# Syr Darya

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River in Central Asia

Syr Darya Jaxartes Syr Darya at Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan Map of area around the Aral Sea. Aral Sea boundaries are c. 2008. The Syr Darya drainage basin is in yellow, and the Amu Darya basin in orange. Native name Syrdaria (Kazakh) Сырдарыя (Kyrgyz) Sirdaryo (Uzbek) Сирдарё (Tajik) Location Country Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan Cities Khujand, TJ, Tashkent, UZ, Turkestan, KZ, Kyzylorda, KZ, Baikonur, KZ Physical characteristics Source Confluence of Naryn and Kara Darya • location Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan • coordinates 40°54′03″N 71°45′27″E / 40.90083°N 71.75750°E / 40.90083; 71.75750 • elevation 400 m (1,300 ft) Mouth North Aral Sea • location Kazaly, Kazakhstan • coordinates 46°09′15″N 60°52′25″E / 46.15417°N 60.87361°E / 46.15417; 60.87361 • elevation 42 m (138 ft) Length 2,256.25 km (1,401.97 mi) Basin size 402,760 km2 (155,510 sq mi) Discharge • average 1,180 m3/s (42,000 cu ft/s)[1] • minimum 170 m3/s (6,000 cu ft/s) • maximum 3,900 m3/s (140,000 cu ft/s) Basin features Tributaries • left Kara • right Naryn, Chirciq, Arys, Sarysu Protection status Ramsar Wetland Official name Lesser Aral Sea and Delta of the Syrdarya River Designated 2 February 2012 Reference no. 2083[2]

Astronaut photograph of the Syr Darya River floodplain

The **Syr Darya**,[a] historically known as the **Jaxartes** ([/dʒækˈsɑːrtiːz/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*jak-SAR-teez*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key); [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek_language): Ἰαξάρτης), is a river in [Central Asia](/source/Central_Asia). The name, which is [Persian](/source/Persian_language), literally means *Syr Sea* or *Syr River*. It originates in the [Tian Shan](/source/Tian_Shan) mountains in [Kyrgyzstan](/source/Kyrgyzstan) and eastern [Uzbekistan](/source/Uzbekistan), and flows for 2,256.25 kilometres (1,401.97 mi) west and north-west through Uzbekistan, Sughd province of [Tajikistan](/source/Tajikistan), and southern [Kazakhstan](/source/Kazakhstan) to the [northern remnants](/source/North_Aral_Sea) of the [Aral Sea](/source/Aral_Sea). It is the northern and eastern of the two main rivers in the [endorheic basin](/source/Endorheic_basin) of the Aral Sea, the other being the [Amu Darya](/source/Amu_Darya).

During the Soviet era, extensive irrigation projects were constructed around both rivers, diverting their water into farmland and causing, during the post-Soviet era, the virtual disappearance of the Aral Sea, once the world's fourth-largest lake. The point at which the river flows from Tajikistan into Uzbekistan is, at 300 m (980 ft) above sea level, the lowest elevation in Tajikistan.[3][4][5]

## Name

The second part of the name (*darya*, [دریا](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7#Persian)) means "lake" or "sea" in [Persian](/source/Persian_language) and "river" in the [Tajik language](/source/Tajik_language). The current name dates only from the 18th century.

The earliest recorded name was *Jaxartes* or *Iaxartes* (Ἰαξάρτης) in [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek), consist of two morpheme *Iaxa* and *artes*, found in several sources, including those relating to [Alexander the Great](/source/Alexander_the_Great). This variant of the Greek name hearkens back to the [Old Persian](/source/Old_Persian) name *Yakhsha Arta* ("True Pearl"), perhaps a reference to the color of its glacially-fed water.[6] However there is also usage of the name *Tanais* river in certain sources, such as those of Arrian, a possible usage of the actual Tanais River's name to represent a furthest east river by distance.[7] More evidence for the Persian [etymology](/source/Etymology) comes from the river's Turkic name up to the time of the Arab conquest, the *Yinçü*, or "Pearl river", from [Middle Chinese](/source/Middle_Chinese) 眞珠 **t͡ɕiɪn-t͡ɕɨo*.[8][9] [Tang Chinese](/source/Tang_dynasty) also recorded this name as Yaosha River 藥殺水 ([MC](/source/Middle_Chinese): **jɨɐk-ʃˠɛt*) and later Ye River 葉河 (MC: **jiɛp*).

The current local name of the river, *Syr* (*Sïr*), does not appear before the 16th century. In the 17th century, [Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur](/source/Abu_al-Ghazi_Bahadur) Khan, historian and ruler of [Khiva](/source/Khiva), called the [Aral Sea](/source/Aral_Sea) the "Sea of Sïr," or *Sïr Tengizi*.

The important evidence is the etymology of the name of the Syr-Darya River mentioned by the ancient authors – '''Yaksart''', established by V. A. Livshits (2003: 10). It means ''''flowing' or 'streaming'.''' The word belongs to the [Sogdian](/source/Sogdia) dialect that had emerged from the [Saka](/source/Saka) language group.[10]

## History

Syr Darya River at Khujand

When the Macedonian army of [Alexander the Great](/source/Alexander_the_Great) reached the Jaxartes in 329 BC, after travelling through [Bactria](/source/Bactria) and [Sogdia](/source/Sogdia) without encountering any opposition, they met with the first instances of native resistance to their presence. In October 329 BC the Macedonians fought the [Battle of Jaxartes](/source/Battle_of_Jaxartes) against the [Saka](/source/Saka), killing some 1,200 combatants including the leader of the nomads. Alexander was forced to retire south to deal with a revolt in [Sogdia](/source/Sogdia). Alexander was wounded in the fighting that ensued and the native tribes took to attacking the Macedonian garrisons stationed in their towns. As the revolt against Alexander intensified it spread through Sogdia, plunging it into two years of warfare, the intensity of which surpassed any other conflict of the *[Anabasis Alexandri](/source/Anabasis_Alexandri)*.[11]

On the shores of the Syr Darya, Alexander placed a garrison in the City of [Cyrus](/source/Cyrus_the_Great) ([Cyropolis](/source/Cyropolis) in Greek), which he then renamed after himself [Alexandria Eschate](/source/Alexandria_Eschate)—"Alexandria the furthest"—in 329 BC. For most of its history since at least the [Muslim conquest of Central Asia](/source/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana) in the 7th to 8th centuries AD, the name of this city (in present-day [Tajikistan](/source/Tajikistan)) has been [Khujand](/source/Khujand).

In the mid-19th century, during the [Russian conquest of Turkestan](/source/Russian_conquest_of_Turkestan), the [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire) introduced steam navigation to the Syr Darya, initially from [Fort Raim](/source/Fort_Raim)[12] but with an important river port at Kazalinsk ([Kazaly](/source/Kazaly)) from 1847 to 1882, when service ceased.

During the [Soviet](/source/Soviet_Union) era, a resource-sharing system was instituted in which Kyrgyzstan and [Tajikistan](/source/Tajikistan) shared water originating from the [Amu Darya](/source/Amu_Darya) and Syr Darya rivers with [Kazakhstan](/source/Kazakhstan), [Turkmenistan](/source/Turkmenistan), and [Uzbekistan](/source/Uzbekistan) in summer. In return, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan received Kazakh, Turkmen, and Uzbek coal, gas, and electricity in winter. After the 1991 [fall of the Soviet Union](/source/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union), this system disintegrated and the [Central Asian](/source/Central_Asia) nations have failed to reinstate it. Inadequate infrastructure, poor water-management, and outdated irrigation methods all exacerbate the issue.[13]

In 2012, the [Syrdarya–Turkestan State Regional Natural Park](/source/Syrdarya%E2%80%93Turkestan_State_Regional_Natural_Park) was opened in Kazakhstan, in hopes of protecting the river plain ecosystems, archaeological sites, and historical-cultural monuments, as well as plants and animal species, some of which are rare or endangered.[14]

## Geography

The river rises in two [headstreams](/source/Headstream) in the [Tian Shan Mountains](/source/Tian_Shan) in [Kyrgyzstan](/source/Kyrgyzstan) and eastern [Uzbekistan](/source/Uzbekistan)—the [Naryn River](/source/Naryn_River) and the [Kara Darya](/source/Kara_Darya) which come together in the Uzbek part of the [Fergana Valley](/source/Fergana_Valley)—and flows for some 2,212 kilometres (1,374 mi) west and north-west through Uzbekistan and southern [Kazakhstan](/source/Kazakhstan) to the remains of the Aral Sea. The Syr Darya drains an area of over 800,000 square kilometres (310,000 sq mi), but no more than 160,000 square kilometres (62,000 sq mi) actually contribute significant flow to the river:[15] indeed, two of the largest rivers in its basin, the [Talas](/source/Talas_River) and the [Chu](/source/Chu_River), dry up before reaching it. Its annual flow is a very modest[1] 37 cubic kilometres (30,000,000 [acre⋅ft](/source/Acre-foot); 8.9 [mi3](/source/Cubic_mile)) per year—half that of its sister river, the [Amu Darya](/source/Amu_Darya).

Along its course, the Syr Darya irrigates the most productive agricultural regions in [Central Asia](/source/Central_Asia). After crossing the [Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan border](/source/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_border), Syr Darya meets the [Shardara Dam](/source/Shardara_Dam), which is connected to the [Aydar Lake](/source/Aydar_Lake). Syr Darya then flows north, before turning west and emptying into the [North Aral Sea](/source/North_Aral_Sea).

Various local governments throughout history have built and maintained an extensive system of [canals](/source/Canal).[8] These canals are of central importance in this arid region. Many fell into disuse in the 17th and early 18th century, but the [Khanate of Kokand](/source/Khanate_of_Kokand) rebuilt many in the 19th century, primarily along the Upper and Middle Syr Darya.

## Ecological damage

Massive expansion of [irrigation canals](/source/Irrigation_canal) in Middle and Lower Syr Darya during the [Soviet](/source/Soviet_Union) period to water cotton and [rice](/source/Rice) fields caused [ecological damage](/source/Environmental_degradation) to the area. The amount of water taken from the river was such that in some periods of the year, no water at all reached the Aral Sea. The Amu Darya in Uzbekistan and [Turkmenistan](/source/Turkmenistan) faced a similar situation.

Main article: [Northern river reversal](/source/Northern_river_reversal)

The uranium concentration of the stream water is increased in Tajikistan with values of 43 μg/L and 12 μg/L;[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] the WHO guideline value for drinking water of 30 μg/L is partly exceeded. The main input of uranium occurs upstream in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan.[16]

## See also

- [Extreme points of Tajikistan](/source/Extreme_points_of_Tajikistan)

- [History of the central steppe](/source/History_of_the_central_steppe)

- [Great Fergana Canal](/source/Great_Fergana_Canal)

- [Daryalyktakyr](/source/Daryalyktakyr)

- [Jaxartosaurus](/source/Jaxartosaurus)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** - English: [/ˌsɪər ˈdɑːriə/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*seer DAR-ee-ə*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) - [Kazakh](/source/Kazakh_language): Сырдария, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Kazakh): *Syrdaria*, [arabized](/source/Kazakh_alphabets#Arabic_script): سىردارٸيا - [Russian](/source/Russian_language): Сырдарья, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Russian): *Syrdaria*, pronounced [\[sɨrdɐˈrʲja\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian) - [Persian](/source/Persian_language): سيردريا, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Persian): *Sirdaryâ*, pronounced [\[ˌsiːɹ‿dæɹˈjɒː\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian) - [Tajik](/source/Tajik_language): Сирдарё, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Tajik): *Sirdaryo*, [arabized](/source/Tajik_alphabet#Persian_alphabet): سيردريا, [hebraized](/source/Tajik_alphabet#Hebrew_alphabet): סירדריא - [Turkish](/source/Turkish_language): *Seyhun* - [Arabic](/source/Arabic_language): سيحون, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Arabic): *Sayḥūn*, [cyrillized](/source/Cyrillization_of_Arabic): Сэйхьун - [Uzbek](/source/Uzbek_language): Сирдарё, romanized: *Sirdaryo*, pronounced [\[sɪrdarˈjɒ\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Uzbek)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-1) Daene C. McKinney. ["Cooperative Management of Transboundary Water Resources in Central Asia"](http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/mckinney/papers/aral/CentralAsiaWater-McKinney.pdf) (PDF). Ce.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Lesser Aral Sea and Delta of the Syrdarya River"](https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2083). *[Ramsar](/source/Ramsar_Convention) Sites Information Service*. Retrieved 25 April 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-factbook_4-0)** ["Tajikistan"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210110023948/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tajikistan). *[The World Factbook](/source/The_World_Factbook)*. Archived from [the original](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tajikistan/) on January 10, 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2020. lowest point: Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m

1. **[^](#cite_ref-mfa_5-0)** ["Territorial and border issues"](https://mfa.tj/en/main/foreign-policy/territorial-and-border-issues). *[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan](/source/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_Republic_of_Tajikistan)*. 1 March 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2020. The lowest spot of the country is on the height of 300 meters and the highest spot is on the height of 7495 meters above sea level.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-cica_6-0)** ["General information about Tajikistan"](http://www.cicasummit2019.tj/about-tajikistan/general-information-about-tajikistan). *[Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia](/source/Conference_on_Interaction_and_Confidence-Building_Measures_in_Asia)*. Retrieved 31 January 2020. Tajikistan is a typical mountainous country with absolute heights from 300 to 7495 m.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Islam_7-0)** "Sïr Daryā." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online, 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Nearchus,_Guides,_and_Place_Names_on_Alexander’s_Expedition_8-0)** James, Dylan (2020). ["Arrian?s Indica 27.1 (FGrH 133 F 1 III)"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26989155). *Mnemosyne*. **73** (4): 553–576 – via JSTOR.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-В._В._Бартольд._К_истории_орошения_Туркестана._9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-В._В._Бартольд._К_истории_орошения_Туркестана._9-1) В. В. Бартольд. К истории орошения Туркестана. (On the history of Irrigation in Turkestan) in Работы по исторической географии (Works on Historical Geography). Moscow: Vostochnaia Literatura, 2002. Pages 210-231

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Tekin1997_10-0)** Tekin, Talat (1997). ["Notes on Some Chinese Loanwords in Old Turkic"](http://www.turkdilleri.org/turkdilleri/sayilar/tda7/TTekinChinese.pdf) (PDF). *Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları* (7): 165–173.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Koryakova, Ludmila (2008-06-01). "Review at Cambridge Core- Elena E. Kuzmina (edited by J.P. Mallory): The Origins of the Indo-Iranians. xviii+762 pages, 132 figures. 2007. Leiden: Brill; 978-90-04-16054-5 hardback". *Antiquity Publications*. **82** (316): 457. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/s0003598x00097076](https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00097076). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0003-598X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Holt, Frank Lee (1989). [*Alexander the Great and Bactria: The Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=VSA4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA53). Brill. p. 53. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [90-04-08612-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08612-9). Retrieved 31 March 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Gucheval-Claugny, M. (1877). "l'Asie Centrale Et Le Réveil De La Question D'Orient". *Revue des Deux Mondes (1829-1971)*. **21** (2): 409. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0035-1962](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-1962). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [44751873](https://www.jstor.org/stable/44751873).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** International Crisis Group. "[Water Pressures in Central Asia](http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/central-asia/233-water-pressures-in-central-asia.pdf)", [CrisisGroup.org](http://www.crisisgroup.org). 11 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0_15-0)** ["Сырдарья-Туркестанский государственный региональный природный парк"](http://bio.tsu.ru/node/6298) [Syrdarya-Turkestan State Regional Natural Park, The History of the Creation of the Regional Park]. *Биологический Институт* (in Russian). [Tomsk State University](/source/Tomsk_State_University). Retrieved 2022-11-01.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Agaltseva, N.A.; Borovikova, L.N.; Konovalov, V.G. (1997). [*Automated system of runoff forecasting for the Amudarya River basin*](https://web.archive.org/web/20120124135839/http://iahs.info/redbooks/a239/iahs_239_0193.pdf) (PDF). Destructive Water: Water-Caused Natural Disasters, their Abatement and Control. *International Association of Hydrological Sciences*. Archived from [the original](http://iahs.info/redbooks/a239/iahs_239_0193.pdf) (PDF) on 24 January 2012. Retrieved 2010-02-09.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Zoriy, P.; Schläger, M.; Murtazaev, K.; Pillath, J.; Zoriy, M.; Heuel-Fabianek, B. (2018). "Monitoring of uranium concentrations in water samples collected near potentially hazardous objects in North-West Tajikistan". *Journal of Environmental Radioactivity*. **181**: 109–117. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.11.010](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvrad.2017.11.010). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [29136519](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29136519).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Syr Darya river](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Syr_Darya_river).

- [Britannica.com](http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070767/Syr-Darya)

- [Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch](/source/Peter_Kropotkin); Bealby, John Thomas (1911). ["Syr-darya (river)"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Syr-darya_(river)). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition)*. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 303–304.

- [Livius.org: Jaxartes](https://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jaxartes/jaxartes.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140319081824/http://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jaxartes/jaxartes.html) 2014-03-19 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [BBC News: Syn Darya in pictures](http://news.bbc.co.uk./2/hi/asia-pacific/8516200.stm)

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v t e Rivers of Kazakhstan Rivers Akbastau Aksu (Lake Balkhash) Ak-Suu (Chu) Akkanburlyk Arshaly Arys Asa Aschiagar Ashchyozek Ashchysu (Ayr) Ashchysu (Nura) Ashchysu (Shagan) Atasu Ayagöz Ayat Badam Bagyrlai Baikonyr Bakanas Bogen Boksyk Boktykaryn Bolgasyn Bolshoy Uzen Boralday Borly Bukhtarma Buldyrty Büyen Shagan (Irtysh) Shagan (Ural) Charyn Chilik Chu Ebita Emba Emil Esentai Ilek Ili Imanburlyk Irgiz Irtysh Ishim Issyk Kaldygaity Kalkutan Kalmakkyrgan Kamysakty Karakengir Karasu Karatal Kargaly Karkaraly Kauylzhyr Keles Kichi-Kemin Kigach Kokozek Koksu Kon Kulanotpes Kürshim Kushum Kylshakty Kyrshabakty Lepsy Lukina Malaya Almatinka Maly Uzen Mashat Naryn Nura Olenti (Auliekol) Olenti (Tuzdy) Or Qapal Sabyrzhylga Saghyz Saryozen (Myrzhyk) Saryozen (Sarysu) Saryozen (Turgay) Sarysu Sayramsu Shabakty Shagalaly Sherubainura Shiderti Shyngyrlau Sileti Sokyr Sonaly Syntasty Syr Darya Talas Taldy Taldymanaka Talgar Tegene Teneke Terekty Terisaqqan Tobol Tokrau Tundik Turgay Uba Ubagan Uil Ulba Ulkayak Ulken Damdi Ulken Kundyzdy Uly-Zhylanshyk Ural Urzhar Ushbas Uy Yesenankaty Zhabay Zhaman Sarysu Zharly Zhylandysay Zhymyky Zhyngyldyozek

v t e Rivers of Tajikistan Ak-Suu Amu Darya Bartang Fan Darya Gunt Iskander Darya Karatag Khanaka Kofarnihon Qizilsu Mughob Pamir Panj Shakhdara Simiganj Syr Darya Vakhsh Vanj Yaghnob Yazghulom Zambar Zarafshon

Authority control databases International VIAF GND FAST National Israel Geographic Pleiades Other İslâm Ansiklopedisi

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Syr Darya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syr_Darya) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syr_Darya?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.