# Team boat

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Watercraft powered by horses or mules

Horse ferry in [Chillicothe, Ohio](/source/Chillicothe%2C_Ohio) in 1900. Two horses for power, with Capt. Horace McElfresh and son.

A **team boat**, **horse boat**, or **horse ferry**, is a watercraft powered by [horses](/source/Horse) or [mules](/source/Mule), generally using a [treadmill](/source/Treadwheel), which serves as a [horse engine](/source/Horse_engine).[1][2] Team boats were popular as [ferries](/source/Ferry) in the [United States](/source/United_States) from the mid-1810s to the 1850s.

## Types

The first documented [horse-powered](/source/Horse_engine) boat in the United States was built on the [Delaware River](/source/Delaware_River) in 1791 by John Fitch.[3]

Lower Market Place, McCallum's Wharf, Quebec, Quebec, July 4, 1829.

There are three types of team boats. In one, four or five horses are placed in each side of the boat in a circular [treadwheel](/source/Treadwheel), and the paddle wheels, arranged like the side wheel [steamboat](/source/Steamboat) of later days were turned by means of cogs and gearing connected with other cogs on the shaft of the [paddle wheels](/source/Paddle_steamer). The horses were hitched to strong timbers and by a forward movement of the feet caused the treadwheel upon which they stood to revolve and thus operate the [gear wheels](/source/Gear).[1]

Another type of team boat uses a "horse whim," a type of [horse mill](/source/Horse_mill). It has a large revolving wheel in the middle, and a center post known as a "whim" (or [horse capstan](/source/Whim_(mining))). The horses, which are attached to the horse whim, walk around in a circle, causing the wheel or capstan to revolve, which in turn rotates gears that rotate the paddles, or bucket wheels. The team boat of this style consisted of two complete hulls, united by a deck or bridge, but separated far enough apart to allow the paddle wheel to be set between them. They are sharp at both ends, and can be propelled backward or forward with equal ease.[1]

A third design for team boats was invented in 1819, by Barnabas Langdon. Langdon's turntable design permitted the horses to walk straight ahead instead of in circles. "Langdon placed a rotating turntable slightly below the level of the boat's deck; horses stood atop the turntable through large slots in the deck and drove the wheel backward by walking in place. This design eased the burden on the horses, freed up valuable deck space, and allowed the ferry to be built atop one hull."[4]

One description of a turntable type team boat using six horses says, "The treadmills, on either side, were each trod by three horses always facing in the same direction. To reverse the paddlewheels it was only necessary to stop the horses a minute, and withdraw a drop pin that would reverse the gearing."[2]

## The *Experiment*

The *[Experiment](/source/Experiment_(horse-powered_boat))*, 1808 horse paddle-boat

The *[Experiment](/source/Experiment_(horse-powered_boat))*, built sometime around 1807–1810, was an early horse-powered [ferry](/source/Ferry) boat. It was a twelve-ton three-mast boat drawing a few feet of water, about 100 feet [long](/source/Waterline_length) by 20 feet [beam](/source/Beam_(nautical)).[5] Its driving mechanism, an in-water screw, was invented by David Grieve in 1801. The boat was constructed by [David Wilkinson](/source/David_Wilkinson_(machinist)) (some sources give his name as *Varnum*[6]) in 1807 to 1810, depending on the source.[7][8][9] It was propelled by a "goose-foot paddle" large mechanical screw propeller in the water (instead of a paddle wheel at water surface).[8] The new technology devised by Grieve and Wilkinson was powered by eight horses on a [treadmill](/source/Treadmill). The horse boat technology to propel the boat upstream was originally invented by David Grieve and granted a patent February 24, 1801 in the patent category of "Boats to ascend rivers". The complete recorded patent was lost in [the 1836 U.S. Patent Office fire](/source/Patent_Office_1836_fire).[10] The novel idea of propelling vessels upstream by the use of a large mechanical screw in the water is now referred to as [Ericsson’s propeller](/source/John_Ericsson#Propeller_design).[5]

## Commercial service and ferries

One of the first documented team boats in commercial service in the United States began running a [Manhattan](/source/Manhattan)-[Brooklyn](/source/Brooklyn) route in 1814.[11] Carrying vehicles, horses, and two hundred humans on a typical run, it could take anywhere from eight to eighteen minutes to finish the [East River](/source/East_River) crossing.[11] Team boats continued to serve [New York City](/source/New_York_City) until 1824.[12]

Team boat [ferries](/source/Ferry) were very popular. First, they were thought to be cheaper to operate than any other type of ferry boat, and second, they did not incur fees under the Fulton-Livingston patents monopoly.[1][2] In ferry service, horses could be stabled on land, and there was no need to feed them on the boat, because the work was intermittent.[13]

There were cases in which team boats replaced steam boats for reasons of economy. In 1812, two steam boats designed by [Robert Fulton](/source/Robert_Fulton) were placed in use in New York, for the [Paulus Hook](/source/Paulus_Hook) Ferry from the foot of Cortlandt Street, and on the Hoboken Ferry from the foot of Barclay Street. The *Juliana*, running from Barclay Street, was withdrawn from service, as announced, in favor of the more convenient horse boat. It is almost certain, however, that this retrograde step was taken because of the monopoly enjoyed by Mssrs. Fulton and Livingston for the navigation of the waters of New York State by steam.[14] In 1816, a steamboat company running ferry service between [Halifax, Nova Scotia](/source/Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia) and [Dartmouth](/source/Dartmouth%2C_Nova_Scotia) had the law amended to permit the use of team boats instead.[15]

In August 1816, the team boat *Moses Rogers* in [Newburgh, New York](/source/Newburgh_(city)%2C_New_York) began service to [Fishkill, New York](/source/Fishkill%2C_New_York), carrying wagons, coaches, carriages, horses, and passengers.[16] In 1817, the *Union Team Boat* ran between Long Bridge at [Georgetown](/source/Georgetown_(Washington%2C_D.C.)) and [Alexandria, Virginia](/source/Alexandria%2C_Virginia).[17][18] In 1821, William Dyer built a team boat serving [Portsmouth, Virginia](/source/Portsmouth%2C_Virginia) on the [Elizabeth River](/source/Elizabeth_River_(Virginia)).[19]

In 1838, *Tremaine's Team Boat*, using three horses, operated a ferry service at [Charlottetown](/source/Charlottetown), [Prince Edward Island](/source/Prince_Edward_Island).[20] Team boats with eight horses operated on the [Ohio River](/source/Ohio_River) at [Cincinnati](/source/Cincinnati) in 1819, and at [Charleston, South Carolina](/source/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina), on the [Ashley River](/source/Ashley_River_(South_Carolina)) in 1818 and 1827. The team boat crossing the Ohio could accommodate a [stagecoach](/source/Stagecoach) driving aboard.[21][13]

Attempts were made with moderate success to ascend the Ohio and Mississippi with teams of horses on board. In 1824 the team boat *Genius of Georgia* operated on the [Savannah River](/source/Savannah_River), under Captain William Bird, carrying a cargo of sundries. An 1820 report by the South Carolina Department of Public Works described a five-man boat powered by eight mules; it carried 300 bales of cotton 250 miles in fifteen days at a cost of just $116.25. However, for through traffic, the team boats never passed the experimental stage.[13]

The South Ferry horse ferry operating at [Albany, New York](/source/Albany%2C_New_York) in 1827 was replaced by a steamboat in 1828. The North Ferry horse ferry at Albany operated from 1831-1841.[22]

The team boats on the [Delaware River](/source/Delaware_River) serving [Camden, New Jersey](/source/Camden%2C_New_Jersey) stopped for an hour at lunch time to feed the horses.[23] The *Ridgeway* was a double team boat, propelled by nine horses walking around a circle. She ran from the foot of Cooper Street. There was also a team boat named the *Washington*; she ran from Market Street, Camden, to [Market Street, Philadelphia](/source/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)). Other team boats followed in succession, namely the *Phoenix*, *Constitution*, *Moses Lancaster*, and *Independence*.[24] *The Cooper's Ferry Daybook, 1819-1824*, documenting Camden's *Point Pleasant Teamboat*, survives to this day.[25]

Horse powered ferries have also been documented in [Wisconsin](/source/Wisconsin) and [New Hampshire](/source/New_Hampshire).[26]

A shipwreck discovered in 1983 in [Lake Champlain](/source/Lake_Champlain), the Burlington Bay Horse Ferry, is an example of a turntable team-boat.[27][28] It served on one of approximately five horse ferry crossings operating on Lake Champlain from about 1820 to 1850.[26] They reached their peak in the 1830s and 1840s, before their 1850s replacement by steamboats.[29]

In the 1880s, in [New Haven, Missouri](/source/New_Haven%2C_Missouri) and [Waverly, Missouri](/source/Waverly%2C_Missouri), the *Tilda Clara* and *General Harrison* ferries across the [Missouri River](/source/Missouri_River) were powered by four horse teams.[30]

A ferry powered by horses and mules operated on the [Mississippi River](/source/Mississippi_River) at [St. Mary, Missouri](/source/St._Mary%2C_Missouri) as recently as 1910.[3] The last known horse ferry remained in service until the late 1920s on the [Tennessee River](/source/Tennessee_River).[31]

## See also

- [Horsecar](/source/Horsecar)

- [Horse-drawn boat](/source/Horse-drawn_boat)

- [Horse engine](/source/Horse_engine)

- [Horse mill](/source/Horse_mill)

- [Paddle steamer](/source/Paddle_steamer)

- [Treadwheel](/source/Treadwheel)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-boyer_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-boyer_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-boyer_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-boyer_1-3) Boyer, Charles Shimer (1921). [*Old ferries, Camden, New Jersey; an address delivered before the Camden County Historical Society*](https://archive.org/details/oldferriescamden00boye). Annals of Camden. Vol. 3. Retrieved 2014-04-16.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-oldtimers_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-oldtimers_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-oldtimers_2-2) ["Old Timers Sloops of the Hudson 1964"](https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nygreen2/old_timers_sloops_of_the_hudson_1964.htm). Retrieved 2014-04-17.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-natgeo_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-natgeo_3-1) "Heyday of the Horse Ferry". *National Geographic*. 1989.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Perkins, Sid (21 May 1999). ["When Horses Really Walked On Water: Before the steam engine was invented, there were three sources of usable power: wind, water, and animals. The first of these to be harnessed — literally — was animal"](http://www.nasw.org/users/sperkins/hrsferry.html). *The Chronicle of the Horse*. pp. 90–92. Retrieved 12 December 2011.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Bishop_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Bishop_5-1) Bishop, James Leander; Freedley, Edwin Troxell; Young, Edward (1864). [*A history of American manufactures from 1608 to 1860: exhibiting the origin and growth of the principal mechanic arts and manufactures, from the earliest colonial period to the adoption of the constitution and comprising annals of the industry of the United States in machinery*](https://books.google.com/books?id=K1YdAAAAIAAJ&q=%22The+Experiment%22+%22David+Grieve%22+horse+boat+screw&pg=PA120). Vol. 2. E. Young & Co. p. 12. Retrieved 12 December 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-VanWyk_6-0)** VanWyk, Eugene (April 1961). ["William Hamlin: Providence Engraver"](http://www.rihs.org/assetts/files/publications/1961_April.pdf) (PDF). *[Rhode Island History](/source/Rhode_Island_History)*. **20** (2): 36. Retrieved 12 December 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-RIS-EDI_7-0)** Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry (1859). [*Transactions of the Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry*](https://books.google.com/books?id=BhROAAAAYAAJ&q=Varnum+Wilkinson&pg=PA29). Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry. Retrieved 13 December 2011. p. 31 *Mr. Varnum Wilkinson, now living (1859), built " The Experiment," he thinks in 1809 or 1810.*

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Field510_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Field510_8-1) Field, Edward (1902). [*State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations at the end of the century: a history*](https://books.google.com/books?id=4FP2GGvdI98C&q=%22goose-foot+paddle%22&pg=PA510). Vol. 2. Mason Pub. Co. p. 510. Retrieved 12 December 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-scientific_9-0)** ["Early Experiments in Steam Power"](https://books.google.com/books?id=UPMhAQAAMAAJ&q=Grieve+Experiment+Boat&pg=PA9464). *Scientific American Supplement*. **23** (593): 9464. 14 May 1887. Retrieved 12 December 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-HorsePaddleBoat_10-0)** Sheaff, Dick. ["Powered Boats"](http://www.sheaff-ephemera.com/list/powered_boats.html). *Ephemera*. Retrieved 12 December 2011.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-sicnumbers_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-sicnumbers_11-1) ["SIC 4482 Ferries - Description, Market Prospects, Industry History"](http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/industries/Transportation-Communications-Utilities/Ferries.html). *Reference for Business, Encyclopedia of Business, 2nd ed*. Retrieved 2014-04-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Railway World"](https://books.google.com/books?id=4bwxAQAAMAAJ&q=%22team+boat%22&pg=PA388). Vol. 30. 1886-04-24. p. 388. Retrieved 2014-04-17.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-antebellum_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-antebellum_13-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-antebellum_13-2) Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell (1908). ["Transportation in the Ante-bellum South: An Economic Analysis"](https://books.google.com/books?id=5fxEtFvTv0sC&q=%22team+boat%22&pg=PA74). *Transportation in the Eastern Cotton Belt to 1860*. New York: [Columbia University Press](/source/Columbia_University_Press). p. 74.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Stevens, A.E. (1897). ["Origin and development of the ferryboat"](https://books.google.com/books?id=lNc2AQAAMAAJ&q=%22team+boat%22&pg=PA14). *Marine Engineering/Log*. **1**. Retrieved 2014-04-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** [Murdoch, Beamish](/source/Beamish_Murdoch) (1867). [*A History of Nova-Scotia, Or Acadie*](https://archive.org/details/ahistorynovasco02murdgoog). Vol. III. Halifax: J. Barnes.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Ruttenber, Edward Manning (1875). [*History of the County of Orange: With a History of the Town and City of Newburgh : General, Analytical and Biographical*](https://archive.org/details/historyofcountyo00rutte). Newburgh, NY: Ruttenber. p. [253](https://archive.org/details/historyofcountyo00rutte/page/253). Retrieved 2014-04-17. team boat.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Miller, T. Michael. ["Wandering Along the Waterfront, Queen to Cameron"](http://alexandriava.gov/uploadedfiles/historic/info/history/OHAHistoryWFQueentoCameron.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2013-06-08.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [*Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, Volume 5*](https://archive.org/details/recordscolumbia08unkngoog). Washington, D.C.: Columbia Historical Society, Washington. 1902. p. [298](https://archive.org/details/recordscolumbia08unkngoog/page/n304). Retrieved 2014-04-17. team boat.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Prince, Richard E. (1969). [*Seaboard Air Line Railway: Steam Boats, Locomotives, and History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=MM2ph3S2V2cC&q=%22team+boat%22&pg=PA61). Indiana University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0253336953](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253336953). Retrieved 2014-04-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["P.E.I.'s Coastal Vessels and Ferries"](http://www.islandregister.com/ship_data5.html). *The PEI Ships Arrival/Departures Database*. Retrieved 2014-04-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Part I (1819) of Memorable Days in America, 1819-1820, Early American Travel Narratives"](http://lcweb2.loc.gov/gc/lhbtn/th011/th011.bak). *Library of Congress - Historical Collections (American Memory)*. Retrieved 2014-04-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["The steam ferry comes to Albany"](http://www.hoxsie.org/2012/01/the-steam-ferry-comes-to-albany.html). *Hoxsie!*. 2012-01-04. Retrieved 2014-04-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Cooper, Howard M. ["Historical Sketch of Camden : A revision and amplification of a paper read before the Camden County Historical Society, June 13, 1899"](https://www.nytimes.comwww.dvrbs.com/camden-texts/CamdenNJ-HistoricalSketch.htm). Retrieved 2014-04-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Fisler, Lorenzo F (1858). [*A local history of Camden, commencing with its early settlement, incorporation and public and private improvements: brought up to the present day*](https://archive.org/details/alocalhistoryca00fislgoog). Camden, NJ: Francis A. Cassedy. p. [32](https://archive.org/details/alocalhistoryca00fislgoog/page/n40). Retrieved 2014-04-17. team boat.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Haines family. *Cooper's Ferry daybook, 1819-1824*. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [70944820](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70944820).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-educators_26-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-educators_26-1) ["Educator's Newsletter"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054326/http://www.lcmm.org/education/educators_newsletters/educators_news_06_08_17.htm). *Lake Champlain Maritime Museum*. 2006-08-17. Archived from [the original](http://www.lcmm.org/education/educators_newsletters/educators_news_06_08_17.htm) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-04-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["Shipwrecks of Lake Champlain: Burlington Bay Horse Ferry"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140417130103/http://www.lcmm.org/shipwrecks_history/uhp/horse_ferry.htm). *Lake Champlain Maritime Museum*. Archived from [the original](http://www.lcmm.org/shipwrecks_history/uhp/horse_ferry.htm) on 2014-04-17. Retrieved 2014-04-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Crisman, Kevin James (1998). *When horses walked on water: horse-powered ferries in nineteenth-century America*. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1560988436](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1560988436).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Viegas, Jennifer (2010-08-24). ["When Horses Walked on Water to Transport Humans"](http://news.discovery.com/history/when-horses-walked-on-water-to-transport-humans.htm). *Discovery News*. Retrieved 2014-04-17.[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** [Photos of horse ferries](http://wiki.cincinnatilibrary.org/index.php/Horse_Ferries), The Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Dunnigan, Candice. [Horse-powered Ferries: Discussion Keys Waterway Transportation](http://m.mackinacislandnews.com/news/2012-08-04/Columnists/Horse_Tales.html) Horse Tales, Mackinac Island Town Crier. August 4, 2012

## Further reading

- Crisman, Kevin James (1998). *When horses walked on water: horse-powered ferries in nineteenth-century America*. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1560988436](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1560988436).

- Perkins, Sid (21 May 1999). ["When Horses Really Walked On Water: Before the steam engine was invented, there were three sources of usable power: wind, water, and animals. The first of these to be harnessed — literally — was animal"](http://www.nasw.org/users/sperkins/hrsferry.html). *The Chronicle of the Horse*. pp. 90–92. Retrieved 12 December 2011.

- Kennard, Jim (2 July 2005). ["Lake Champlain: Horse Powered Ferry Boat discovered in Lake Champlain"](http://www.shipwreckworld.com/articles/horse-powered-ferry-boat-discovered-in-lake-champlain). Shipwreck World. Retrieved 12 December 2011.

## External links

- Kinney, Thomas A (1999). ["When Horses Walked on Water: Horse-Powered Ferries in Nineteenth-Century America (review)"](http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/technology_and_culture/v040/40.4kinney.html). *Technology and Culture*. **40** (4): 892–894. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1353/tech.1999.0182](https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftech.1999.0182). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1097-3729](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-3729). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [109210779](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109210779). Retrieved 2014-04-17.

- [Photos of horse ferries](http://wiki.cincinnatilibrary.org/index.php/Horse_Ferries), The Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County

- *This article incorporates text from*[Old ferries, Camden, New Jersey; an address delivered before the Camden County Historical Society. Annals of Camden, vol. 3](https://archive.org/details/oldferriescamden00boye)*, by Boyer, Charles Shimer., a publication from 1921, now in the [public domain](/source/Public_domain) in the United States.*

- *This article incorporates text from*[Transportation in the Ante-bellum South: An Economic Analysis](https://archive.org/details/transportationi00philgoog/page/n100), in Transportation in the Eastern Cotton Belt to 1860*, by Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell, a publication from 1908, now in the [public domain](/source/Public_domain) in the United States.*

- *This article incorporates text from*[Origin and development of the ferryboat](https://books.google.com/books?id=lNc2AQAAMAAJ&dq=%22team+boat%22&pg=PA14), in Marine Engineering/Log, Volume 1*, by Stevens, A.E., a publication from 1897, now in the [public domain](/source/Public_domain) in the United States.*

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Team boat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_boat) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_boat?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.