# Talaria

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Symbol of the Roman god Mercury

A 19th-century engraving of talaria.

**The Talaria of Mercury** ([Latin](/source/Latin_language): *tālāria*) or **The Winged Sandals of Hermes** ([Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek_language): πτηνοπέδῑλος, *ptēnopédilos* or πτερόεντα πέδιλα, *pteróenta pédila*) are winged [sandals](/source/Sandal_(footwear)), a symbol of the Greek messenger god [Hermes](/source/Hermes) ([Roman](/source/Roman_mythology) equivalent [Mercury](/source/Mercury_(mythology))). They were said to be made by the god [Hephaestus](/source/Hephaestus) of imperishable gold and they flew the god as swift as any bird.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Etymology

The Latin noun *tālāria*, neuter plural of *tālāris* signifies "of the [ankle](/source/Ankle)". It is not quite certain how the Romans arrived at the meaning of "winged sandals" from this, possibly that the wings were attached at the ankles, or the sandals were tied around the ankles.[1]

## Attestations

One of the oldest known representations:[2] [Perseus](/source/Perseus), wearing the talaria and carrying the *[kibisis](/source/Kibisis)* over his shoulder, turns his head to kill [Medusa](/source/Medusa) on this [Orientalizing](/source/Orientalizing_period) relief *[pithos](/source/Pithos)*, c. 660 BC, [Louvre](/source/Louvre).

In ancient Greek literature, the sandals of Hermes are first of all mentioned by [Homer](/source/Homer) (ἀμβρόσια χρύσεια; *ambrósia khrýseia*, "immortal/divine and of gold"), though not described as "winged".[3][1][4]

The description of the sandals being winged first appear in the poem *[Shield of Heracles](/source/Shield_of_Heracles)* (c. 600 – 550 BC), which speaks of πτερόεντα πέδιλα (*pteróenta pédila*), literally "winged sandals".[1][5] The [Homeric hymn](/source/Homeric_Hymns) to Hermes from a somewhat later date (520 BC) does not explicitly state the sandals were winged, though they allowed him to leave no [footprints](/source/Footprints) while committing his theft of Apollo's cattle.[4]

According to one estimation, it was around 5th century BC when the winged sandals came to be regarded as common (though not indispensable) accoutrements of the god Hermes.[1] One later instance which refers to the sandals being winged is the *[Orphic Hymn](/source/Orphic_Hymn)* XXVIII to Hermes (c. 2nd/3rd century AD).[6][4]

[Perseus](/source/Perseus) wears Hermes' sandals to help him slay [Medusa](/source/Medusa).[7] According to [Aeschylus](/source/Aeschylus), Hermes gives them to him directly.[8] In a better-attested version, Perseus must retrieve them from the [Graeae](/source/Graeae), along with the [cap of invisibility](/source/Cap_of_invisibility) and the *[kibisis](/source/Kibisis)* (sack).[9]

On early Greek vase paintings, Hermes is shown wearing boots with a curved piece attached to the top edge of each one. This feature seems to be a pull strap for the boots rather than a simple or crude depiction of a wing.[10]

During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, Hermes was sometimes depicted with wings fastened directly to his bare ankles.[10]

### Latin sources

The term *talaria* has been employed by [Ovid](/source/Ovid) in the 1st century, and prior to him, in perhaps eight instances by various Latin authors (Cicero, Virgil, etc.).[11] The term is usually construed as "winged sandals", and applied almost exclusively to the footwear worn by the god Hermes/Mercury or the hero Perseus.[12]

#### Medieval interpretation

In the case of the *talaria* worn by the swift runner [Atalanta](/source/Atalanta) (Ovid, *Metamorphoses* X.591) some translators in the past steered away from recognizing them as footwear, and chose to regard them as "[long robes, reaching to the ankle](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:talaris#Latin)", starting with [Planudes](/source/Maximus_Planudes) in the 14th century. This interpretation was also endorsed in the 17th century by [Nicolaas Heinsius](/source/Nicolaas_Heinsius)'s gloss, and persisted in the 19th century with [Lewis and Short](/source/Lewis_and_Short)'s dictionary entry for this particular passage.[13] But there are "insuperable" reasons against this "robes" interpretation, for Ovid clearly states in the foregoing passages that Atalanta had disrobed[a] to engage in the foot-race.[14][b]

Also in the medieval Irish versions of the *[Aeneid](/source/Aeneid)* (*Imtheachta Aeniasa*) and the *Destruction of Troy* (*Togail Troí*), Mercury wears a "bird covering" or "feather mantle" ([Old Irish](/source/Old_Irish_language): *encennach, énchendach*), which clearly derives from Mercury's *talaria*, such as described by [Virgil](/source/Virgil).[15][16][c]

In this 13th century illumination, Mercury (on the right) is mostly naked and has feather-like wings on his head and legs.

Sometimes, it has been interpreted that Hermes feet are winged, rather that the wings being part of his sandals.[17]

## See also

- [EADS Talarion](/source/EADS_Talarion) an unmanned air vehicle named after talaria.

- Hermes also wears a winged [petasos](/source/Petasos), a traveler hat. In other representations he wears a [winged helmet](/source/Winged_helmet).

- [Caduceus](/source/Caduceus), the staff of Hermes

- [Namor](/source/Namor) the Sub-Mariner, a comic book character depicted with wings on his ankles.

## Explanatory notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** [Latin](/source/Latin_language): *[posito](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/posito)[velamine](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/velamine)*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** However, the reading Atalanta as racing naked (as Anderson insists) is rejected in favor of a more "modest interpretation" by certain translators (F. Bernini 1943, T. Morino 1946), who perceive Atalanta as still clothed (in *talaraia*), which were seen to have "moved" ([Italian](/source/Italian_language): *mossa*) or were "tossed aside" ([Italian](/source/Italian_language): *gettata via* by her fast-moving feet.[14]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Whitley Stokes (1881) pointed to the parallel to the *[fjaðr](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fj%C7%AB%C3%B0r)[hamr](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hamr)* ([feather cloak](/source/Fja%C3%B0rhamr)) of Old Norse texts.[15]

## References

**Citations**

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19668_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19668_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19668_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19668_1-3) [Anderson (1966)](#CITEREFAnderson1966), p. 8.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Gantz, 541.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Homer, Odyssey, V, 44.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedman2014–2015190–191_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedman2014–2015190–191_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedman2014–2015190–191_4-2) [Freedman (2014–2015)](#CITEREFFreedman2014–2015), pp. 190–191.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [Hesiod](/source/Hesiod), *[Shield of Heracles](/source/Shield_of_Heracles)*, 220.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Orphic Hymn 28, v. 4

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [Gaius Julius Hyginus](/source/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus), *Fables* (LXIV) and [Nonnus](/source/Nonnus), *[Dionysiaca](/source/Dionysiaca)*, (XIV, 270).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Aeschylus, *The Phorkides*, fr. 262 iv, v Radt.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [Pherecydes](/source/Pherecydes_of_Athens), 3F11 *[Fragmente der griechischen Historiker](/source/Fragmente_der_griechischen_Historiker)*, and the [Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)](/source/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)), II, 4, 2.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities_(1890),_Talaria_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities_(1890),_Talaria_10-1) [A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Talaria](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DT%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dtalaria-cn)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19667_11-0)** [Anderson (1966)](#CITEREFAnderson1966), p. 7.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19665_12-0)** [Anderson (1966)](#CITEREFAnderson1966), p. 5.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19661–2_13-0)** [Anderson (1966)](#CITEREFAnderson1966), pp. 1–2.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19662–3_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19662–3_15-1) [Anderson (1966)](#CITEREFAnderson1966), pp. 2–3.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-miles_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-miles_17-1) Miles, Brent (2011). [*Heroic Saga and Classical Epic in Medieval Ireland*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ShymTTEkH2sC&pg=PA75). Cambridge: DS Brewer. pp. 75–76. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1843842645](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1843842645). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0261-9865](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-9865).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** eDIL, s.v. "[énchendach](http://dil.ie/20064)". "bird-covering, feather mantle.. [but] in the following exx. the meaning seems transferred, wings, feathers; a winged thing.. rogab [Mercuir] a enceandaigh uime...┐ gabaid a luirg n-encheandaighi ina laim (i.e., the talaria and caduceus), Aen.[Imtheachta Aeniasa] 766–7 .. encennach Mercúir, cumma imthéit muir ┐ tír, LL 220 b26 = TTr. [Togail Troi] 258 ."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Wasson_20-0)** Wasson, Donald L (2018-11-06). ["Mercury (Deity)"](https://www.worldhistory.org/Mercury_(Deity)/). *[World History Encyclopedia](/source/World_History_Encyclopedia)*. Retrieved 30 October 2020. [...] his winged feet giving him the advantage of speed, and so was the patron of circulation in general - of people, goods and messages.

**Bibliography**

- Anderson, William S. (1966). "Talaria and Ovid Met. 10.591". *Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association*. **97**: 1–13. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/2935997](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2935997). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [2935997](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935997).

- Freedman, Luba (2014–2015), ["'Argicida Mercurius' from Homer to Giraldi and from Greek Vases to Sansovino"](https://www.academia.edu/30831646), *Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 2014/2015*, vol. 59/60, University of Michigan Press for the American Academy in Rome, pp. 181–254, [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [44981977](https://www.jstor.org/stable/44981977)

- [Gantz, Timothy](/source/Timothy_Gantz) (2004). *Mythes de la Grèce archaïque*, Berlin. pp. 541–543.

## External links

- Media related to [Talaria](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Talaria) at Wikimedia Commons

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