# Tetrablemma

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{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
{{distinguish|tetralemma}}

{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Tetrablemma
| image = Tetrablemma ziyaoensis m.jpg
| image_caption = ''T. ziyaoensis'', male
| authority = [O. Pickard-Cambridge](/source/Octavius_Pickard-Cambridge), 1873<ref name=WSC_g3268/>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms =
* ''Indonops''<ref>{{cite journal| last=Brignoli| first=P. M.| year=1976| title=On some recent papers about Indian spiders| journal=Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society| volume=3| issue=8| pages=211–213}}</ref>
}}
'''''Tetrablemma''''' is a widespread genus of [armored spiders](/source/Tetrablemmidae) first described by [Octavius Pickard-Cambridge](/source/Octavius_Pickard-Cambridge) in 1873.<ref name=opc1873>{{cite journal| last=Pickard-Cambridge| first=O.| year=1873| title=On some new genera and species of Araneida| journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London| volume=41| issue=1| pages=112–129}}</ref> It contains 30 species found in [tropical](/source/Tropics) and [subtropical](/source/Subtropics) regions primarily throughout [Asia](/source/Asia) and [Oceania](/source/Oceania), with one species, ''[Tetrablemma rhinoceros](/source/Tetrablemma_rhinoceros)'', known from [Angola](/source/Angola).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Etter |first1=Andres |last2=McAlpine |first2=Clive |last3=Possingham |first3=Hugh |title=Historical Patterns and Drivers of Landscape Change in Colombia Since 1500: A Regionalized Spatial Approach |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |date=5 February 2008 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=2–23 |doi=10.1080/00045600701733911 |url=https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.4743.1.7 |access-date=7 November 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last=Lehtinen| first=P. T.| year=1981| title=Spiders of the Oriental-Australian region. III. Tetrablemmidae, with a world revision| journal=Acta Zoologica Fennica| volume=162| page=20}}</ref> They are found in [leaf litter](/source/Plant_litter), soil, and caves. 

The genus contains some of the only species of spiders to have just four eyes along with some species of [Caponiidae](/source/Caponiidae), to which they are not closely related.<ref>{{cite book |author=Shear,  William A. | date= 1978 | title=Taxonomic notes on the armored spiders of the families Tetrablemmidae and Pacullidae | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/208402}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wheeler |first1=Ward C. |last2=Coddington |first2=Jonathan A. |last3=Crowley |first3=Louise M. |last4=Dimitrov |first4=Dimitar |last5=Goloboff |first5=Pablo A. |last6=Griswold |first6=Charles E. |last7=Hormiga |first7=Gustavo |last8=Prendini |first8=Lorenzo |last9=Ramírez |first9=Martín J. |last10=Sierwald |first10=Petra |last11=Almeida-Silva |first11=Lina |last12=Alvarez-Padilla |first12=Fernando |last13=Arnedo |first13=Miquel A. |last14=Benavides Silva |first14=Ligia R. |last15=Benjamin |first15=Suresh P. |last16=Bond |first16=Jason E. |last17=Grismado |first17=Cristian J. |last18=Hasan |first18=Emile |last19=Hedin |first19=Marshal |last20=Izquierdo |first20=Matías A. |last21=Labarque |first21=Facundo M. |last22=Ledford |first22=Joel |last23=Lopardo |first23=Lara |last24=Maddison |first24=Wayne P. |last25=Miller |first25=Jeremy A. |last26=Piacentini |first26=Luis N. |last27=Platnick |first27=Norman I. |last28=Polotow |first28=Daniele |last29=Silva-Dávila |first29=Diana |last30=Scharff |first30=Nikolaj |last31=Szűts |first31=Tamás |last32=Ubick |first32=Darrell |last33=Vink |first33=Cor J. |last34=Wood |first34=Hannah M. |last35=Zhang |first35=Junxia |title=The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling |journal=Cladistics |date=December 2017 |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=574–616 |doi=10.1111/cla.12182 |url=https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1873.tb00501.x |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref> The eyes are large and unequal in size, closely grouped around the center of the [cephalothorax](/source/cephalothorax), with the eye group tending to be set further back in males. The genus contains some variation in eye arrangement, as ''[Tetrablemma alaus](/source/Tetrablemma_alaus)'', a subterranean species, lacks eyes or any eye spots entirely.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burger |first1=Matthias |last2=Harvey |first2=Mark S. |last3=Stevens |first3=Nicholas |title=A new species of blind subterranean Tetrablemma (Araneae: Tetrablemmidae) from Australia |journal=Journal of Arachnology |date=April 2010 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=146–149 |doi=10.1636/A09-73.1 |url=https://bioone.org/journals/the-journal-of-arachnology/volume-38/issue-1/A09-73.1/A-new-species-of-blind-subterranean-Tetrablemma-Araneae--Tetrablemmidae/10.1636/A09-73.1.short |access-date=7 November 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref> They have four closely positioned spinnerets enclosed in a [corneous](/source/corneous) casing.<ref name=opc1873/>  

[Lehtinen](/source/Pekka_T._Lehtinen) divided the genus into three subgenera in 1981: ''Kumaonia'', ''Indonops'', and ''Tetrablemma'', although this subgeneric arrangement is not always followed by subsequent authors.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Lehtinen| first=P. T.| year=1981| title=Spiders of the Oriental-Australian region. III. Tetrablemmidae, with a world revision| journal=Acta Zoologica Fennica| volume=162| page=57}}</ref>
==Species==
{{As of|2024|November}}, the [World Spider Catalog](/source/World_Spider_Catalog) accepted the following species:<ref name=WSC_g3268/>
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[Tetrablemma alaus](/source/Tetrablemma_alaus)'' <small>Burger, Harvey & Stevens, 2010</small> – Australia (Western Australia)
*''[Tetrablemma alterum](/source/Tetrablemma_alterum)'' <small>Roewer, 1963</small> – Micronesia
*''[Tetrablemma benoiti](/source/Tetrablemma_benoiti)'' <small>(Brignoli, 1978)</small> – Seychelles
*''[Tetrablemma brevidens](/source/Tetrablemma_brevidens)'' <small>Tong & Li, 2008</small> – China
*''[Tetrablemma brignolii](/source/Tetrablemma_brignolii)'' <small>Lehtinen, 1981</small> – India
*''[Tetrablemma deccanense](/source/Tetrablemma_deccanense)'' <small>(Tikader, 1976)</small> – India
*''[Tetrablemma extorre](/source/Tetrablemma_extorre)'' <small>Shear, 1978</small> – Trinidad
*''[Tetrablemma gongshan](/source/Tetrablemma_gongshan)'' <small>Lin, 2021</small> – China
*''[Tetrablemma helenense](/source/Tetrablemma_helenense)'' <small>Benoit, 1977</small> – St. Helena
*''[Tetrablemma kepense](/source/Tetrablemma_kepense)'' <small>Lin, Li & Jäger, 2018</small> – Cambodia
*''[Tetrablemma loebli](/source/Tetrablemma_loebli)'' <small>Bourne, 1980</small> – India
*''[Tetrablemma magister](/source/Tetrablemma_magister)'' <small>Burger, 2008</small> – Australia (Queensland)
*''[Tetrablemma manggarai](/source/Tetrablemma_manggarai)'' <small>Lehtinen, 1981</small> – Indonesia (Flores)
*''[Tetrablemma marawula](/source/Tetrablemma_marawula)'' <small>Lehtinen, 1981</small> – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
*''[Tetrablemma mardionoi](/source/Tetrablemma_mardionoi)'' <small>Lehtinen, 1981</small> – Indonesia (Sumatra)
*''[Tetrablemma medioculatum](/source/Tetrablemma_medioculatum)'' <small>O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873</small> ([type species](/source/type_species)) – Sri Lanka
*''[Tetrablemma menglaense](/source/Tetrablemma_menglaense)'' <small>Lin & Li, 2014</small> – China
*''[Tetrablemma mochima](/source/Tetrablemma_mochima)'' <small> Martínez, Flórez-Daza & Brescovit, 2020</small> – Venezuela
*''[Tetrablemma namkhan](/source/Tetrablemma_namkhan)'' <small>Lin, Li & Jäger, 2012</small> – Laos
*''[Tetrablemma nandan](/source/Tetrablemma_nandan)'' <small>Lin & Li, 2010</small> – China
*''[Tetrablemma okei](/source/Tetrablemma_okei)'' <small>Butler, 1932</small> – Australia (Victoria)
*''[Tetrablemma phulchoki](/source/Tetrablemma_phulchoki)'' <small>Lehtinen, 1981</small> – Nepal
*''[Tetrablemma rhinoceros](/source/Tetrablemma_rhinoceros)'' <small>(Brignoli, 1974)</small> – Angola
*''[Tetrablemma samoense](/source/Tetrablemma_samoense)'' <small>Marples, 1964</small> – Samoa
*''[Tetrablemma sokense](/source/Tetrablemma_sokense)'' <small>Lin, Li & Jäger, 2018</small> – Cambodia
*''[Tetrablemma tatacoa](/source/Tetrablemma_tatacoa)'' <small>Martínez, Flórez-Daza & Brescovit, 2020</small> – Colombia
*''[Tetrablemma thamin](/source/Tetrablemma_thamin)'' <small>Labarque & Grismado, 2009</small> – Myanmar
*''[Tetrablemma viduum](/source/Tetrablemma_viduum)'' <small>(Brignoli, 1974)</small> – Angola
*''[Tetrablemma vietnamense](/source/Tetrablemma_vietnamense)'' <small>Lehtinen, 1981</small> – Vietnam
*''[Tetrablemma ziyaoense](/source/Tetrablemma_ziyaoense)'' <small>Lin & Li, 2014</small> – China
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=WSC_g3268>{{citation |title=Gen. ''Tetrablemma'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873 |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/3268 |access-date=2019-04-13 }}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2945615}}

Category:Tetrablemmidae
Category:Araneomorphae genera
Category:Spiders of Asia
Category:Spiders of Africa
Category:Spiders of the Caribbean

{{Tetrablemmidae-stub}}

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Tetrablemma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrablemma) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrablemma?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.