# Syndiniales > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Syndiniales > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Syndiniales.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndiniales > Source revision: 1338089383 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Order of single-celled organisms}} {{More citations needed|date=December 2009}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = | image_caption = | taxon = Syndiniales | authority = Loeblich III, 1976 | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision = * [Amoebophryaceae](/source/Amoebophryaceae) * [Coccidiniaceae](/source/Coccidiniaceae) * [Euduboscquellidae](/source/Euduboscquellidae) * [Hematodiniidae](/source/Hematodiniidae) * [Sphaeriparaceae](/source/Sphaeriparaceae) * [Syndiniaceae](/source/Syndiniaceae) | synonyms = * Coccidinales Chatton & Biecheler 1934 }} The '''Syndiniales''' are an [order](/source/order_(biology)) of early branching [dinoflagellate](/source/dinoflagellate)s (also known as Marine [Alveolate](/source/Alveolate)s, "MALVs"), found as [parasites](/source/Parasitism) of [crustacea](/source/crustacea)ns, [fish](/source/fish), [algae](/source/algae), [cnidaria](/source/cnidaria)ns, and [protist](/source/protist)s ([ciliate](/source/ciliate)s, [radiolaria](/source/radiolaria)ns, other dinoflagellates).{{Cite book | last1 = van den Hoek | first1 = C. | last2 = Mann | first2 = D. G. | last3 = Jahns | first3 = Hans Martin | name-list-style = vanc | title = Algae: an Introduction to Phycology | year = 1995 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-31687-1 | pages = 277–280}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Bråte J, Krabberød AK, Dolven JK, Ose RF, Kristensen T, Bjørklund KR, Shalchian-Tabrizi K | title = Radiolaria associated with large diversity of marine alveolates | journal = Protist | volume = 163 | issue = 5 | pages = 767–77 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22658831 | doi = 10.1016/j.protis.2012.04.004 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Strassert JF, Karnkowska A, Hehenberger E, Del Campo J, Kolisko M, Okamoto N, Burki F, Janouškovec J, Poirier C, Leonard G, Hallam SJ, Richards TA, Worden AZ, Santoro AE, Keeling PJ | title = Single cell genomics of uncultured marine alveolates shows paraphyly of basal dinoflagellates | journal = The ISME Journal | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 304–308 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 28994824 | pmc = 5739020 | doi = 10.1038/ismej.2017.167 }} The [trophic form](/source/trophozoite) is often [multinucleate](/source/multinucleate), and ultimately divides to form motile [spore](/source/spore)s, which have two [flagella](/source/flagellum) in typical dinoflagellate arrangement. They lack a [theca](/source/theca) and [chloroplast](/source/chloroplast)s, and unlike all other orders, the [nucleus](/source/cell_nucleus) is never a [dinokaryon](/source/dinokaryon). A well-studied example is ''[Amoebophrya](/source/Amoebophrya)'', which is a [parasite](/source/parasite) of other dinoflagellates and may play a part in ending [red tides](/source/algal_bloom). Several MALV groups have been assigned to Syndiniales;{{cite journal | vauthors = Guillou L, Viprey M, Chambouvet A, Welsh RM, Kirkham AR, Massana R, Scanlan DJ, Worden AZ | title = Widespread occurrence and genetic diversity of marine parasitoids belonging to Syndiniales (Alveolata) | journal = Environmental Microbiology | volume = 10 | issue = 12 | pages = 3349–65 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 18771501 | doi = 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01731.x | doi-access = }} recent studies, however, show [paraphyly](/source/paraphyly) of MALVs suggesting that only those groups that branch as sister to dinokaryotes ('core dinoflagellates') belong to Syndiniales. ==Taxonomy== * [Class](/source/class_(biology)) '''Syndiniophyceae''' Loeblich III, 1976 ['''Syndinea''']{{cite journal | vauthors = Gómez F, Moreira D, López-García P | title = Molecular phylogeny of noctilucoid dinoflagellates (Noctilucales, Dinophyceae) | journal = Protist | volume = 161 | issue = 3 | pages = 466–78 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20188628 | doi = 10.1016/j.protis.2009.12.005 }}{{cite journal |author=Gómez F |title=A checklist and classification of living dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata, Alveolata) |journal=CICIMAR Oceánides |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=65–140 |year=2012 |doi=10.37543/oceanides.v27i1.111 |url=http://www.cicimar.ipn.mx/oacis/Medios/oceanides/P%20065%20Fernando%20Gomez.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127104918/http://www.cicimar.ipn.mx/oacis/Medios/oceanides/P%20065%20Fernando%20Gomez.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-27 }} ** Order '''Syndiniales''' Loeblich III 1976 [Coccidinales Chatton & Biecheler 1934] *** Family [Hematodiniidae](/source/Hematodiniidae) **** Genus ''[Hematodinium](/source/Hematodinium)'' Chatton & Poisson 1930 *** Family [Coccidiniaceae](/source/Coccidiniaceae) [Coccidinidae Chatton & Biecheler 1934] **** Genus ''[Coccidinium](/source/Coccidinium)'' Chatton & Biecheler 1934 *** Family [Euduboscquellidae](/source/Euduboscquellidae) Coats, Bachvaroff & Delwiche 2012 **** Genus ''[Euduboscquella](/source/Euduboscquella)'' Coats, Bachvaroff & Delwiche 2012 *** Family [Syndiniaceae](/source/Syndiniaceae) Chatton 1920 **** Genus ''[Trypanodinium](/source/Trypanodinium)'' Chatton 1912 **** Genus ''[Merodinium](/source/Merodinium)'' Chatton 1923 **** Genus ''[Syndinium](/source/Syndinium)'' Chatton 1910 [''[Atelodinium](/source/Atelodinium)'' Chatton 1920; ''[Synhemidinium](/source/Synhemidinium)'' Chatton 1952 nom. illeg.; ''[Solenodinium](/source/Solenodinium)'' (Chatton 1923) Chatton 1952] *** Family [Amoebophryaceae](/source/Amoebophryaceae) Cachon 1964 ex Loeblich III 1970 [Amoebophryidae] **** Genus ''[Amoebophrya](/source/Amoebophrya)'' Koeppen 1894 [''[Hyalosaccus](/source/Hyalosaccus)'' Koeppen 1899] *** Family [Sphaeriparaceae](/source/Sphaeriparaceae) Loeblich III 1970 **** Genus ''[Actinodinium](/source/Actinodinium)'' Chatton & Hovasse 1937 **** Genus ''[Caryotoma](/source/Caryotoma)'' Hollande 1953 **** Genus ''[Atlanticellodinium](/source/Atlanticellodinium)'' Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1965 **** Genus ''[Sphaeripara](/source/Sphaeripara)'' Poche 1911 [''[Lohmannia](/source/Lohmannia)'' Neresheimer 1903 non Michael 1898; ''[Lohmanella](/source/Lohmanella)'' Neresheimer 1904 non Trouessart 1901; ''[Neresheimeria](/source/Neresheimeria)'' Übel 1912] == See also == * ''[Duboscquella](/source/Duboscquella)'' == References == {{Reflist}} {{Alveolata}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q3781035|from2=Q15159064}} Category:Syndiniophyceae Category:Parasitic alveolates Category:Dinoflagellate orders {{dinoflagellate-stub}} {{Parasitic SAR-stub}} --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Syndiniales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndiniales) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndiniales?action=history)). 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