# Tenor horn

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Brass instrument in the saxhorn family

For the German "Tenorhorn", see [Baritone horn](/source/Baritone_horn).

"Althorn" redirects here. For the village in Essex, see [Althorne](/source/Althorne).

Tenor horn Yamaha tenor horn in E♭ Brass instrument Other names American English: alto horn, peck horn German: Althorn French: saxhorn alto, saxhorn ténor, pichote Italian: flicorno contralto, genis Spanish: trompa alto, onnoven Mexican Spanish: saxor, charchet Classification Aerophone Wind Labrosone Saxhorn Hornbostel–Sachs classification 423.232 (valved labrosone with moderately conical bore) Playing range The tessitura for E♭ tenor horn is A2 to E♭5. Notated in treble clef sounding a major sixth lower than written.[1] Related instruments Saxhorn Flugelhorn Baritone Horn Mellophone Cornet Builders List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers

The **tenor horn** ([British English](/source/British_English); **alto horn** in [American English](/source/American_English), sometimes **E♭ horn**) is a [brass instrument](/source/Brass_instrument) in the [saxhorn](/source/Saxhorn) family pitched in E♭ with three [piston valves](/source/Brass_instrument_valve#Piston_valve). It has a [bore](/source/Bore_(wind_instruments)) that is moderately [conical](/source/Conical_bore), like the [cornet](/source/Cornet) and [baritone](/source/Baritone_horn), and normally uses a deep funnel-shaped [mouthpiece](/source/Mouthpiece_(brass)). In continental Europe it is known as the **Althorn** and commonly has [rotary valves](/source/Brass_instrument_valve#Rotary_valve) and an oval shape.

It is most commonly used to play inner harmonies and off-beats in [British brass bands](/source/British_brass_band) and Mexican [banda music](/source/Banda_music), reading [transposing](/source/Transposing_instrument) treble clef, whereas the [horn](/source/French_horn) dominates in [concert bands](/source/Concert_band) and [orchestras](/source/Orchestra). In the late 20th century it began to be considered as a serious solo voice, and has amassed a repertoire of contemporary [concertos](/source/Concerto) and other solo works.

## History

Further information: [Saxhorn § History](/source/Saxhorn#History)

Althorn in E♭ by Wahl, c. 1850–1870, *top*; Tenor saxhorn in E♭ by [Adolphe Sax](/source/Adolphe_Sax), 1855; Althorn in E♭ with oval form, c. 1900 by Glier ([Scenkonstmuseet](/source/Swedish_Museum_of_Performing_Arts), Stockholm; [University of Edinburgh](/source/St_Cecilia's_Hall); [Musikinstrumentenmuseum](/source/Berlin_Musical_Instrument_Museum), Berlin)

The tenor horn found in British-style brass bands was derived from the French *saxhorn ténor*, a mid-voiced member of the family of [saxhorns](/source/Saxhorn) invented in the 1840s by the Paris-based instrument maker [Adolphe Sax](/source/Adolphe_Sax). [Bore](/source/Bore_(wind_instruments)) diameter measurements of historical instruments by Sax correspond more closely to his [saxotromba](/source/Saxotromba) patent, which describes a separate family of instruments with narrower bore, although only the E♭ *ténor* and B♭ *baryton* were ever built.[2] The earliest 19th century models were made with [Berlin valves](/source/Berlin_valve).[3]

The saxhorns became standard in bands in Britain and the United States due largely to the [Distin family](/source/Distin_family), who helped popularise brass bands, promoting and performing widely on Sax's brass instruments. By 1850 Distin & Co. was manufacturing them in London, and in New York and Pennsylvania by the 1870s after the London business was purchased by [Boosey & Co.](/source/Boosey_%26_Hawkes)[4] Distin dropped the name *saxhorn* early on, adopting the names tenor horn, baritone horn and euphonium instead, names still used for the modern instruments common in bands.[5][6]

In [Prussia](/source/Prussia), early valved instruments with similar pitch and bore profile derived from bugles, called *Althorns*, were already in use by the late 1820s.[7] Initially built like a large [flugelhorn](/source/Flugelhorn) with a forward-pointing [bell](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell_(wind_instrument&action=edit&redlink=1), these were common in central and eastern Europe. The Althorn was also built in a circular "Waldhorn" form, and the upright "tuba-form" similar to Sax's saxhorn family.[8] Later, [rotary valves](/source/Brass_instrument_valve#Rotary_valve) were adopted, and the modern instrument's oval upright form was developed by the Austro-Hungarian maker [Václav František Červený](/source/V%C3%A1clav_Franti%C5%A1ek_%C4%8Cerven%C3%BD) in the 1870s, based on his *Kaiser* family of instruments.[9]

During the [American Civil War](/source/American_Civil_War) in the 1860s, "over-the-shoulder" (OTS) saxhorns, including an E♭ tenor horn size, were built in large numbers in the United States.[10][11] These were made for [military bands](/source/Military_band), with the bell pointing backwards over the player's shoulder, so that soldiers marching behind the band could more easily hear the music.[12] After the war, the bands and their music remained popular, and manufacturing demand for bugles and saxhorns remained strong.[13] In [New Orleans](/source/New_Orleans) in the early 20th century, the tenor horn was used in [Dixieland jazz](/source/Dixieland_jazz) bands, including those of [Papa Jack Laine](/source/Papa_Jack_Laine).[14]

In mid-19th century Mexico, small brass and wind bands known as *[bandas](/source/Banda_music)* became popular in rural and urban areas. Different regions adopted instruments from the military bands of European colonists, and music from German immigrants, particularly along the Pacific coast. By the time of the [Mexican Revolution](/source/Mexican_Revolution) (1910–20), [Sinaloan](/source/Sinaloa) *bandas populares* (popular bands) had standardized on using the tenor horn in the ensemble, along with trumpets, trombones, and tubas or [sousaphones](/source/Sousaphone).[15]

In America the tenor horn was called the alto horn, and became colloquially known as the "peck horn" as the player "pecks away at" the [off-beats](/source/Off-beat_(music)) it was often assigned in marches and band arrangements.[16][14] This name is mentioned in the 1957 Broadway musical, *[The Music Man](/source/The_Music_Man)*.[17] In the 1970s, [King](/source/King_Musical_Instruments) produced an instrument called the "altonium", keyed in F with a funnel-like horn mouthpiece.[18] In their 1971 catalog, King produced two models: the 1147 upright model, and 1148 with the bell angled forward.[19] Soon after, these "alto" horns were entirely replaced with bell-forward forms of the [mellophone](/source/Mellophone) in American [marching bands](/source/Marching_band) and [drum and bugle corps](/source/Drum_and_bugle_corps_(modern)).[16]

## Construction

The modern tenor horn, found in [British brass bands](/source/British_brass_bands), is pitched in E♭ and changed little from the mid-19th century French *saxhorn ténor*.[20] It has an upward-pointing [bell](/source/Wind_instrument#Bell) and three [Périnet piston valves](/source/Brass_instrument_valve#Périnet_valve).[21] The [bore](/source/Bore_(wind_instruments)) is moderately conical, like that of the [cornet](/source/Cornet) or [baritone horn](/source/Baritone_horn), but not as wide as that of the [flugelhorn](/source/Flugelhorn) or [euphonium](/source/Euphonium).[22] The conical bore dampens the higher frequency partials to produce a mellow, rounded *[timbre](/source/Timbre)* compared to instruments with a [cylindrical bore](/source/Cylindrical_bore) at the same pitch.[23][24]

Modern manufacturers, tracking the late 20th century trend of increased bore sizes in band and orchestra brass instruments, build tenor horns with more power and projection than earlier instruments.[25] Manufacturers include [Amati](/source/Amati_Kraslice), [Besson](/source/Besson_(music_company)), Eastman Winds, Geneva, Willson, and [Yamaha](/source/Yamaha_Corporation).[26]

In the 20th century, E♭ tenor horns were built as "alto" horns for American bands by many makers, including [Olds](/source/F._E._Olds), [King](/source/King_Musical_Instruments), [Conn](/source/C._G._Conn), and [York](/source/York_Band_Instrument_Company). Many of these have the bell angled to face forwards, and are sometimes called the *altonium* after models with that name built by King.[16]

In Central and Eastern Europe, the instrument has rotary valves, and is called the *Althorn*. It usually has an oval upright form, similar to the larger B♭ *[Tenorhorn](/source/Baritone_horn)*.[8] These are made by Miraphone, [Červený](/source/V._F._%C4%8Cerven%C3%BD_%26_Synov%C3%A9), and others.[27]

### Mouthpiece

The tenor horn uses a small [mouthpiece](/source/Mouthpiece_(brass)), usually with a deep funnel-shaped cup similar to an orchestral horn mouthpiece. The rim diameter, ranging from 18 to 19.5 millimetres (0.71 to 0.77 in),[28] is wider than an orchestral horn mouthpiece, and about halfway between cornet and baritone mouthpieces.[16]

## Performance

The standard instrumentation of the British brass band has three tenor horn parts: solo, first, and second. The section usually plays as part of the alto and tenor lines in the middle of the band, with the solo horn part having occasional solo passages. Historically, the tenor horn has gained little recognition as a solo instrument in its own right. This has been gradually improving since the late 20th century.[14] The instrument's timbre, with a relatively soft attack and mellow sound, aids it in its ability to blend into the overall band sound.[16]

### Range

Range of a three-valve E♭ tenor horn

The nominal range of the tenor horn (expressed in [concert pitch](/source/Concert_pitch)) is from [A2](/source/Scientific_pitch_notation) an [octave](/source/Octave) and a [minor third](/source/Minor_third) below [middle C](/source/Middle_C) to E♭5 an octave and a minor third above middle C, although experienced players can reach higher than this.[1] Since the tenor horn is a [whole-bore brass instrument](/source/Pitch_of_brass_instruments), the [fundamental](/source/Fundamental_frequency) pitches, or [pedal tones](/source/Pedal_tone), are available from E♭2 to as low as A1 but are seldom called for.[29]

### Notation

Tenor horn parts are written in [treble clef](/source/Treble_clef) as a [transposing instrument](/source/Transposing_instrument) in E♭ a [major sixth](/source/Major_sixth) above [concert pitch](/source/Concert_pitch). The tenor horn's written [middle C](/source/Middle_C) (C4) sounds the E♭3 below middle C.[30]

### Players

[Kate Westbrook](/source/Kate_Westbrook_(musician)) playing the tenor horn

The tenor horn as a serious solo instrument was first entertained in the 1970s by Gordon Higginbottom, a horn player with [Black Dyke Mills](/source/Black_Dyke_Band). Brass band composers began writing pieces for him, culminating in his 1978 performance of [Eric Ball's](/source/Eric_Ball_(composer)) *September Fantasy* in the [Royal Albert Hall](/source/Royal_Albert_Hall). In 1996 Sheona White, horn player in the [Yorkshire Building Society Band](/source/Hammonds_Band), won the BBC Radio 2 Young Musician Award.[14] She has since made recordings of most of the band solo repertoire, including the tenor horn concerto by [Derek Bourgeois](/source/Derek_Bourgeois), and newly commissioned works in 2023 for tenor horn and string orchestra.[31]

Welsh tenor horn soloist Owen Farr, professor of tenor horn at the [Royal Northern College of Music](/source/Royal_Northern_College_of_Music), has tutored several young musicians, including the German hornist Anabel Voigt, who has recorded arrangements, including the [Horn Concerto No. 2](/source/Horn_Concerto_No._2_(Strauss)) by [Richard Strauss](/source/Richard_Strauss) and new works for tenor horn with piano, strings, and brass band.[32][33] Flemish tenor horn virtuoso Tim De Maeseneer has commissioned and recorded concertos for tenor horn by [Jan van der Roost](/source/Jan_van_der_Roost), [Thierry Deleruyelle](/source/Thierry_Deleruyelle), and [Edward Gregson](/source/Edward_Gregson).[34]

In jazz, tenor horn is sometimes used by trumpeters as a doubling instrument, and was played by [Humphrey Lyttelton](/source/Humphrey_Lyttelton) and [Mercer Ellington](/source/Mercer_Ellington). British jazz musician and composer [Django Bates](/source/Django_Bates) performs mainly on tenor horn.[14] The English singer and painter [Kate Westbrook](/source/Kate_Westbrook_(musician)) also plays tenor horn, collaborating and recording with her husband [Mike Westbrook](/source/Mike_Westbrook)'s various ensembles including [The Orckestra](/source/The_Orckestra) (1977–78) and The Village Band since the early 2000s.[35]

## Repertoire

The tenor horn has not appeared in the [symphony orchestra](/source/Symphony_orchestra), where its place is taken by the [horn](/source/French_horn).[14] It is a fixture of brass bands in Britain and the Commonwealth, and sometimes used in [concert bands](/source/Concert_band) as a horn replacement.[29] The tenor horn is also used in [banda](/source/Banda_music) music in Mexico and Latin America, where it is called the *saxor* or *charcheta*.[15]

In chamber music, the standard quartet in British brass bands is two cornets, tenor horn, and euphonium. In Russia, the brass quartet in the late 19th century was two cornets, tenor horn, and [baritone horn](/source/Baritone_horn), although Russian and Soviet composers after 1890 often substituted a trombone for the lowest part.[14] In Germany, modern *posaunenchor* ensembles include bugle family instruments—flugelhorn, tenor horn, euphonium—alongside trumpets and trombones.[36] In Scandinavia, an *althorn* in E♭ (tenor horn) is used in brass ensemble music, such as the Finnish *torviseitsikko* septet, whose repertoire includes early works by [Jean Sibelius](/source/Jean_Sibelius).[37]

### Notable works

The first solo piece specifically for a tenor horn was [Paul Hindemith](/source/Paul_Hindemith)'s *Sonate für Althorn in Es und Klavier* (1943), written as part of his endeavour to produce a [sonata](/source/Sonata) for every instrument.[16][38] In the 1970s, pieces appeared as part of Higginbottom's work to popularise the instrument, including [Eric Ball](/source/Eric_Ball_(composer))'s *September Fantasy* (1977).[14] British composer [Philip Sparke](/source/Philip_Sparke) has written light solos with band accompaniment, including *Masquerade* (1985), *Aria* (2003), and *Capricorno* (2009).[39] [Derek Bourgeois](/source/Derek_Bourgeois) wrote two solo works with piano accompaniment, *A Hornting We Will Go* (1997) and a sonata (2011).[40]

Concertos for tenor horn have been written since the late 20th century. These include [Gareth Wood](/source/Gareth_Wood_(composer))'s *Concertino* (1989), and concertos by Derek Bourgeois (2003),[40] [Elgar Howarth](/source/Elgar_Howarth) (2004),[41] [Idin Samimi Mofakham](/source/Idin_Samimi_Mofakham) (*Rajaz*, 2013),[42] Jan De Maeseneer (*Birth of Time Echoes*, 2019),[43] Jeffrey Kaufman (*Essay*, 2023),[31] [Jan Van der Roost](/source/Jan_Van_der_Roost) (2024), [Thierry Deleruyelle](/source/Thierry_Deleruyelle) (*Horngold*, 2024), and [Edward Gregson](/source/Edward_Gregson) (*Three Gods*, 2024).[34]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbertMyersWallace2019489Appendix_2:_The_Ranges_of_Labrosones_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbertMyersWallace2019489Appendix_2:_The_Ranges_of_Labrosones_1-1) [Herbert, Myers & Wallace 2019](#CITEREFHerbertMyersWallace2019), p. 489, Appendix 2: The Ranges of Labrosones.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbertMyersWallace2019361–362"Saxotromba"_2-0)** [Herbert, Myers & Wallace 2019](#CITEREFHerbertMyersWallace2019), pp. 361–362, "Saxotromba".

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor200710_4-0)** [O'Connor 2007](#CITEREFO'Connor2007), p. 10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbertMyersWallace2019359–360"Saxhorn"_5-0)** [Herbert, Myers & Wallace 2019](#CITEREFHerbertMyersWallace2019), pp. 359–360, "Saxhorn".

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-mfrs_26-0)** - ["Brasswind Instruments: Alto Horns"](https://www.amati.cz/en/products/brasswind-instruments/alto-horns). *amati.cz*. [Amati Kraslice](/source/Amati_Kraslice). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250321013614/https://www.amati.cz/en/products/brasswind-instruments/alto-horns) from the original on 21 March 2025. Retrieved 23 November 2025. - ["Geneva Cardinal Tenor Horn"](https://genevainstruments.com/product/geneva-cardinal-tenor-horn/). *Geneva Instruments*. Retrieved 23 November 2025. - ["Tenor Horns"](https://www.besson.com/en/instruments/tenor-horns/). *[Besson](/source/Besson_(music_company))*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250712005220/https://www.besson.com/en/instruments/tenor-horns/) from the original on 12 July 2025. Retrieved 23 November 2025. - ["Products: Alto (Tenor) Horns"](https://uk.yamaha.com/en/musical-instruments/brass-woodwinds/products/altohorns/). *uk.yamaha.com*. [Yamaha Corporation](/source/Yamaha_Corporation). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250817203819/https://uk.yamaha.com/en/musical-instruments/brass-woodwinds/products/altohorns/) from the original on 17 August 2025. Retrieved 23 November 2025. - ["Alto (Tenor) Horns"](https://www.eastmanwinds.com/alto_tenor_horns). *Eastman Winds*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250808120843/https://www.eastmanwinds.com/alto_tenor_horns) from the original on 8 August 2025. Retrieved 23 November 2025. - ["ES-Althorn 2420TA"](https://willson.ch/instrument/willson-es-althorn-2420ta). *Willson Band Instruments* (in German). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250809085843/https://willson.ch/instrument/willson-es-althorn-2420ta) from the original on 9 August 2025. Retrieved 23 November 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-mfrs-althorn_27-0)** - ["Alto horn"](https://www.miraphone.de/instruments/alto-horn.html). *miraphone.de*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250417061441/https://www.miraphone.de/instruments/alto-horn.html) from the original on 17 April 2025. Retrieved 23 November 2025. - ["Rotary Valve: Alto Horns"](https://www.vfcerveny.cz/en/products/rotary-valve/alto-horns). *vfcerveny.cz*. [V. F. Červený & Synové](/source/V._F._%C4%8Cerven%C3%BD_%26_Synov%C3%A9). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240801130825/https://www.vfcerveny.cz/en/products/rotary-valve/alto-horns) from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 23 November 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["Classic Tenor Horn Mouthpiece"](https://www.deniswick.com/product/classic-tenor-horn-mouthpiece-silver-plated/). *Denis Wick Products*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250401024351/https://www.deniswick.com/product/classic-tenor-horn-mouthpiece-silver-plated/) from the original on 1 April 2025. Retrieved 24 November 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2014125_29-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2014125_29-1) [Miller 2014](#CITEREFMiller2014), p. 125.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GMO-tenor-horn_30-0)** Baines, Anthony; Herbert, Trevor (2001). "Tenor horn". *[Grove Music Online](/source/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online)* (8th ed.). [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27677](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.27677). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-56159-263-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0). (subscription, [Wikilibrary](https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/) access, or [UK public library membership](https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public) required)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-4br-white-strings_31-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-4br-white-strings_31-1) Fox, Iwan (20 April 2024). ["CD review: New Music for E♭ Tenor Horn and String Orchestra"](https://www.4barsrest.com/reviews/products/cd765.asp). *4 Bars Rest*. Retrieved 31 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-rncm-owenfarr_32-0)** ["Owen Farr - Professor of Tenor Horn"](https://www.rncm.ac.uk/people/owen-farr/). Manchester: [Royal Northern College of Music](/source/Royal_Northern_College_of_Music). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250523081012/https://www.rncm.ac.uk/people/owen-farr/) from the original on 23 May 2025. Retrieved 2 November 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4br-voigt_33-0)** Fox, Iwan (16 July 2024). ["CD review: Farbenspiel — A Colourplay through Time and Genres"](https://www.4barsrest.com/reviews/products/cd771.asp). *4 Bars Rest*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250423204514/https://www.4barsrest.com/reviews/products/cd771.asp) from the original on 23 April 2025. Retrieved 2 November 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-4br-paradox_34-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-4br-paradox_34-1) Fox, Iwan (23 March 2025). ["CD review: Beyond the Paradox"](https://www.4barsrest.com/reviews/products/cd779.asp). *4 Bars Rest*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250712204314/https://www.4barsrest.com/reviews/products/cd779.asp) from the original on 12 July 2025. Retrieved 31 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GMO-kate-westbrook_35-0)** Adams, Simon (2001). "Westbrook [née Barnard], Kate [Katherine Jane]". *[Grove Music Online](/source/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online)* (8th ed.). [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.J723300](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.J723300). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-56159-263-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0). (subscription, [Wikilibrary](https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/) access, or [UK public library membership](https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public) required)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbertMyersWallace2019327"Posaunenchor"_36-0)** [Herbert, Myers & Wallace 2019](#CITEREFHerbertMyersWallace2019), p. 327, "Posaunenchor".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbertMyersWallace2019404–405"Torviseitsikko"_37-0)** [Herbert, Myers & Wallace 2019](#CITEREFHerbertMyersWallace2019), p. 404–405, "Torviseitsikko".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Hindemith, Paul (1943). ["Sonate für Althorn (Waldhorn, Alt-Saxophon) in Es und Klavier"](https://imslp.org/wiki/Tenor_Horn_Sonata_(Hindemith,_Paul)). London: Schott & Co. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250821113419/https://imslp.org/wiki/Tenor_Horn_Sonata_(Hindemith%2C_Paul)) from the original on 21 August 2025. Retrieved 24 November 2025 – via [International Music Score Library Project](/source/International_Music_Score_Library_Project).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** [Sparke, Philip](/source/Philip_Sparke). ["Music: results for 'horn'"](https://www.philipsparke.com/search?q=horn). *philipsparke.com*. Retrieved 13 November 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-bourgeois-catalogue_40-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-bourgeois-catalogue_40-1) [Bourgeois, Derek](/source/Derek_Bourgeois). ["Full Catalogue of Works"](https://derekbourgeois.com/catalogu.htm). *derekbourgeois.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241109043444/https://www.derekbourgeois.com/catalogu.htm) from the original on 9 November 2024. Retrieved 23 November 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4br-howarth_41-0)** Fox, Iwan (13 April 2006). ["CD review: Chatham Dances"](https://www.4barsrest.com/reviews/cds/cd251.asp). *4 Bars Rest*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111115092318/http://4barsrest.com/reviews/cds/cd251.asp) from the original on 15 November 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-mofakham-works_42-0)** [Mofakham, Idin Samimi](/source/Idin_Samimi_Mofakham) (2025). ["List of Works"](https://www.idin-samimi.com/list-of-works/). *idin-samimi.com*. Retrieved 23 November 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4br-echoes_43-0)** Fox, Iwan (18 April 2020). ["CD review: The Birth of Time Echoes"](https://www.4barsrest.com/reviews/products/cd666.asp). *4 Bars Rest*. Retrieved 23 November 2025.

## Bibliography

- [Bevan, Clifford](/source/Clifford_Bevan) (2000). *The Tuba Family* (2nd ed.). Winchester: Piccolo Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-872203-30-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872203-30-2). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [993463927](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993463927). [OL](/source/OL_(identifier)) [19533420M](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL19533420M). [Wikidata](/source/WDQ_(identifier)) [Q111040769](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111040769).
- Farr, Ray (2013). *The Distin Legacy: The Rise of the Brass Band in 19th-Century Britain*. Newcastle upon Tyne: [Cambridge Scholars Publishing](/source/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4438-4240-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4240-2). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [827083144](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/827083144). [Wikidata](/source/WDQ_(identifier)) [Q136926948](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136926948).
- Herbert, Trevor; Myers, Arnold; Wallace, John, eds. (2019). *The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Brass Instruments*. [Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/9781316841273](https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316841273). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-316-63185-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-63185-0). [OL](/source/OL_(identifier)) [34730943M](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL34730943M). [Wikidata](/source/WDQ_(identifier)) [Q136027509](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136027509).
- Miller, RJ (2014). *Contemporary Orchestration: A Practical Guide to Instruments, Ensembles, and Musicians*. New York: [Routledge](/source/Routledge). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-74190-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-74190-3). [Wikidata](/source/WDQ_(identifier)) [Q136911157](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136911157).
- Myers, Arnold (2000). "Instruments and Instrumentation". In Herbert, Trevor (ed.). *The British Brass Band: A Musical and Social History*. [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-159012-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-159012-2). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [51682765](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51682765). [Wikidata](/source/WDQ_(identifier)) [Q116480763](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116480763).
- O'Connor, Michael (2007). "A Short History of the Euphonium and Baritone Horn". In Bone, Lloyd E.; Paull, Eric; [Morris, R. Winston](/source/R._Winston_Morris) (eds.). *Guide to the Euphonium Repertoire: The Euphonium Source Book*. Bloomington: [Indiana University Press](/source/Indiana_University_Press). pp. 1–18. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-253-34811-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34811-0). [Wikidata](/source/WDQ_(identifier)) [Q135963380](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135963380).
- Pirtle, Scooter (2002), "The evolution of the bugle", in Vickers, Steve (ed.), [*A History of Drum & Bugle Corps*](https://dcxmuseum.org/index.cfm?roomid=1105&view=assets&option=History%20Vol%201), vol. 1, Madison: Sights & Sounds, pp. 63–90, [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [50171582](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50171582), [Wikidata](/source/WDQ_(identifier)) [Q136465477](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136465477)
- [Yeo, Douglas](/source/Douglas_Yeo) (2021). *An Illustrated Dictionary for the Modern Trombone, Tuba, and Euphonium Player*. Dictionaries for the Modern Musician. Illustrator: Lennie Peterson. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-5381-5966-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-5966-8). [LCCN](/source/LCCN_(identifier)) [2021020757](https://lccn.loc.gov/2021020757). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1249799159](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1249799159). [OL](/source/OL_(identifier)) [34132790M](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL34132790M). [Wikidata](/source/WDQ_(identifier)) [Q111040546](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111040546).

## External links

- Media related to [Alto horns](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alto_horns) at Wikimedia Commons

- [A Tenor Horn/Alto Horn FAQ](https://www.hornmatters.com/2008/01/new-tenor-hornalto-horn-page/)—John Ericson

v t e Brass instruments Modern Cornet Soprano Horn Bugle French German Vienna Wagner tuba Saxhorn Alto/tenor horn Baritone horn Flugelhorn Fiscorn Kuhlohorn Trombone Alto Bass Cimbasso Contrabass Soprano Superbone Trumpet Bass Contrabass Fanfare Firebird Flumpet Piccolo Pocket Tuba Subcontrabass Euphonium Double bell euphonium Antiquated Baroque trumpet Bazooka Buccin Buccina Clarion Cornett Cornettino Mute cornett Tenor cornett Cornu Dord Helicon Soprano Jazzophone Natural horn Natural trumpet Ophicleide Post horn Sackbut Saxotromba Saxtuba Serpent Slide trumpet Sudrophone Indigenous Alphorn Carnyx Nabal Nyele Shofar Sringa Tibetan horn Vuvuzela Wazza Marching Contrabass bugle Marching baritone horn Marching euphonium Mellophone Sousaphone Trombonium Parts and techniques Axial flow valve Bore Crook Embouchure Falset Hand-stopping Harmonic series Leadpipe Mutes Mouthpiece Pedal tone Valves Piston valve Rotary valve Valve oil Water key Ensembles Brass band British brass band Balkan brass Brass quintet Drum and bugle corps (classic) Drum and bugle corps (modern) Lists of players Classical trombonists Euphonium players Horn players Jazz trombonists Jazz trumpeters Trumpeters Tubists Other Brass section Horn section List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers Pitch of brass instruments

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Tenor horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_horn) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_horn?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.