# Tapiche Reserve

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The **Tapiche Reserve** is a private conservation property located in [Tapiche District](/source/Tapiche_District), [Requena Province](/source/Requena_Province), [Loreto Region](/source/Loreto_Region) in [Peru](/source/Peru). The reserve is designated by the Peruvian government as a Private Conservation Area (PCA).

## Geography

The reserve encompasses an area of approximately 18,803 hectares, in the [Tapiche River](/source/Tapiche_River) basin, spanning both sides of the river east of the [Ucayali River](/source/Ucayali_River). It is located 340 km up river from [Iquitos](/source/Iquitos) on the [Tapiche River](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Tapiche), and is accessible only by waterway. The Blanco and Umaita Rivers empty into the Tapiche River in the basin area. Other tributaries are the Contea, Capanahua, and Lamayacu Rivers.

The reserve comprises several types of [lowland Amazonian forests](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selva_baja), including [igapo](/source/Freshwater_swamp_forest), [varzea](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea), and terra firme. It is one of the few areas in the Amazon basin where these forest types can be found in close proximity. The Tapiche River basin in the area of the reserve exhibits a landscape containing [alluvial plains](/source/Alluvial_plain) and associated [floodplains](/source/Floodplain). The floodplains of the alluvial landscape encompass [swamps](/source/Swamp) or aguajales; while the non-flooded plains appear as undulating terraces. There are hilly landscapes within the reserve which appear as gently sloping lowland terrain. Swamps have developed on flat land and in depressions formed by fibric [histosol soils](/source/Histosol) with pH values varying between 3.5 and 5.

### Hydrography

The Tapiche River is regarded as a "black water" river because of its dark sepia waters. Possessing little material in suspension, its color comes from the decomposition of organic material forming [humic and fulvic acids.](/source/Humic_acid) These waters are acidic, with pH around 4.0 and a temperature from 24 °C (75 °F) to 32.0 °C (90 °F). The Tapiche River has a strictly sub-Andean and origin, which eliminates a direct relationship with rainfall in the mountains. Within the reserve there are small bodies of water ([oxbows](/source/Oxbow_lake), channels, [meanders](/source/Meander), [restingas](/source/Restinga) and lakes) that communicate with each other and with the Tapiche River. Channels that connect curved river-bends create navigable shortcuts during flooded season. The largest internal body of water is called Quebrada Chambiria. Quebrada Chambiria has little flow which creates habitat for a host of species.

## Climate

It has annual temperatures ranging from 25 °C (77 °F) to 33 °C (91 °F) with [relative humidity](/source/Relative_humidity) of 78% to 96%. In the rainy season from October to May there is tropical rainfall. The average annual precipitation is 3 meters. During the months of June or July a particular weather phenomenon called a "cold spell" occurs in the region. The cold spell is related to penetration of air masses coming from the southern polar latitudes and entering the South American tropics shortly after reaching Southeast Brazil. This cold spell lasts about 2–4 days, where temperatures can reach 13 °C (55 °F).

## Biology and ecology

### Fauna

The reserve is home to endangered species such as [jaguar](/source/Jaguar) (*Panthera onca*), [bald uakari](/source/Bald_uakari) (*Cacajao calvus*), [giant armadillo](/source/Giant_armadillo) (*Priodontes maximus*), the [Brazilian tapir](/source/Brazilian_tapir) (*Tapirus terrestris*), the [Amazonian manatee](/source/Amazonian_manatee) (Trichechus inunguis), and [harpy eagle](/source/Harpy_eagle) (*Harpia harpyja*). A land survey and rapid species inventory of Tapiche Ohara's Reserve was performed in 2011. The species inventory is reproduced below in table format.

### Flora

Trees such as [cedar](/source/Cedrela_odorata) (*Cedrela odorata*) and [mahogany](/source/Swietenia_macrophylla) (*Swietenia macrophylla*) can be found in its forests. There four representative botanical families in its swamps, including: [Moraceae](/source/Moraceae), [Fabaceae](/source/Fabaceae), [Annonaceae](/source/Annonaceae) and [Arecaceae](/source/Arecaceae). Also found are [catahua](/source/Hura_crepitans) (*Hura crepitans*), [strangler fig](/source/Strangler_fig) (*Ficus* sp.), [machimango](/source/Eschweilera) (*Eschweilera* sp.), and [caupuri](/source/Virola_pavonis) (*Virola pavonis*), [aguaje](/source/Mauritia_flexuosa) (*Mauritia flexuosa*), [shapaja](/source/Attalea_phalerata) (*Attalea phalerata*), [cashapona](/source/Socratea_exorrhiza) (*Socratea exorrhiza*), renaco (*Ficus trigona*), espintana ([*Oxandra espintana*](http://tropicos.org/Name/1600379)) and huimba (*[Pachira aquatica](/source/Pachira_aquatica)*).

### Aquatic ecosystems

The reserve houses ecosystems formed by conditions that create microhabitats. The ecosystems present on the reserve encompass cochas and [tahuampas](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selva_baja). Primary plant species found in these aquatic ecosystems are species belonging to the family [Poaceae](/source/Poaceae); especially the Gramalote blanco (*[Paspalum](/source/Paspalum) fasciculatum*) and others of the genera *[Echinochloa](/source/Echinochloa)* and *Paspalum*. Also present is [caña brava](/source/Gynerium_sagittatum) (*Gynerium sagittatum*), [water hyacinth](/source/Eichhornia_crassipes) (*putu putu*, *Eichhornia crassipes*), and [huama](/source/Pistia_stratiotes) (*Pistia stratiotes*).

## Table of flora (2011)

Scientific name Family Peruvian name Use Abuta grandifolia Menispermaceae Abuta medicine (roots, bark, leaves) Alchornea castaneifolia Euphorbiaceae Ipururo medicine (roots, bark, leaves) Aniba williamsii Lauraceae Moena amarilla wood Annona muricata Annonaceae Guanábana food (fruit), medicine (bark, roots, leaves) Apeiba membranacea Tiliaceae Peine de mono animal food, fuel, seed oil Aspidosperma rigidum Apocynaceae Remocaspi de bajial wood, tools Astrocaryum chambira Arecaceae Chambira food, medicine, crafts Astrocaryum jauari Arecaceae Huiririma, Chambirilla wood, food, crafts Astrocaryum javarense Arecaceae Huicungo animal food, crafts Attalea butyracea Arecaceae Shebon wood, thatching, animal food, crafts Attalea phalerata Arecaceae Shapaja thatching, food, crafts Bactris concinna Arecaceae Ñejilla, Chontilla wood, food, crafts Bactris gasipaes Arecaceae Mansoa wood, food, medicine (root), dyes Bactris maraja Arecacea Ñeja, Ñejilla, Chontilla crafts Bactris simplisifrons Arecaceae Ñejilla, Chontilla tools Banisteriopsis caapi Malpighiceae Ayahuasca medicine Bixa orellana Bixaceae Achiote medicine, animal food, dyes Brosimum acutifolium Moraceae Mururé medicine (resin, bark) Brosimum rubescens Moraceae Palisangre wood, animal food, medicine (bark), crafts Brunfelsia grandiflora Solanaceae Chiric Sanango medicine (root, bark), ornamentation Calathea lutea Maranthaceae Bijao cooking Calophyllum brasiliense Clusiaceae Lagarto caspi wood, animal food, medicine (oil), dyes Calycophyllum spruceanum Rubiaceae Capirona wood, fuel, medicine Campomanesia lineatifolia Myrtaceae Palillo food, medicine (bark), fuel Campsiandra angustifolia Fabaceae Huacapurana medicine (bark) Caryocar glabrum Caryocaraceae Almendro wood, food Cecropia membranacea Cecropiaceae Cetico animal food, tools Cedrela odorata Meliaceae Cedro wood, medicine (bark), ornamentation Cedrelinga cateniformis Fabaceae Tornillo wood Ceiba pentandra Malvaceae White lupuna wood Chelyocarpus ulei Arecaceae Sacha aguajillo animal food, crafts, ornamentation Chrysophyllum argenteum Sapotaceae Balata food, tools Chrysophyllum bombycinum Sapotaceae Balatillo animal food Clusia rosea Clusiaceae Renaquilla wood, medicine (resin), medicine (bark) Copaifera paupera Fabaceae Copaiba wood, food, medicine (oil), fuel, soaps Couepia subcordata Chrysobalanaceae Parinari wood, food, crafts, ornamentation Couroupita guianensis Lecythidaceae Ayahuma medicine Coutarea hexandra Rubiaceae Guacamayo caspi fuel, tools Crescentia cujete Bignoniaceae Huingo medicine, crafts Dalechampia dioscoreifolia Euphorbiaceae Sapo huasca medicine (resin) Diplotropis purpurea Fabaceae Chontaquiro wood, tools Dipteryx micrantha Fabaceae Charapilla wood, animal food Doliocarpus dentatus Dilleniaceae Paujil chaqui animal food, medicine Dracontium loretense Araceae Jergón Sacha medicine Duguetia spixiana Annonaceae Tortuga Caspi wood, animal food Duroia hirsuta Rubiaceae Huitillo animal food, dyes Eichhornia crassipes Pontederiaceae Putu putu ornamentation Erythrina fusca Fabaceae Amasisa medicine (bark), ornamentation Eschweilera juruensis Lecythidaceae Machimango wood, animal food, crafts Eugenia stipitata Myrtaceae Arazà food Euterpe precatoria Arecaceae Huasaí wood, food, medicine (root), crafts Ficus americana Moraceae Renaco animal food Ficus insipida Moraceae Ojé wood, medicine (resin) Ficus schultesii Moraceae Ojé renaco wood Garcinia macrophylla Clusiaceae Charichuelo wood, food, ornamentation Genipa americana Rubiaceae Huito food, medicine, crafts Guatteria elata Annonaceae Carahuasca wood, ornamentation Guazuma crinita Sterculiaceae Bolaina blanca wood Guazuma ulmifolia Sterculiaceae Bolaina wood Gustavia longifolia Lecythidaceae Chopé food, fuel Gynerium sagittatum Poaceae Caña Brava medicine, tools, crafts Haploclathra cordata Calophyllaceae Boa caspi wood Heliconia stricta Heliconiaceae Heliconia, situlli ornamentation Heliconia acuminata Heliconiaceae Heliconia, situlli ornamentation Hevea brasiliensis Euphorbiaceae Shiringa wood Hura crepitans Euphorbiaceae Catahua wood, medicine (resin), tools Himatanthus sucuuba Apocynaceae Bellaco caspi wood, medicine (resin), fuel Hymenaea oblongifolia Fabaceae Azúcar huayo wood, animal food, medicine (bark) Inga edulis Fabaceae Guaba food, fuel Inga sp. Fabaceae Shimbillo food Iriartea deltoidea Arecacea Huacrapona wood, food, crafts Iryanthera sp. Myristicaceae Cumala colorada wood Iryanthera tricornis Myristicaceae Perro caspi wood Jacaranda copaia Bignoniaceae Huamanzamana wood, medicine (bark) Laportea aestuans Urticaceae Ishanga colorada medicine Lecythis pisonis Lecythidaceae Olla de mono wood, animal food Lonchocarpus utilis Fabaceae Barbasco poison Maclura tinctoria Moraceae Incira wood, animal food, medicine (resin), dyes Macoubea guianensis Apocynaceae Coto huayo animal food, medicine Macrolobium acaciifolium Fabaceae Aguano pashaco wood Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mangua dulce animal food Manilkara bidendata Sapotaceae Quinilla colorada wood, crafts Mansoa hymennea Bignoniaceae Ajo sacha macho medicine Maquira coriacea Moraceae Capinurí wood, animal food, medicine (resin), crafts Matisia cordata Malvaceae Sapote food Mauritia flexuosa Arecaceae Aguaje wood, fruit, crafts Mauritiella aculeata Arecaceae Aguajillo food, tools, ornamentation Maximiliana inaripa Arecaceae Shapajilla animal food Maytenus macrocarpa Celastraceae Chuchuhuasi medicine (bark), fuel Mezilaurus itauba Lauraceae Itauba wood Micropholis sp. Sapotaceae Quinilla wood Minquartia guianensis Olacaceae Huacapú wood, animal food, medicine (bark), crafts Myrciaria dubia Myrtaceae Camu camu food Ochroma pyramidale Bombacaceae Topa wood, medicine, ornamentation Ocotea aciphylla Lauraceae Moena canela wood, medicine (oil) Ocotea guianensis Lauraceae Moena colorada wood Ocotea undulate Lauraceae Isma moena wood Oenocarpus mapora Arecaceae Sinamillo thatching, food, crafts Ormosia coccinea Fabaceae Huayruro wood, medicine, crafts Oxandra espintana Annonaceae Espintana wood Pachira aquatica Bombacaceae Huimba wood, food, ornamentation Pachira insignis Bombacaceae Sacha pandisho ornamentation Paspalum fasciculatum Poaceae Gramalote blanco animal food Parkia multijuga Fabaceae Pashaco curtidor wood Philodendron lechlerianum Araceae Itininga medicine (root) Phthirusa adunca Loranthaceae Suelda con suelda medicine Phyllanthus urinaria Euphorbiaceae Chanca piedra medicine Physalis angulata Solanaceae Bolsa Mullaca medicine Phytelephas macrocarpa Arecaceae Yarina thatching, food, medicine (bark), crafts Piper aduncum Piperaceae Cordoncillo medicine Piper peltatum Píperaceae Santa maria medicine Poraqueiba serícea Icacinaceae Umarí Witoto wood, food, fuel, tools Pourouma cecropiifolia Moraceae Uvilla wood, food, animal food, ornamentation Pouteria caimito Sapotaceae Caimito wood, food, medicine, tools Pouteria macrocarpa Sapotaceae Lúcuma wood, food, fuel Pouteria neglecta Sapotaceae Caimitillo wood, fuel Pouteria reticulata Sapotaceae Quinilla blanca wood, animal food Pseudolmedia laevis Moraceae Chimicua wood Pistia stratiotes Araceae Huama ornamentation, habitat Salvia palaefolia Lamiaceae Oreja de perro animal food, medicine Smilax aspera Smilacaceae Zarzaparrilla medicine (root) Socratea exorrhiza Arecaceae Cashapona wood, medicine (bark), crafts Solanum sessiliflorum Solanaceae Cocona food, medicine Spondias mombin Anacardiaceae Ubos food, medicine (bark) Sterculia apetala Sterculiaceae Huarmi caspi wood, animal food, medicine (root), tools Swartzia polyphylla Fabaceae Cumaceba medicine (bark) Swietenia macrophylla Meliaceae Caoba aguano wood, medicine (bark) Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae Pomarosa animal food, fuel Tabernaemontana sananho Apocynaceae Sanango medicine (root) Tachigali tessmannii Fabaceae Tangarana medicine (bark) Terminalia oblonga Combretaceae Yacushapana wood Theobroma bicolor Sterculiaceae Macambo food, fuel, crafts Theobroma cacao Sterculiaceae Cacao food Theobroma grandiflora Sterculiaceae Copoazú food Theobroma subincanum Sterculiaceae Cacahuillo wood, animal food, fuel Trema micrantha Ulmaceae Atadijo medicine Tynanthus panurensis Bignoniaceae Clavo huasca medicine (bark) Uncaria tomentosa Rubiaceae Uña de gato medicine (bark) Unonopsis floribunda Annonaceae Icoja wood, medicine (bark) Vanilla planifolia Orchidaceae Vainilla food, ornamentation Vatairea guianensis Fabaceae Marupá del bajo, Mari mari wood, fuel Virola sebifera Myristicaceae Cumala blanca wood, animal food, candels (oil) Wettinia augusta Arecaceae Sacha pona, ponilla thatching, medicine, tools

## Table of Fauna (2011)

Scientific name Family Names Accipiter poliogaster Accipitridae Grey-bellied goshawk Alouatta seniculus Cebidae Red howler monkey, Coto Amazona farinosa Psittacidae Mealy parrot Aotus nancymae Cebidae Musmuqui Ara ararauna Psittacidae Guacamayo azul y amarillo, blue and yellow macaw Ara chloroptera Psittacidae Guacamayo rojo, red macaw Aratinga leucophthalma Psittacidae White-eyed parakeet Aratinga weddellii Psittacidae Dusky-headed parakeet Ateles belzebuth Cebidae Maquisapa ceniza, white-bellied spider monkey Ateles paniscus Cebidae Black spider monkey, maquisapa negro Brotogeris sanctithomae Psittacidae Tui parakeet Brotogeris versicolurus Psittacidae Pihuicho Cacajao calvus Callitrichidae Bald-headed uakari, huapo , red uakari Caiman crocodilus Alligatoridae Lagarto blanco, caiman Callicebus torquatus Pitheciidae Tocon negro, collared titi Cebus albifrons Cebidae Machin blanco, white-fronted capuchin monkey Cebus apella Cebidae Machin negro Choloepus didactylus Megalonychidae Pelejo de altura, two-toed sloth Chondrohierax uncinatus Accipitridae Gavilan picudo, Hook-billed kite Coendou prehensilis Erethizontidae Brazilian porcupine Cuniculus paca Cuniculidae Paca Daptrius ater Falconidae Black caracara Dasyprocta fuliginosa Dasyproctidae Agouti Dasypus kappleri Dasypodidae Carachupa, Armadillo Eira barbara Mustelidae Tayra Elanoides forficatus Accipitridae Gavilan tijereta, swallow-tailed kite Harpagus bidentatus Accipitridae Double-toothed kite Harpia harpyja Accipitridae Harpy eagle, Aguila harpia Homo sapiens Hominidae Human Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris Hydrochaeridae Capybara, ronosco Ibycter americanus Falconidae Red-throated caracara Ictinia plumbea Accipitridae Plumbeous kite Inia geoffrensis Delphinidae Bufeo Colorado, pink dolphin, Amazon river dolphin Lagothrix lagotricha Cebidae Yellow-tailed woolly monkey, choro Leptodon cayanensis Accipitridae Gray-headed kite Lutra longicaudis Mustelidae Otter Mazama americana Cervidae Venado Colorado, red brocket deer Micrastur buckleyi Falconidae Buckley forest-falcon Micrastur gilvicollis Falconidae Lined forest-falcon Micrastur mirandollei Falconidae Slaty-backed forest-falcon Micrastur semitorquatus Falconidae Collared forest-falcon Milvago chimachima Falconidae Shihuango, yellow-headed caracara Morphnus guianensis Accipitridae Crested eagle Myoprocta pratti Dasyproctidae Punchana Nasua nasua Procyonidae Achuni Orthopsittaca manilata Psittacidae Red-bellied macaw Paleosuchus trigonatus Alligatoridae Dwarf lizard Paleosuchus trigonatus Alligatoridae Black lizard Panthera onca Felidae Otorongo, jaguar Phyllomedusa tomopterna Hylidae Tiger-leg monkey-frog, Rana lemur naranja Pionites leucogaster Psittacidae White-bellied parrot Pionopsitta barrabandi Psittacidae Orange-cheeked parrot Pionus menstruus Psittacidae Loro cabeza azul, blue-headed parrot Pipa pipa Pipidae Charapa sapo, rana acuatica Pithecia monachus Cebidae Huapo negro, black uakari Podocnemis unifilis Podocnemididae Taricaya, yellow-spotted river turtle Potos flavus Procyonidae Chozna, kinkajou Priodontes maximus Dasypodidae Giant armadillo, Yangunturo, Carachupa mama Proechimys sp. Echimyidae Spiny rat Rostrhamus hamatus Accipitridae Slender-billed kite Rostrhamus sociabilis Accipitridae Gavilan churero, snail kite Saguinus fuscicollis Callitrichidae Pichio pardo, common pichio, saddle-back tamarin Saimiri sciureus Cebidae Squirrel monkey Sotalia fluviatilis Delphinidae Bufeo negro, gray dolphin Speothos venaticus Canidae Sacha dog, bush dog Spizaetus tyrannus Accipitridae Black hawk-eagle Tamandua tetradactyla Myrmecophagidae Shihui, lesser anteater Tapirus terrestris Tapiridae Tapir, sachavaca Tayassu pecari Tayassuidae Huangana Tayassu tajacu Tayassuidae Sajino Trichechus inunguis Trichechidae Vaca marina, manatee

## References

- AMAZONÍA Guia Ilustrada de Flora y Fauna, Proyecto Araucaria XXI Nauta. November 2009 (ISBN 978-612-45650-0-7) [http://www.aeci.org.pe/publicaciones/store/pub.19.pdf](http://www.aeci.org.pe/publicaciones/store/pub.19.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331052541/http://www.aeci.org.pe/publicaciones/store/pub.19.pdf) 2012-03-31 at the Wayback Machine
- Cronquist, A. (1981) An Integrated System of classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New York.
- Kembo, C. (1995) Diagnosis of plant resources in the Peruvian Amazon - IIAP October 1995, Technical Paper No 16 – Iquitos, Peru.
- Peruvian Law N º 26834 - Law of Natural Protected Areas and Rules - approved by Supreme Decree 038-2001-AG, established the National Institute of Natural Resources (INRENA). INRENA is the governing body and national authority of the National System of Protected Natural Areas by the State (SINANPE).
- Departmental Resolution No. 059-2004-INRENA approving the Supplementary Provisions to the Regulations of the Law of Natural Protected Areas on Private Conservation Areas.
- Peruvian Supreme Decree N º 016 - 2009 - MINAM. Plan for Natural Protected Areas.

## External links

- [Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.](http://www.cites.org)
- [IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.](http://www.iucnredlist.org)
- [IIAP - Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana](http://iiap.org.pe)
- [Siamazonía - Sistema de Información de la Diversidad Biológica y Ambiental de la Amazonía Peruana](http://siamazonia.org.pe)
- [A tour operator website with visitor information](http://www.tapichejungle.com)
- [Peruvian Amazon](/source/Peruvian_Amazon)
- [Iquitos, Peru Wikipedia.](/source/Iquitos)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Tapiche Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapiche_Reserve) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapiche_Reserve?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.