríguez, Clara E. *Puerto Ricans: Born in the U.S.A* (1991) [online edition](https://web.archive.org/web/20110605102857/http://www.questia.com/read/43049095?title=Puerto%20Ricans%3A%20Born%20in%20the%20U.S.A)
- Samtur, Stephen M. and Martin A. Jackson. *The Bronx: Lost, Found, and Remembered, 1935–1975* (1999) [online review](http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=2982), nostalgia
- [Ultan, Lloyd](/source/Lloyd_Ultan_(historian)). *The Northern Borough: A History Of The Bronx* (2009), popular general history
- Ultan, Lloyd. *The Bronx in the frontier era: from the beginning to 1696* (1994)
- Ultan, Lloyd. *The Beautiful Bronx (1920–1950)* (1979), heavily illustrated
- Ultan, Lloyd. *The Birth of the Bronx, 1609–1900* (2000), popular
- Ultan, Lloyd. *The Bronx in the innocent years, 1890–1925* (1985), popular
- Ultan, Lloyd. *The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday, "The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday 1935–1965* (1992), heavily illustrated popular history

## External links

- [Bronx Borough President's Office](http://bronxboropres.nyc.gov/)

### Newspapers

- [The Bronx Times Reporter](http://www.bxtimes.com/)
- [The Bronx Daily](https://bronx.com/)
- [Weekly Bronx Report from Inner City Press](http://www.innercitypress.org/bxreport.html)
- [The Hunts Point Express](https://web.archive.org/web/20151025032510/http://brie.hunter.cuny.edu/hpe/)
- [The Mott Haven Herald](http://www.motthavenherald.com/)
- [Norwood News](http://www.norwoodnews.org/The)
- [The Riverdale Press](http://www.riverdalepress.com/)

### Associations

- [The Bronx River Alliance](http://bronxriver.org/)
- [Bronx Council for Environmental Quality](http://www.bceq.org/)
- [Throggs Neck Merchant Association](http://www.throggsneckmerchants.com/)[dead link]
- [The Bronx Market](https://web.archive.org/web/20120708113524/http://www.thebronxmarket.com/)
- [The South Bronx Overall Economic Development Corporation](http://www.sobro.org/)
- [Bronx County, NY Website](https://web.archive.org/web/20111105050545/http://nybronx.org/)

### History

- [City Island Nautical Museum](http://www.cityislandmuseum.org/)
- [East Bronx History Forum](http://www.bronxnyc.com/)
- [Kingsbridge Historical Society](http://www.kingsbridgehistoricalsociety.org/KHS/Home.html)
- [Museum of Bronx History](http://www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/)
- [The Bronx County Historical Society](http://www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/)
- [The Bronx: A Swedish Connection](https://web.archive.org/web/20040825075222/http://www.ancestry.com/library/view/ancmag/762.asp)
- [Report of the Bronx Parkway Commission, December 31, 1918](https://books.google.com/books?id=ruhKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA700), retrieved on July 24, 2008
- [Remembrance of Synagogues Past: The Lost Civilization of the Jewish South Bronx](http://www.bronxsynagogues.org/) by Seymour Perlin, retrieved on August 10, 2008
- [Forgotten New York: Relics of a Rich History in the Everyday Life of New York City](http://www.forgotten-ny.com/)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [The Bronx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.