# Tedder (machine) > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Tedder_(machine) > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Tedder_(machine).md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedder_(machine) > Source revision: 1354316523 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Agricultural machine used in haymaking}} [[Image:Molon_belt_rake-tedder_tedding_hay.gif|right|thumb|320px|A Molon belt rake/tedder [tedding](/source/tedding) hay]] A '''tedder''' (also called '''hay tedder''') is a [machine](/source/machine) used in [haymaking](/source/Hay). It is used after cutting and before [windrow](/source/windrow)ing, and uses moving forks to aerate or "wuffle" the hay and thus speed drying before baling or rolling. The use of a tedder allows the hay to dry ("cure") better, which prevents mildew or fermentation.{{cite book |editor-last = Bailey |editor-first = Liberty Hyde |title = Cyclopedia of American Agriculture: Farms |publisher = Macmillan |year = 1907 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/cyclopediaameri00unkngoog/page/n259 205]–206 |url = https://archive.org/details/cyclopediaameri00unkngoog}} ==History== thumb|A retired hay tedder {{Quote box|quote = There are few implements that give more general satisfaction in use or that are simpler in construction and operation than the hay tedder. |source = Robert L. Ardrey, ''American Agricultural Implements''{{cite book |last = Ardrey |first = Robert L. |title = American agricultural implements: a review of invention and development in the agricultural implement industry of the United States |publisher = Robert L. Ardrey |year = 1894 |location = Chicago |page = [https://archive.org/details/americanagricul00ardrgoog/page/n103 98] |url = https://archive.org/details/americanagricul00ardrgoog}} |width = 33% |align = }} The tedder came into use in the second half of the nineteenth century.{{cite journal |last = Walker |first = Joseph B. |title = The Progress of New England Agriculture During the Last Thirty Years |journal = [New Englander and Yale Review](/source/New_Englander_and_Yale_Review) |volume = 47 |pages = 233–44 |date = October 1887 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wmdJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA239 |accessdate = 2009-09-13}} p. 239. While Charles Wendel claims in his ''Encyclopedia of American farm implements & antiques'' that the machine wasn't introduced to the United States until the 1880s,{{cite book |last = Wender |first = Charles H. |title = Encyclopedia of American farm implements & antiques |publisher = Krause |year = 2004 |location = |page = 257 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dJlJAM_hJD0C&pg=PA257 |isbn = 978-0-87349-568-4}} there are enough indications that the tedder was in use in the 1860s—''[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)'' reports on its efficacy in 1868, and in that same year the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture in [Maine](/source/Maine) comments on the American-made Hubbard's hay tedder, which had been on the market since 1863; according to the Maine report, in 1859 the machine was "an implement lately imported from England."{{cite book |title = Agriculture of Maine: Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture |publisher = Maine Dept. of Agriculture |year = 1868 |location = Augusta |pages = 236–38 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj0HAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA236}} The action of the tedder is described, in the late 19th and early 20th century, as being used to "stir"{{cite book |last = Knight |first = Edward Henry |title = Knight's new mechanical dictionary: A description of tools, instruments, machines, processes, and engineering. With indexical references to technical journals (1876–1880.) |publisher = Houghton, Mifflin and company |year = 1884 |page = [https://archive.org/details/knightsnewmecha00kniggoog/page/n494 449] |url = https://archive.org/details/knightsnewmecha00kniggoog}} or "scatter"Mr. George Clark of Higganum, speaking before the Connecticut State Board of Agriculture in December 1903, insisted that the tedder is a heaping machine rather than a spreading machine. {{cite book |last = Connecticut State Board of Agriculture |title = Annual report of the secretary of the Connecticut State Board of Agriculture, Volume 37 |publisher = Press of Case, Lockwood and Co. |year = 1904 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IIkYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA147}} p. 147. cut hay in the field. ==Operation== [[File:Hay tedder (PSF).png|thumb|A hay tedder, similar to a standard American model of the early 20th century, with [tines](/source/Tine_(structural)) shaped like [pitchfork](/source/pitchfork) ends]] [[File:Bamford_Wuffler.JPG|thumb|A [Bamford](/source/Joseph_Bamford) Wuffler]] The original tedder is a farm tool on two wheels pulled by a horse; the rotation of the axle drives a gear which operates a "number of arms with wire [tines](/source/Tine_(structural)) or fingers at the lower ends."{{cite book |last = Davidson |first = Jay Brownlee |author2=Leon Wilson Chase |title = Farm machinery and farm motors |publisher = Orange Judd |year = 1908 |location = New York |pages = [https://archive.org/details/farmmachineryan00chasgoog/page/n186 174]–75 |url = https://archive.org/details/farmmachineryan00chasgoog}} The tines pick up the hay and disperse it; usually, the height at which the tines pick up the hay can be adjusted. In an early, simple hay tedder described in 1852 and manufactured in [Edinburgh](/source/Edinburgh) by the company of Mr. Slight, the two wheels, via a [spur](/source/spur) wheel and a [pinion](/source/pinion), drive a set of light wheels, the "rake wheels"; on these two rake wheels are mounted eight rakes, which pick up and disperse the hay.{{cite book |last = Stephens |first = Henry |title = The Book of the Farm, Volume 2 |publisher = W. Blackwood |year = 1852 |location = Edinburgh and London |pages = 228–29 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=weB-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA229}} A later "English hay-tedder" uses two separate cylinders with rotating forks that can be reversed to lay the hay down lightly for improved exposure to air.{{cite book |last = Knight |first = Edward Henry |title = Knight's American mechanical dictionary: A description of tools, instruments, machines, processes, and engineering; history of inventions; general technological vocabulary; and digest of mechanical appliances in science and the arts, Volume 3 |publisher = Houghton, Osgood and company |year = 1881 |pages = 2503–2504 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ_OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2503}} American machines, such as those made by companies such as Garfield, Mudgett, and Bullard (Ezekiel W. Bullard of [Barre](/source/Barre%2C_Massachusetts), Massachusetts, is credited in one source with the invention of the machine, nicknamed "the grasshopper"),{{cite book |last = Pierce |first = Frederick Clifton |title = Foster genealogy, Part 2 |publisher = W.B. Conkey |year = 1899 |location = Chicago |page = [https://archive.org/details/fostergenealogy00piergoog/page/n275 755] |url = https://archive.org/details/fostergenealogy00piergoog}} typically used a system with a revolving crank in the middle of the arm and a lever at the upper end, or a system whereby rotating wheels moved the forks up and down.{{cite book |last = Flint |first = Charles Louis |title = American farming and stock raising: with useful facts for the household, devoted to farming in all its departments |publisher = Casselberry |year = 1892 |location = New York |pages = 240–41 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B0zTAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA240}} The first tedder widely available on the American market was the already mentioned ''Bullard's Hay Tedder'', which had forks moving up and down on a compound crank, working in a motion described as "the energetic scratching of a hen." The ''American Hay Tedder'', made by the Ames Plow Company of [Boston](/source/Boston) and described in 1869 as a "new machine, remarkable for its simplicity and perfection of working, was more like the British machine in its rotational operation.{{cite book |last = Thomas |first = John Jacob |title = Farm implements and farm machinery, and the principles of their construction and use: with simple and practical explanations of the laws of motion and force as applied on the farm |publisher = Orange Judd |year = 1869 |location = New York |pages = [https://archive.org/details/farmimplementsa00thomgoog/page/n171 165]–66 |url = https://archive.org/details/farmimplementsa00thomgoog}} Some tedders have the rotating tines enclosed inside a solid structure to increase the force applied to the hay. Other similar machines included ''the Wuffler'' and ''the acrobat''. The Wuffler shuffles the hay in a manner similar to the tedder.{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_y9ItloW6g |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/K_y9ItloW6g |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=David Brown 995, Bamford Wuffler. Summer 2013|via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}} The acrobat may be used also for turning, and for rowing hay up ready for [baling](/source/baler).{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JfgDLCmAE8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/6JfgDLCmAE8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Bukh 452 Super Raking Straw w/ Vicon Acrobat Hayturner | Old Timers | DK Agriculture|via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}} thumb|Tractor with rotary tedder === Centrifugal rakes === On two opposing horizontal gyroscopes, which are pto-driven, are mounted obliquely downward standing tines. These refer to the [green waste](/source/green_waste) and throw it back. Due to the rear-mounted collecting baskets a windrowing is as possible with a Rake. Their distribution is low because of the limited job performance.{{cite web |url=http://www.hoftechnik.at/zetten-heuwender-kreiselheuer/ |title=Zetten: Heuwender{{!}}Kreiselheuer » hoftechnik.at |website=www.hoftechnik.at |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522003053/http://www.hoftechnik.at/zetten-heuwender-kreiselheuer |archive-date=2015-05-22}} [This is nonsense] ==Use and importance== thumb|A modern tedder Its development was of great importance to agriculture, since it saved labor and thus money:{{cite book |last = Allen |first = Richard Lamb |title = New American farm book |publisher = Orange Judd |year = 1869 |location = New York |pages = [https://archive.org/details/newamericanfarm00allegoog/page/n132 127]–28 |url = https://archive.org/details/newamericanfarm00allegoog}} using a tedder, one person and one draft animal could do as much work as fifteen manual laborers.{{cite encyclopedia |title = Agriculture, sec. 14: Haymaking |encyclopedia = Encyclopedia |page = 379 |publisher = R.S. Peale |year = 1890 }} Available [https://books.google.com/books?id=blkMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA379 online]. It also resulted in greater economy, since cut grass could be turned into hay the same day{{cite book|last = Hunter |first = Robert |author2=John Alfred Williams |author3=Sidney John Hervon Heritage |title = The Supplementary Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge; supplement to The American encyclopaedic dictionary: a work of reference to the English language defining over 250,000 words |publisher = R.S. Peale and J.A. Hill |year = 1897 |location = Chicago and New York |page = 18 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NV5YAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA18}} even if it had become wet or been trampled by horses {{cite book |last = Sanford |first = Albert Hart |title = The story of agriculture in the United States |publisher = D.C. Heath |year = 1916 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/storyagricultur00sanfgoog/page/n263 252]–53 |url = https://archive.org/details/storyagricultur00sanfgoog}} See also the entry "American Farm Implements" in {{cite book |last = Beach |first = Frederick Converse |author2=George Edwin Rines |title = The Americana: a universal reference library, comprising the arts and sciences, literature, history, biography, geography, commerce, etc., of the world, Volume 1 |publisher = Scientific American compiling department |year = 1912 |pages = 283–86 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K5uZAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PT283}} and before its nutritional value could be reduced by repeated soaking from rain. Especially in humid areas (such as the [Eastern United States](/source/Eastern_United_States)), the invention of the tedder added greatly to improved hay production from such crops as [alfalfa](/source/alfalfa){{cite book |last = Kansas State Board of Agriculture |title = Report of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture |publisher = Edwin H. Snow |year = 1894 |location = Topeka |page = 37 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CC_OAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA37}} and [clover](/source/clover),{{cite book |last=Michigan State Board of Agriculture |title = Report of the secretary, Volume 7 |publisher=John A. Kerr |year=1868 |location=Lansing |page = 223 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E8wSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA223 }} and allowed for haying while the grass was still green{{cite news |title = The Hay Crop and the Haying Season |newspaper = [The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times) |date = 1868-06-26 |url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1868/06/26/78945615.pdf |accessdate = 2009-09-13 }} which produced hay of much higher value. ==See also== * [List of agricultural machinery](/source/List_of_agricultural_machinery) ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==External links== {{Commons category-inline|Hay tedders}} Category:Agricultural machinery --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Tedder (machine)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedder_(machine)) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedder_(machine)?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.