# Tennena Cone

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Volcanic cone in British Columbia, Canada

Tennena Cone Tennena Cone from the northwest Highest point Elevation 2,390 m (7,840 ft)[1] Coordinates 57°41′03″N 130°39′44″W / 57.68417°N 130.66222°W / 57.68417; -130.66222[2] Dimensions Length 1,200 m (3,900 ft)[1] Width 600 m (2,000 ft)[1] Naming Etymology Combination of the Tahltan words ten and nena[2] English translation 'Icebridge'[2] Geography Tennena Cone Location in British Columbia Location in Mount Edziza Provincial Park Country Canada[3] Province British Columbia[3] District Cassiar Land District[2] Protected area Mount Edziza Provincial Park[2] Topo map NTS 104G10 Mount Edziza[2] Geology Formed by Volcanism[4] Mountain type Subglacial mound[5] Rock type Alkali basalt[6] Volcanic zone Northern Cordilleran Province[7] Volcanic field Snowshoe Lava Field[6] Last eruption Pleistocene or Holocene age[5][8]

**Tennena Cone**, alternatively **Icebridge Cone**, is a small [volcanic cone](/source/Volcanic_cone) in [Cassiar Land District](/source/Cassiar_Land_District) of northwestern [British Columbia](/source/British_Columbia), Canada. It has an [elevation](/source/Elevation) of 2,390 metres (7,840 feet) and lies on the upper western flank of [Ice Peak](/source/Ice_Peak), the [prominent](/source/Topographic_prominence) south peak of [Mount Edziza](/source/Mount_Edziza). The cone is almost completely surrounded by Mount Edziza's [ice cap](/source/Ice_cap) and is one of several [volcanoes](/source/Volcano) in the [Snowshoe Lava Field](/source/Snowshoe_Lava_Field) on the [Big Raven Plateau](/source/Big_Raven_Plateau). Tennena Cone is 200 m (660 ft) high, 1,200 m (3,900 ft) long and up to 600 m (2,000 ft) wide; its symmetrical structure resembles a black [pyramid](/source/Pyramidal_peak). The cone and the surrounding area are in [Mount Edziza Provincial Park](/source/Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park), which also includes the [Spectrum Range](/source/Spectrum_Range) to the south.

Tennena Cone is part of the [Mount Edziza volcanic complex](/source/Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex), a group of overlapping volcanoes that have formed over the last 7.5 million years. It overlies four [geological formations](/source/Geological_formation) of this volcanic complex that formed during the [Miocene](/source/Miocene), [Pliocene](/source/Pliocene) and [Pleistocene](/source/Pleistocene) epochs, all of which consist of several types of [volcanic rocks](/source/Volcanic_rock). Tennena Cone consists of [pillow lavas](/source/Pillow_lava), [tuff breccias](/source/Tuff_breccia) and [lapilli tuffs](/source/Lapilli_tuff) of the younger [Big Raven Formation](/source/Big_Raven_Formation), which were deposited by a small [eruption under glacial ice](/source/Subglacial_eruption). The exact timing of this eruption is unknown, but [radiometric dating](/source/Radiometric_dating) of [alkali basaltic](/source/Alkali_basalt) pillow lavas from Tennena Cone suggests that it occurred sometime in the last 33,000 years.

## Name and etymology

The name of the [volcanic cone](/source/Volcanic_cone) became official on January 2, 1980, and was adopted on the [National Topographic System](/source/National_Topographic_System) map 104G after being submitted to the [BC Geographical Names](/source/BC_Geographical_Names) office by the [Geological Survey of Canada](/source/Geological_Survey_of_Canada).[2][9] It was required for [geology](/source/Geology) reporting purposes since [Jack Souther](/source/Jack_Souther), a [volcanologist](/source/Volcanologist) of the Geological Survey of Canada, was studying the area in detail between 1970 and 1992.[2][10][11]

*Tennena* is a combination of the [Tahltan](/source/Tahltan_language) words *ten* and *nena*, which mean 'ice' and 'bridge', respectively.[6] Tennena Cone was given its name because it is almost completely surrounded by glacial ice in an [alpine](/source/Alpine_tundra) environment.[2][6] In his 1992 report *The Late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia*, Jack Souther gave Tennena Cone the [numeronym](/source/Numeronym) SLF-1, SLF being an acronym for the [Snowshoe Lava Field](/source/Snowshoe_Lava_Field).[12] Tennena Cone and the associated [volcanic rocks](/source/Volcanic_rock) have collectively been called the Tennena volcanic centre.[3]

## Geography

Tennena Cone is located in [Cassiar Land District](/source/Cassiar_Land_District) of northwestern [British Columbia](/source/British_Columbia), Canada, and resembles a symmetrical, 200 m (660 ft) high, 1,200 m (3,900 ft) long and up to 600 m (2,000 ft) wide black [pyramid](/source/Pyramidal_peak).[2][8][13][14] Its northern, eastern and southern flanks are mantled by the roughly 70-square-kilometre (27-square-mile) [Mount Edziza ice cap](/source/Mount_Edziza#Glaciation) and rise about 150 m (490 ft) above the ice surface.[6][15] Tennena Cone lies at the northern end of [Tencho Glacier](/source/Tencho_Glacier) and reaches an [elevation](/source/Elevation) of 2,390 m (7,840 ft) on the upper western flank of [Ice Peak](/source/Ice_Peak), the [prominent](/source/Topographic_prominence) south peak of [Mount Edziza](/source/Mount_Edziza).[1][4][6][16]

At lower elevations, Tennena Cone is surrounded by [Ornostay Bluff](/source/Ornostay_Bluff) in the northwest and by [Koosick Bluff](/source/Koosick_Bluff) in the southwest.[6] Between these two bluffs is the [head](/source/River_source) of [Sezill Creek](/source/Sezill_Creek) which flows northwest from the surrounding [Big Raven Plateau](/source/Big_Raven_Plateau) and then drains into [Taweh Creek](/source/Taweh_Creek), a [tributary](/source/Tributary) of [Mess Creek](/source/Mess_Creek).[6][17][18] The Big Raven Plateau is a major [physiographic](/source/Physiographic) feature of the [Mount Edziza volcanic complex](/source/Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex), which consists of a group of overlapping [shield volcanoes](/source/Shield_volcano), [stratovolcanoes](/source/Stratovolcano), [lava domes](/source/Lava_dome) and [cinder cones](/source/Cinder_cone) that have formed over the last 7.5 million years.[19][20] At the southern end of the Big Raven Plateau is the Snowshoe Lava Field, of which Tennena Cone is a part.[6]

Tennena Cone lies in [Mount Edziza Provincial Park](/source/Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park) southeast of the community of [Telegraph Creek](/source/Telegraph_Creek).[2] With an area of 266,180 hectares (657,700 acres), Mount Edziza Provincial Park is one of the largest [provincial parks in British Columbia](/source/Provincial_parks_in_British_Columbia) and was established in 1972 to preserve the volcanic landscape.[21][22] It includes not only the Mount Edziza area but also the [Spectrum Range](/source/Spectrum_Range) to the south, both of which are separated by [Raspberry Pass](/source/Raspberry_Pass).[22][23] Mount Edziza Provincial Park is in the [Tahltan Highland](/source/Tahltan_Highland), a southeast-trending [upland](/source/Upland_and_lowland) area extending along the western side of the [Stikine Plateau](/source/Stikine_Plateau).[23][24]

## Geology

### Background

Tennena Cone is part of the [Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province](/source/Northern_Cordilleran_Volcanic_Province), a broad area of volcanoes and lava flows extending from northwestern British Columbia northwards through [Yukon](/source/Yukon) into easternmost [Alaska](/source/Alaska).[7][25] The dominant rocks comprising these volcanoes are [alkali basalts](/source/Alkali_basalt) and [hawaiites](/source/Hawaiite), but [nephelinite](/source/Nephelinite), [basanite](/source/Basanite) and [peralkaline](/source/Peralkaline_rock)[a] [phonolite](/source/Phonolite), [trachyte](/source/Trachyte) and [comendite](/source/Comendite) are locally abundant. These rocks were deposited by volcanic eruptions from 20 million years ago to as recently as a few hundred years ago. Volcanism in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is thought to be due to [rifting](/source/Rift) of the [North American Cordillera](/source/North_American_Cordillera), driven by changes in relative [plate motion](/source/Plate_tectonics) between the [North American](/source/North_American_Plate) and [Pacific](/source/Pacific_Plate) plates.[27]

### Lithology

Tennena Cone consists mainly of [Big Raven Formation](/source/Big_Raven_Formation) alkali basalt that can be mapped into four subdivisions, all of which are exposed on the eastern, southern and western flanks of the cone.[6][28] The first subdivision is crudely [bedded](/source/Bed_(geology)) massive [tuff breccia](/source/Tuff_breccia) exposed in near-vertical cliffs on the flanks of Tennena Cone. Exposed in scarps on the eastern and southern flanks of Tennena Cone is [lapilli tuff](/source/Lapilli_tuff) of the second subdivision which forms 10-to-30-centimetre-thick (3.9-to-11.8-inch) beds. Two 1 m (3.3 ft) wide [dikes](/source/Dike_(geology))[b] comprise the third subdivision, both of which consist of fragmented [plagioclase](/source/Plagioclase)-[phyric](/source/Phyric) rock.[30] The first dike forms a 5 m (16 ft) high remnant and is exposed on the eastern flank of Tennena Cone whereas the second dike is exposed 50 m (160 ft) to the south. In addition to occurring on the eastern flank, the second dike is also exposed on the western flank and along the summit ridge of Tennena Cone.[31] The fourth subdivision consists of [pillow](/source/Pillow_lava) and fluidal lavas that overlie tuff breccia in the northern section of the cone.[32]

At the southwestern base of Tennena Cone are elongated mounds of pillow lava that cover about 0.45 square kilometres (0.17 square miles) of [hummocky](/source/Hummock) topography. They have a maximum basal diameter of 75 m (246 ft) and range from 3 to 20 m (9.8 to 65.6 ft) high, decreasing in height to the southwest. The orientation of these mounds suggest that they were formed by a [fissure](/source/Fissure_vent) eruption.[33] Just west of these pillow lava mounds are massive non-pillowed lava flows which are exposed over an area of around 0.4 square kilometres (0.15 square miles) across gently sloping [terrain](/source/Terrain).[34] Extending west of Tennena Cone north of the pillow lava mounds and massive non-pillowed lava flows is a 4.4-kilometre-long (2.7-mile) pillowed lava flow that terminates at the head of Sezill Creek valley.[35] It contains pillows that range from less than to more than 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter, as well as vertically oriented pillow-like lava bodies.[36]

[Pumice](/source/Pumice) of the [Sheep Track Member](/source/Sheep_Track_Member) is present on Tennena Cone and other volcanoes in the Snowshoe Lava Field.[37] This is [tephra](/source/Tephra), deposited via [pyroclastic fall](/source/Pyroclastic_fall) by a small but violent [VEI](/source/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index)-3 eruption from the southwestern flank of Ice Peak in the last 7,000 years, most likely around 950 CE.[38][39] Sheep Track pumice is [lithologically](/source/Lithologically) distinct from the rest of the Big Raven Formation, consisting mainly of comenditic trachyte rather than alkali basalt or hawaiite.[40] The source of the pumice is unknown, but it probably originated from a vent under Tencho Glacier, the largest glacier of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.[41][42]

### Formation

Glacier of [Mount Edziza](/source/Mount_Edziza) with the summit of Tennena Cone obscured by clouds in the background

Tennena Cone was one of the first volcanoes to erupt during the [fifth magmatic cycle](/source/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex#Fifth_magmatic_cycle) of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.[43] Its formation began when basaltic [magma](/source/Magma) issued from a vent under 500–1,400 m (1,600–4,600 ft) of glacial ice where it was quenched to create the pillow lavas, tuff breccias and lapilli tuffs comprising Tennena Cone.[3][4] This volcanic material accumulated inside a [depression](/source/Depression_(geology)) melted in the ice but did not breach the ice surface, resulting in the formation of a [subglacial mound](/source/Subglacial_mound).[5][44] Lava flows from Tennena Cone travelled west through tunnels created by eruption-generated [meltwater](/source/Meltwater) escaping at the base of the enclosing ice.[44]

The longest lava flow at the head of Sezill Creek valley 4.3 km (2.7 mi) west of Tennena Cone travelled to the western edge of the enclosing ice, causing a violent [steam explosion](/source/Steam_explosion).[4][45] This explosive interaction between meltwater and lava spilled over the terminal [moraine](/source/Moraine) and spread onto the Big Raven Plateau beyond the ice.[4][6][46] Although the lava flow was quenched by meltwater throughout its entire length, it has a thickness of 2–4 m (6.6–13.1 ft) and travelled into small depressions of the current topography. This suggests that the lava flow was relatively fluid at the time of eruption, resulting in higher mobility.[13]

The exact age of Tennena Cone is unknown, but it may have formed during the [Last Glacial Maximum](/source/Last_Glacial_Maximum) between 23,000 and 18,000 years ago when the Mount Edziza volcanic complex was covered by the [Cordilleran Ice Sheet](/source/Cordilleran_Ice_Sheet).[3][47] Another possibility is the cone formed under an expansion of the Mount Edziza ice cap during the [Younger Dryas](/source/Younger_Dryas) between 12,900 and 11,600 years ago or during a more recent glacial advance.[3][4][48] [Argon–argon dating](/source/Argon%E2%80%93argon_dating) of [glassy](/source/Volcanic_glass) pillow lava from Tennena Cone has yielded ages of 0.011 ± 0.033 million years and 0.005 ± 0.033 million years, but further work is required to improve the precision of these ages.[49][50]

Since its eruption under glacial ice, Tennena Cone has been modified by [glacial erosion](/source/Glacial_erosion).[51] This includes the steepening of its flanks and the formation of its 500 m (1,600 ft) long summit ridge, which is covered with morainal [detritus](/source/Detritus_(geology)).[52] The degree of glacial erosion and the deposition of morainal detritus on the summit ridge of Tennena Cone suggest that the volcano was overlain by significantly thick ice. This ice may have also overlain the summit of Mount Edziza, which is 3.5 km (2.2 mi) to the north-northeast and 397 m (1,302 ft) higher than that of Tennena Cone.[53]

### Basement

Glacier of Mount Edziza with the summit of Tennena Cone obscured by clouds in the right background

Tennena Cone overlies the [Armadillo](/source/Armadillo_Formation), [Ice Peak](/source/Ice_Peak_Formation), [Nido](/source/Nido_Formation) and [Raspberry](/source/Raspberry_Formation) formations, all of which are older [stratigraphic units](/source/Stratigraphic_unit) of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.[6][54] The Ice Peak Formation is the youngest of the four [geological formations](/source/Geological_formation) and is divided into two principal assemblages of [Pleistocene](/source/Pleistocene) age. The lower assemblage consists of alkali basalt and hawaiite with minor [tristanite](/source/Tristanite), [trachybasalt](/source/Trachybasalt) and [mugearite](/source/Mugearite). These rocks are in the form of pillow lavas, pillow breccias, tuff breccias and [ice-contact](/source/Glaciovolcanism) deposits, as well as [subaerial](/source/Subaerial) lava flows and [pyroclastic](/source/Pyroclastic_rock) breccias. The upper assemblage consists of alkali basalt, trachybasalt, trachyte, tristanite, [benmoreite](/source/Benmoreite) and mugearite, which comprise pyroclastic breccias, lava flows and lava domes.[6] Underlying the Ice Peak Formation are alkali basalt lava flows and flow breccias of the [Tenchen Member](/source/Tenchen_Member) of the Nido Formation, which were erupted from multiple volcanoes during the [Pliocene](/source/Pliocene).[6][54]

[Miocene](/source/Miocene) comendite, trachyte, alkali basalt and minor sparsely [porphyritic](/source/Porphyritic)[c] hawaiite of the Armadillo Formation underlie the Nido Formation; they are in the form of lava flows, flow breccias, pumice, [ash flows](/source/Ash_flow) and [agglutinate](/source/Agglutinate_(geology)). The oldest geological formation underlying Tennena Cone is the Raspberry Formation, which consists of Miocene alkali basalt and minor hawaiite and mugearite.[6][54] These volcanic rocks are in the form of lava flows, flow breccias and agglutinate, although pillow lava and tuff breccia occur locally.[6] Underlying the Raspberry Formation are [sedimentary](/source/Sedimentary_rock), volcanic or [metamorphic](/source/Metamorphic_rock) rocks of the [Stikinia terrane](/source/Stikinia_terrane), which are [Paleozoic](/source/Paleozoic) and [Mesozoic](/source/Mesozoic) in age.[6][54][56]

### Significance

Tennena Cone and its eruptive products are of geological significance because they contain an unusually wide range of features characteristic of a small-volume eruption under thick glacial ice.[57] These features include ordinary pillow lavas and vertically oriented, distended pillow lavas, as well as massive non-pillowed lavas, [interbedded](/source/Interbedded) gravelly sands, and [sandstone](/source/Sandstone) which is poorly [consolidated](/source/Lithification).[58] The subglacially emplaced lavas erupted from Tennena Cone are also of geological significance because they can be traced more than 3 km (1.9 mi) away from the vent area.[57] Their well-preserved textures and [geomorphological](/source/Geomorphological) structures can be used to help identify other subglacially-emplaced lava flows on Earth and on other terrestrial bodies such as Mars.[3] Tennena Cone is one of two [glaciovolcanic](/source/Glaciovolcanic) features at Mount Edziza that have been investigated in detail, the other being [Pillow Ridge](/source/Pillow_Ridge) on the northwestern side of the mountain.[6][50][59]

## See also

- [Volcanoes portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes)
- [Mountains portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mountains)

- [List of Northern Cordilleran volcanoes](/source/List_of_Northern_Cordilleran_volcanoes)

- [List of volcanoes in Canada](/source/List_of_volcanoes_in_Canada)

- [Volcanism of Western Canada](/source/Volcanism_of_Western_Canada)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** *Peralkaline rocks* are magmatic rocks that have a higher ratio of sodium and potassium to aluminum.[26]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** A *dike* is a sheet-shaped intrusion of magma into pre-existing rock.[29]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** *Porphyritic* pertains to the resemblance of [porphyry](/source/Porphyry_(geology)) which are magmatic rocks consisting of large crystals in a fine-grained matrix.[55]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201441_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201441_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201441_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201441_1-3) [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), p. 41.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Tennena_Cone_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Tennena_Cone_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Tennena_Cone_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Tennena_Cone_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Tennena_Cone_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Tennena_Cone_2-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Tennena_Cone_2-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Tennena_Cone_2-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Tennena_Cone_2-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Tennena_Cone_2-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Tennena_Cone_2-10) [BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Tennena_Cone).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201439_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201439_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201439_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201439_3-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201439_3-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201439_3-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201439_3-6) [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), p. 39.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199226_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199226_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199226_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199226_4-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199226_4-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199226_4-5) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 26.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatural_Resources_Canada:_Tennena_Cone_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatural_Resources_Canada:_Tennena_Cone_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatural_Resources_Canada:_Tennena_Cone_5-2) [Natural Resources Canada: Tennena Cone](#CITEREFNatural_Resources_Canada:_Tennena_Cone).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_6-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_6-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_6-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_6-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_6-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_6-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_6-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_6-10) [***l***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_6-11) [***m***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_6-12) [***n***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_6-13) [***o***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_6-14) [***p***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_6-15) [***q***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_6-16) [***r***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia_6-17) [Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia](#CITEREFSouther_1988:_Geology,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex,_British_Columbia).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201440_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201440_7-1) [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), p. 40.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201439,_41_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201439,_41_8-1) [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), pp. 39, 41.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeographical_Names_Data_Base:_Tennena_Cone_9-0)** [Geographical Names Data Base: Tennena Cone](#CITEREFGeographical_Names_Data_Base:_Tennena_Cone).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeological_Association_of_Canada19963_10-0)** [Geological Association of Canada 1996](#CITEREFGeological_Association_of_Canada1996), p. 3.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatural_Resources_Canada:_Mount_Edziza_11-0)** [Natural Resources Canada: Mount Edziza](#CITEREFNatural_Resources_Canada:_Mount_Edziza).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992214_12-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 214.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992230_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992230_13-1) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 230.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Cassiar_Land_District_14-0)** [BC Geographical Names: Cassiar Land District](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Cassiar_Land_District).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEField197543_15-0)** [Field 1975](#CITEREFField1975), p. 43.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Ice_Peak_16-0)** [BC Geographical Names: Ice Peak](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Ice_Peak).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Sezill_Creek_17-0)** [BC Geographical Names: Sezill Creek](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Sezill_Creek).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Taweh_Creek_18-0)** [BC Geographical Names: Taweh Creek](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Taweh_Creek).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199232_19-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 32.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1990124,_125_20-0)** [Souther 1990](#CITEREFSouther1990), pp. 124, 125.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaPhoto_Gallery_21-0)** [Global Volcanism Program: Edziza](#CITEREFGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_Edziza), Photo Gallery.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Parks:_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park_22-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Parks:_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park_22-1) [BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park](#CITEREFBC_Parks:_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_23-1) [Department of Energy, Mines and Resources 1989](#CITEREFDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland197649_24-0)** [Holland 1976](#CITEREFHolland1976), p. 49.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsRussell20001280,_1281,_1283,_1284_25-0)** [Edwards & Russell 2000](#CITEREFEdwardsRussell2000), pp. 1280, 1281, 1283, 1284.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw_Hill2003253_26-0)** [McGraw Hill 2003](#CITEREFMcGraw_Hill2003), p. 253.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsRussell20001280_28-0)** [Edwards & Russell 2000](#CITEREFEdwardsRussell2000), p. 1280.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201446_29-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), p. 46.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorteniemi2015591–595_30-0)** [Korteniemi 2015](#CITEREFKorteniemi2015), pp. 591–595.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201441,_46_32-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), pp. 41, 46.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201443_33-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), p. 43.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201441,_46,_48_34-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), pp. 41, 46, 48.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201448_35-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), p. 48.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201440,_41,_49_36-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), pp. 40, 41, 49.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201440,_49_37-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), pp. 40, 49.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201443,_45,_49_38-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), pp. 43, 45, 49.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992228,_237_39-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 228, 237.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199227,_228_40-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 27, 228.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaEruptive_History_41-0)** [Global Volcanism Program: Edziza](#CITEREFGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_Edziza), Eruptive History.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992213_42-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 213.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992237_43-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 237.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Tencho_Glacier_44-0)** [BC Geographical Names: Tencho Glacier](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Tencho_Glacier).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199226,_267_45-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 26, 267.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201455_46-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201455_46-1) [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), p. 55.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201440,_41,_51_47-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), pp. 40, 41, 51.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201451_48-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), p. 51.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_et_al.2011175_49-0)** [Cunha et al. 2011](#CITEREFCunha_et_al.2011), p. 175.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiedel2011262_50-0)** [Fiedel 2011](#CITEREFFiedel2011), p. 262.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201452_51-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), p. 52.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmellie2018364_52-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmellie2018364_52-1) [Smellie 2018](#CITEREFSmellie2018), p. 364.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201456_53-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), p. 56.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201448,_56_54-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), pp. 48, 56.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201441,_56_55-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), pp. 41, 56.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Diagrammatic_Cross-sections_A-B-C,_D-E,_F-G-H-I,_J-K-L,_M-N-O,_P-Q-R_to_Accompany_Map_1623A,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex_56-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Diagrammatic_Cross-sections_A-B-C,_D-E,_F-G-H-I,_J-K-L,_M-N-O,_P-Q-R_to_Accompany_Map_1623A,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex_56-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Diagrammatic_Cross-sections_A-B-C,_D-E,_F-G-H-I,_J-K-L,_M-N-O,_P-Q-R_to_Accompany_Map_1623A,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex_56-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther_1988:_Diagrammatic_Cross-sections_A-B-C,_D-E,_F-G-H-I,_J-K-L,_M-N-O,_P-Q-R_to_Accompany_Map_1623A,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex_56-3) [Souther 1988: Diagrammatic Cross-sections A-B-C, D-E, F-G-H-I, J-K-L, M-N-O, P-Q-R to Accompany Map 1623A, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex](#CITEREFSouther_1988:_Diagrammatic_Cross-sections_A-B-C,_D-E,_F-G-H-I,_J-K-L,_M-N-O,_P-Q-R_to_Accompany_Map_1623A,_Mount_Edziza_Volcanic_Complex).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw_Hill2003271_57-0)** [McGraw Hill 2003](#CITEREFMcGraw_Hill2003), p. 271.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther19922,_39_59-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 2, 39.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmellieEdwards201645_60-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmellieEdwards201645_60-1) [Smellie & Edwards 2016](#CITEREFSmellieEdwards2016), p. 45.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201440,_41_61-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), pp. 40, 41.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Pillow_Ridge_62-0)** [BC Geographical Names: Pillow Ridge](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Pillow_Ridge).

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## Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Tennena Cone](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tennena_Cone).

- Hungerford, J. D.; Skilling, I.; Lloyd, A.; Edwards, B. (2006). *Preliminary Interpretation on the Role of Sub-Ice Topography on the Emplacement of Basaltic Pillow Lavas at Tennana Cone, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia, Canada*. [American Geophysical Union](/source/American_Geophysical_Union), Fall Meeting 2006. *[Astrophysics Data System](/source/Astrophysics_Data_System)*. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2006AGUFM.V53C1756H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.V53C1756H).

- Hungerford, Jefferson D. G. (2013). [*The Mechanics of Subglacial Basaltic Lava Flow Emplacement: Inferring Paleo-Ice Conditions*](http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/20197/10/Hungerfordjdg_etd2013_v2.1.pdf) (PDF) (PhD thesis). [University of Pittsburgh](/source/University_of_Pittsburgh).

## External links

- ["Tennena Cone, British Columbia"](http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=51406). *Peakbagger.com*.

v t e Mount Edziza volcanic complex Cinder cones The Ash Pit Cache Hill Camp Hill Cinder Cliff Cocoa Crater Coffee Crater Eve Cone Exile Hill Icefall Cone Kana Cone Keda Cone Klastline Cone Mess Lake Cone Moraine Cone Nahta Cone Outcast Hill Ridge Cone Sidas Cone Sleet Cone Source Hill Storm Cone Thaw Hill Triplex Cones Twin Cone Walkout Creek centres Williams Cone Subglacial volcanoes Pillow Ridge Tennena Cone Tsekone Ridge Wetalth Ridge Central volcanoes Armadillo Peak Mount Edziza Ice Peak Spectrum Range Lava domes Glacier Dome IGC Centre Nanook Dome Pharaoh Dome The Pyramid Sphinx Dome Triangle Dome Lava fields Desolation Lava Field Mess Lake Lava Field Snowshoe Lava Field Plateaus Arctic Lake Plateau Big Raven Plateau Kitsu Plateau Ridges Artifact Ridge Cartoona Ridge Idiji Ridge Obsidian Ridge Pillow Ridge Sorcery Ridge Tsekone Ridge Wetalth Ridge Yagi Ridge Mountain passes Destell Pass Raspberry Pass Bluffs Koosick Bluff Ornostay Bluff Glaciers Idiji Glacier Tenchen Glacier Tencho Glacier Tennaya Glacier Streams Artifact Creek Ball Creek Bourgeaux Creek Chakima Creek Crayke Creek Elwyn Creek Flyin Creek Gerlib Creek Kadeya Creek Kitsu Creek Little Iskut River More Creek Nagha Creek Nido Creek Pyramid Creek Raspberry Creek Sezill Creek Shaman Creek Sorcery Creek Stewbomb Creek Tadekho Creek Taweh Creek Tenchen Creek Tennaya Creek Tsecha Creek Walkout Creek Stratigraphic units Armadillo Formation Big Raven Formation (Sheep Track Member) Edziza Formation Ice Peak Formation Kakiddi Formation Klastline Formation Little Iskut Formation Nido Formation (Tenchen Member) Pyramid Formation Raspberry Formation Other Cartoona Peak Gnu Butte Mess Creek Escarpment Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex

v t e Volcanoes of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province Cinder cones Cache Hill Camp Hill Cinder Cliff Cinder Mountain Cocoa Crater Coffee Crater Cone Glacier Volcano Cracker Creek Cone Eve Cone Exile Hill Fort Selkirk Vent Gabrielse Cone Icefall Cone Ibex Mountain Iskut Canyon Cone Kana Cone Keda Cone Klastline Cone Mess Lake Cone Moraine Cone Ne Ch'e Ddhawa Nahta Cone Outcast Hill Prindle Volcano Ridge Cone Ruby Mountain Second Canyon Cone Sidas Cone Sleet Cone Snippaker Creek Cone Source Hill Storm Cone Thaw Hill The Saucer The Volcano Triplex Cones Tseax Cone Twin Cone Volcanic Creek Cone Volcano Mountain Walkout Creek Cone Watson Lake Cone Williams Cone Subglacial volcanoes Ash Mountain Chakatah Creek Peak Caribou Tuya Dark Mountain Dome Mountain Enid Creek Cone Isspah Butte Kawdy Mountain King Creek Cone Klinkit Creek Peak Klinkit Lake Peak Little Bear Mountain Little Eagle Cone Mathews Tuya Meehaz Mountain Mount Josephine Nuthinaw Mountain Pillow Ridge South Tuya Tennena Cone Tadekho Hill Toozaza Peak Tom MacKay Creek Cone Tsekone Ridge Tutsingale Mountain Tuya Butte Wetalth Ridge Lava domes Cartoona Peak Glacier Dome IGC Centre Nanook Dome Pharaoh Dome Sezill Volcano Sphinx Dome The Pyramid Triangle Dome Shield volcanoes Grizzly Butte Heart Peaks Level Mountain Maitland Volcano Spectrum Range Volcano Vent West Vent Volcanic fields Atlin Bell-Irving Desolation Fort Selkirk Mess Lake Snowshoe Tuya Stratovolcanoes Armadillo Peak Hoodoo Mountain Ice Peak Mount Edziza Volcanic plugs Castle Rock The Neck The Thumb

v t e Interior Mountains of Canada Mountain ranges Atna Atsutla Axelgold Babine Bait Beady Bornite Bulkley Butler Cariboo Heart Cassiar Chikamin Connelly Cormier Driftwood Eaglenest Espee Finlay Fishing Germansen Hazelton Heart Hogem Horseranch Howson Ingenika Kasalka Kechika Kispiox Klappan Lay Level Mountain McConnell Metsantan Mitchell Morice Nass O.K. Omineca Osilinka Oweegee Pattullo Rocher Déboulé Ruby Russel Samuel Black Sibola Sicintine Sifton Sikanni Sitlika Skeena Skree Slamgeesh Spectrum Stikine Strata Swannell Tahtsa Takla Tatlatui Telkwa Tenakihi Three Sisters Thudaka Tochquonyalla Tucha Tuya Vital Whitesail Wolverine Wrede Mountains Ash Cache Camp Caribou Cartoona Castle Rock Chikoida Cronin Dark Edziza Eve Exile Gabrielse Grizzly Gunanoot Howson Ice Icefall Isspah Kana Kawdy Keda Klastline Level Maitland Mathews Meehaz Meszah Moraine Nahlin Nahta Nanook Nuthinaw Outcast Pharaoh Pillow Ridge Sezill Shedin Shelagyote Sidas Sleet Source South Spatsizi Sphinx Storm Tadeda Tadekho Tennena Thomlinson Thudaka Toozaza Triangle Triplex Tseax Tsekone Tutsingale Tuya Twin Volcano West Wetalth Williams Yeda Provincial parks Atlin/Áa Tlein Téix'i Babine Lake Marine Babine Mountains Babine River Corridor Bear Glacier Bulkley Junction Call Lake Chase Denetiah Driftwood Canyon Dune Za Keyih Ed Bird – Estella Lakes Finlay-Russel Iskut River Hot Springs Kinaskan Lake Little Andrews Bay Marine Meziadin Lake Mount Blanchet Mount Edziza Nation Lakes Netalzul Meadows Nilkitkwa Lake Ningunsaw Nisga'a Memorial Lava Bed Rainbow Alley Ross Lake Rubyrock Lake Seeley Lake Seven Sisters Spatsizi Headwaters Spatsizi Plateau Sustut Swan Lake Kispiox River Tā Chʼilā Tatlatui Todagin South Slope Tuya Mountains Tweedsmuir North Tweedsmuir South Tyhee Lake Wistaria Geography portal Canada portal

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Tennena Cone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennena_Cone) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennena_Cone?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.