# Tatuidris > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Tatuidris > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Tatuidris.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatuidris > Source revision: 1304330245 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Genus of ants}} {{Good article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}} {{Speciesbox | image = Tatuidris tatusia psw7891-9 profile 1.jpg | image_alt = Photograph of an ant | image_caption = ''T. tatusia'' worker from El Campano, [Magdalena](/source/Magdalena_department), Colombia | display_parents = 3 | genus = Tatuidris | parent_authority = Brown & [Kempf](/source/Walter_Wolfgang_Kempf), 1968 | species = tatusia | authority = Brown & Kempf, 1968 | synonyms = ''T. kapasi'' Lacau & Groc, 2012 }} '''''Tatuidris''''', or '''armadillo ant''', is a rare [genus](/source/genus) of [ant](/source/ant)s consisting of a single [species](/source/species), '''''Tatuidris tatusia'''''. The ants are small in size and inhabit the [leaf litter](/source/leaf_litter) of [Neotropical](/source/Neotropical) forests in [Central](/source/Central_America) and [South America](/source/South_America), from [Mexico](/source/Mexico) to [Brazil](/source/Brazil). Workers are ferruginous-colored to dark red and present a distinctive [morphology](/source/Morphology_(biology)), consisting of a shield-like head with a broad [vertex](/source/Vertex_(anatomy)), ventrally-turned heavy [mandibles](/source/Mandible_(arthropod_mouthpart)) which do not overlap at full closure, and unique among ants – an [antenna](/source/Antenna_(biology)) socket apparatus sitting upside-down. Little is known about the biology of the ants, but they are likely [nocturnal](/source/nocturnal) and [specialist](/source/Generalist_and_specialist_species) predators. ''Tatuidris'' was first described in 1968 and initially placed in the [myrmicine](/source/Myrmicinae) [tribe](/source/Tribe_(biology)) Agroecomyrmecini, together with two fossil genera. Since the original description, the systematic status of the tribe has been the focus of debate. ==Taxonomy== {{further|Agroecomyrmecinae#Taxonomy}} ''Tatuidris tatusia'' is the only species in ''Tatuidris'', a [monotypic](/source/monotypic) genus and one of only two extant genera in the subfamily [Agroecomyrmecinae](/source/Agroecomyrmecinae). A new species, ''T. kapasi'', was described by Lacau & Groc in 2012, but has now been relegated to a [junior synonym](/source/junior_synonym) under ''T. tatusia'' based on the extent of the morphological variability encountered throughout this broad geographic range. Analysis of [DNA barcodes](/source/DNA_barcoding) indicated a pattern of [genetic isolation](/source/genetic_isolation) by distance, suggesting the presence of a single species undergoing [allopatric differentiation](/source/Allopatric_speciation). It was first described by Brown & Kempf in 1968 based on two workers collected in a [Berlese sample](/source/Berlese_trap) of [humus](/source/humus) in [El Salvador](/source/El_Salvador). Due to morphological similarities, they considered it a very [primitive](/source/Primitive_(phylogenetics)) ant and placed it in what was then a [myrmicin](/source/Myrmicinae)e tribe, the Agroecomyrmecini, together with ants known from [Early Eocene](/source/Early_Eocene) [Baltic amber](/source/Baltic_amber) (''[Agroecomyrmex](/source/Agroecomyrmex)'') and [late Eocene](/source/late_Eocene) [Florissant shale](/source/Florissant_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument) (''[Eulithomyrmex](/source/Eulithomyrmex)''). It bears superficial resemblance to some extant genera (''[Strumigenys](/source/Strumigenys)'', ''[Ishakidris](/source/Ishakidris)'', ''[Pilotrochus](/source/Pilotrochus)'', and ''[Phalacromyrmex](/source/Phalacromyrmex)'') but these similarities are considered to be due to [convergent evolution](/source/convergent_evolution). Due to similarities in the habitus, Brown & Kempf (1968) linked ''Tatuidris'' to the [Dacetini](/source/Dacetini) genus ''Glamyromyrmex'' (currently a junior synonym of ''Strumigenys'') and ''Phalacromyrmex''. However they concluded: "analysis of these similarities indicates [...] that they are mostly convergent and not based on close phylogenetic relationship". Further work explored the similarities of ''Tatuidris'' with ''Ishakidris'' (Bolton 1984) and ''Pilotrochus'' (Brown 1977). While these taxa share some characteristics, including an expanded head vertex, deep antennal scrobes and a compact [mesosoma](/source/mesosoma), the similarities were again deemed convergent. {{multiple image |align=left |total_width=300 |width1=1044 |height1=808|image1=Tatuidris tatusia casent0178755 head 1.jpg |width2= 962 |height2=808|image2=Tatuidris tatusia casent0178755 profile 1.jpg |footer=Head and body of the [holotype](/source/holotype) of ''Tatuidris''. Collected in 1961 in Quetzaltepec, [La Libertad](/source/La_Libertad_Department_(El_Salvador)), El Salvador. }} Since the original description, the systematic status of the tribe has been the focus of debate. Bolton (2003) was the first to suggest the taxonomic instability of ''Tatuidris'' within Myrmicinae and raised the genus to the level of a new subfamily, the Agroecomyrmecinae, suggesting that Agroecomyrmecinae might be the sister taxon to Myrmicinae. The subfamily rank was re-assessed by Baroni Urbani & de Andrade in 2007, this was the first attempt to include ''Tatuidris'' as a terminal taxon in a morphological cladistic analysis. In their study, Baroni Urbani & de Andrade identified morphological [synapomorphies](/source/Synapomorphy) shared between ''Tatuidris'' and the dacetines, justifying the inclusion of the genus within Myrmicinae. In addition, two [autapomorphies](/source/Autapomorphy) (a differently shaped petiolar [tergum](/source/tergum) and [sternum](/source/sternum), and the eyes at or close to the apex of the antennal scrobe) separated ''Tatuidris'' from all other extant ant genera included in their study. Unlike [phylogenetic](/source/phylogenetic) studies based on morphological traits, molecular analyses of the internal phylogeny of the ants have given strong evidence that the armadillo ants are neither closely related to nor nested within the Myrmicinae. Brady ''et al''. (2006), Moreau ''et al''. (2006) and Rabeling ''et al''. (2008) reconstructed phylogenetic trees with the agroecomyrmecines inside the 'poneroid' group of subfamilies, close to the [Paraponerinae](/source/Paraponerinae), and gave support for the exclusion of the genus from the Myrmicinae, a subfamily located inside the 'formicoid' clade. Given the early appearance of the Agroecomyrmecinae in the geologic record, the similarities of armadillo ants to Myrmicinae were hypothesized to represent convergence and/or retention of [plesiomorphic](/source/plesiomorphic) forms. The name ''Tatuidris'' means "[armadillo](/source/armadillo) ant", which is also the [common name](/source/common_name) for this species; ''tatu'' comes from the [Tupi](/source/Tupi_language) and is the Portuguese word for "armadillo"; the suffix ''-idris'' is commonly used when naming ant genera{{cite journal |last1= Wheeler |first1= William Morton |author-link= William Morton Wheeler |date= 1935 |title= Two new genera of Myrmicine ants from Papua and the Philippines |url= https://zenodo.org/records/25255 |journal= Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club |volume= 15 |issue= 1 |access-date= 27 April 2025 |page= 1}}{{cite book |last= Wheeler |first= George C. |author-link= George C. Wheeler |date= 1956 |title= Myrmecological orthoepy and onomatology |url= https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018320717 |location= Grand Forks |publisher= University of North Dakota Press |page= 4 |isbn= |access-date= 27 April 2025}} and comes from the [Greek](/source/Greek_language) word ἴδρις (''ídris'') "knowledgeable".{{cite journal |last1= Beall |first1= E.F. |date= 2001 |title= Notes on Hesiod's ''Works and Days'' |url= |journal= [American Journal of Philology](/source/American_Journal_of_Philology) |volume= 122 |issue= 2 |publisher= |pages= 166-167 |doi= }} The [specific epithet](/source/Specific_name_(zoology)) for the single described species, ''tatusia'', is an old generic name for armadillo. ==Distribution== thumb|alt=Map of Central and South America|
Distribution of ''Tatuidris'' {| |{{legend|#cccd65|Present}} |{{legend|#44648a|Likely present}} |- |{{legend|#e6e6b2|Uncertain}} |{{legend|#333438|Absent}} |} Source: AntWiki
''Tatuidris'' is rare but broadly distributed. The ants inhabit the leaf litter of [Neotropical](/source/Neotropical) forests in Central and South America, from Mexico to [French Guiana](/source/French_Guiana), central Brazil, and [Amazonian Peru](/source/Peruvian_Amazon). No collections are known from the [Caribbean](/source/Caribbean), [Galápagos](/source/Gal%C3%A1pagos), or other islands. Most specimens and collections are currently known to occur in localities west of the [Andes](/source/Andes), with more collections tending to occur towards Central America and Mexico. Most collections come from mountainside (pre-montane) areas at mid elevations (usually 800–1200 meters of altitude). Collections from the lowland [Amazon rainforest](/source/Amazon_rainforest) are few. Published records are few, but with the advent of litter sifting and [Winkler extraction](/source/Winkler_extraction) as a popular method of ant collecting, ''Tatuidris'' are not as rare as they used to seem. Although not very abundant, with frequent litter sifting they can be reliably found in [Costa Rica](/source/Costa_Rica)n wet forests. ==Description== Workers of ''Tatuidris'' present a distinctive morphology, consisting of a shield-like head with a broad vertex (upper surface of the head), ventrally-turned heavy mandibles which do not overlap at full closure, deep antennal scrobes (an impression that receives parts of the antenna) with eyes at or close to their apex, compact and fused mesosoma, 7-segmented antenna, first gastral segment ventrally directed, and unique among ants – an antenna socket apparatus sitting upside-down on the roof of the expanded frontal lobe. The body of a worker is short and compact, [ferruginous](/source/%3Awikt%3Aferruginous)-colored to dark red, with thick and rigid [integument](/source/integument) (external "skin"). The body is covered by hairs, which are variable in length and inclination. The head is pyriform (pear-shaped), broadest behind, with small eyes. Queens are similar to workers, but yellow-colored and paler. Their wings are about 60% longer than total body length. Males, also similar to workers (except head), are darker and have wings about 50% longer than the body. The eyes of the queens and males are larger than in workers. ===Size=== Specimens of ''Tatuidris'' are small, about {{convert|3.5|mm|in|sp=us}}{{efn|Few specimens have been formally described. The total length (including mandibles) of the ''T. tatusia'' holotype worker is 3.5 mm, and the specimen that was used to describe ''T. kapasi'' is 3.42 mm.}} in total length, but specimens can vary greatly in size, with larger specimens being twice as large as the smaller ones.{{efn|Based on specimens measured by Donoso (2012), the average [Weber's length](/source/Weber's_length) (in lateral view, from the base of anterior slope of the pronotum to the lower posteroventral angle of the propodeum) is 0.62 mm, with a minimum of 0.45 mm, and maximum of 0.90 mm.}} Size variability within trap catches (possibly same colonies) may be considerable. For example, workers from one collection catch in [Nicaragua](/source/Nicaragua) varied 30% in size. It is still unclear whether intra-colony size variation is due to the presence of morphological worker castes (e.g. minor and major castes) or continuous size variability. [Principal component analysis](/source/Principal_component_analysis) (PCA) revealed that most variability among specimens is related to size, with shape explaining little of total variation. ===Pilosity variability=== thumb|300px|alt=Drawings of four ant heads; "Morph A, Long flexuous + short setae, T. Tatusia type; Morph B, Very short setae; Morph C, Abundant, lanose setae; Morph D, Regular spaced, short setae"|Visual representation of ''Tatuidris'' pilosity patterns Four pilosity patterns (patterns of hair-like [seta](/source/seta)e) are known to occur within ''Tatuidris'' collections. Pilosity pattern A consists of a mix of both long flexuous and short appressed setae. This is the most common pilosity pattern and the one that most resembles the type specimens from El Salvador and the gyne from Otongachi, Ecuador. Pilosity pattern B is characterized by very short, fully appressed, and regular spaced setae arrayed homogeneously and equidistantly on the head, mesosoma, [petiole](/source/Petiole_(insect_anatomy)), postpetiole and [gaster](/source/gaster_(insect_anatomy)). Pilosity pattern C is characterized by dense lanose-looking setae. Pilosity pattern D consists of short and uniform decumbent (strongly inclined but not fully appressed) setae scattered throughout the body. ===Eyes=== The relative position of eyes is highly variable within the species. For example, eye location ranges from being completely within the antennal scrobes to completely outside the scrobes. In some cases the eye itself is located outside the antennal scrobe, but the eye's fossa is well marked and confluent with the antennal scrobe. In most specimens, the antennal carina (ridge extending along the dorsal antennal region) bifurcates from the antennal scrobes and lies straight above the eyes. However, in specimens from Nicaragua, a strongly impressed antennal carina is present. In these specimens about 40% of the eye's area lies within the antennal scrobes. In the gyne, only ~1/6 of the eye lies within the antennal scrobes. A depression sometimes forms in the integument in the sides of the [propodeum](/source/propodeum), below the propodeal [spiracle](/source/Spiracle_(arthropods)) and above the metapleural gland. The depth of this depression varies among specimens and tends to be deepest in larger specimens. ==Biology== The biology is poorly known; the male and female reproductive castes were described for the first time in 2012. The genus is known mainly from isolated workers found in Winkler or [Berlese](/source/Berlese_trap) samples. ''Tatuidris'' workers have peculiar mandibular brushes and a powerful sting, which led Brown & Kempf to speculate that ''Tatuidris'' might be specialist predators of active or slippery [arthropod](/source/arthropod) prey. Until 2011, no observations of live specimens were registered. Details of a first collection event of a small live [colony](/source/Ant_colony) (3 workers and 4 gynes) by Thibaut Delsinne in a mid-elevation forest in southeastern [Ecuador](/source/Ecuador) suggest that ''Tatuidris'' may well be a highly specialized predator, as colonies kept in captivity did not accept any food item offered to them. Food items rejected by the ants included live and dead [termite](/source/termite)s, [millipede](/source/millipede)s, [mite](/source/mite)s, various insect parts, sugar water, tuna, biscuits, live and dead fruit flies (''[Drosophila](/source/Drosophila)''), live [springtail](/source/springtail)s, live [myriapod](/source/myriapod)s ([Chilopoda](/source/Chilopoda) and [Diplopoda](/source/Diplopoda)), live and dead [Diplura](/source/Diplura), small live spiders, small live [pseudoscorpion](/source/pseudoscorpion)s, one small snail, uncooked hen egg (i.e. piece of cotton wool soaked with fresh whisked hen egg), ant larvae (''[Gnamptogenys](/source/Gnamptogenys)'' sp.), and live ant workers (''[Cyphomyrmex](/source/Cyphomyrmex)'' sp., ''[Brachymyrmex](/source/Brachymyrmex)'' sp.). Potential food items (arthropods) for ''Tatuidris'' were taken from soil samples and Winkler samples collected at the site where ''Tatuidris'' was a priori determined to be present. Further observations suggest that ''Tatuidris'' may be a sit-and-wait predator. Delsinne observed that "both workers and [gyne](/source/gyne)s moved very slowly and were very clumsy. They often remained motionless during several tens of seconds or even several minutes when disturbed (either by my handling or by the contact with another arthropod)." These observations were mainly performed at night, suggesting that ''Tatuidris'' may be nocturnal, a hypothesis also supported by collection patterns. For example, in the Río Toachi forest of Ecuador ''Tatuidris'' specimens tend to fall in [pitfall trap](/source/pitfall_trap)s, instead of Winkler sacs. Because pitfall traps usually work 24-h, but Winkler sacs generally uses litter sifted during the day, then ants with nocturnal habits may be underrepresented in Winkler samples. The small eyes of ''Tatudris'' species provide further support for this hypothesis. ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist|24em|refs= {{AntCat|430014|Agroecomyrmecinae|2015|access-date=13 November 2015}} {{AntCat|449381|''Tatuidris''|2015|access-date=13 November 2015}} {{cite web |url=http://www.antweb.org/description.do?name=tatuidris&rank=genus&project=allantwebants |title=Genus: ''Tatuidris'' |website=antweb.org |publisher=[AntWeb](/source/AntWeb) |access-date=29 August 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030451/http://www.antweb.org/description.do?name=tatuidris&rank=genus&project=allantwebants |url-status=dead }} {{cite web |url=http://www.antweb.org/specimen.do?name=psw7891-9 |title=Specimen: PSW7891-9 ''Tatuidris tatusia'' |website=antweb.org |publisher=[AntWeb](/source/AntWeb) |access-date=3 September 2013}} {{cite web |url=http://www.antweb.org/specimen.do?name=casent0178755 |title=Specimen: CASENT0178755 ''Tatuidris tatusia'' |website=antweb.org |publisher=[AntWeb](/source/AntWeb) |access-date=2 September 2013}} {{harvnb|Billen|Delsinne|2013|p=63}} {{harvnb|Bolton|1984|p=380}} {{harvnb|Bolton|2003|p=51}} {{harvnb|Brown|1977|p=222}} {{harvnb|Brown|Kempf|1968|p=183}} {{harvnb|Brown|Kempf|1968|p=187}} {{harvnb|Brown|Kempf|1968|p=189}} {{harvnb|Donoso|2012|p=61}} {{harvnb|Donoso|2012|pp=61–62}} {{harvnb|Donoso|2012|p=62}} {{harvnb|Donoso|2012|p=63}} {{harvnb|Donoso|2012|pp=67–68}} {{harvnb|Donoso|2012|p=69}} {{harvnb|Donoso|2012|p=70}} {{harvnb|Donoso|2012|p=71}} {{harvnb|Donoso|2012|p=72}} {{harvnb|Donoso|2012|pp=72–73}} {{harvnb|Donoso|Ramón|2009|p=491}} {{harvnb|Jacquemin|Delsinne|Maraun|Leponce|2014|p=4}} {{harvnb|Jacquemin|Delsinne|Maraun|Leponce|2014|p=5}} {{harvnb|Keller|2011|p=27}} {{harvnb|Lacau|Groc|Dejean|Oliveira|2012|pp=1–6}} {{harvnb|Lacau|Groc|Dejean|Oliveira|2012|p=1}} {{harvnb|Lacau|Groc|Dejean|Oliveira|2012|p=4}} {{harvnb|Baroni Urbani|de Andrade|2007|p=78}} {{harvnb|Baroni Urbani|de Andrade|2007|pp=80–81}} {{harvnb|Vasconcelos|Vilhena|2002|p=278}} {{harvnb|Ward|2007|pp=555–557}} {{harvnb|Ward|2011|p=23}} }} {{refbegin|35em}} *{{citation |last1=Baroni Urbani |first1=C. |last2=de Andrade |first2=M.L. |year=2007 |title=The ant tribe Dacetini: Limits and constituent genera, with descriptions of new species |journal=Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "G. 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Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.