# Synapse Software > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Synapse_Software > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Synapse_Software.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse_Software > Source revision: 1315657362 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) American video game-developing company For the Linux application launcher, see [Synapse (software)](/source/Synapse_(software)). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Synapse Software" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Synapse Software Type Corporation / Subsidiary Founders Ihor Wolosenko Ken Grant Defunct 1985 Fate Defunct (purchased by Broderbund) Successor The Learning Company Products Video games Productivity software Programming tools **Synapse Software Corporation** (marketed as **SynSoft** in the UK) was an American software developer and publisher founded in 1981 by Ihor Wolosenko and Ken Grant.[1] Synapse published [application software](/source/Application_software) and developer tools, but was primarily known for video games. It initially focused on the [Atari 8-bit computers](/source/Atari_8-bit_computers), then later developed for the [Commodore 64](/source/Commodore_64) and other systems. Synapse was purchased by [Broderbund](/source/Broderbund) in late 1984 and the Synapse label retired in 1985. The company's first release was the database File Manager 800, written by Grant and Wolosenko, followed by the game *[Dodge Racer](/source/Dodge_Racer)*, a clone of Sega's *[Head On](/source/Head_On_(video_game))* programmed by Rob Re.[1] 1981's *[Protector](/source/Protector_(1981_video_game))* and 1982's *[Shamus](/source/Shamus_(computer_game))* established Synapse as a creator of high-quality action games. Additional well-received releases followed, including *[Rainbow Walker](/source/Rainbow_Walker)*, *[Blue Max](/source/Blue_Max_(computer_game))*, *[The Pharaoh's Curse](/source/The_Pharaoh's_Curse_(video_game))*, and some others based on unusual concepts, like *[Necromancer](/source/Necromancer_(video_game))* and *[Alley Cat](/source/Alley_Cat_(game))*. First-person game *[Dimension X](/source/Dimension_X_(video_game))* was promoted for its "altered perspective scrolling" technology, then released in a cut-down form over nine months later to disappointing reviews. The company also sold databases, a [6502](/source/MOS_Technology_6502) assembler, and a suite of [biofeedback](/source/Biofeedback) hardware and software. A line of productivity applications published in 1983, including a spreadsheet, led to financial difficulties and the company's downfall. The box cover art for most of Synapse's games was done by Tim Boxell, a friend of Ihor Wolosenko.[2] ## Action games Synapse's first releases were for the Atari 8-bit computers, starting in 1981. Some of their early games were based on elements of contemporary arcade games. *[Dodge Racer](/source/Dodge_Racer)* (1981) is a clone of Sega's *[Head On](/source/Head_On_(video_game))*, and *[Protector](/source/Protector_(1981_video_game))* (1981) uses elements of *[Defender](/source/Defender_(video_game))*. *[Chicken](/source/Chicken_(video_game))* (1982) has the same basic concept as *[Kaboom!](/source/Kaboom!_(video_game))* for the Atari 2600, which itself is similar to the arcade game *[Avalanche](/source/Avalanche_(arcade_game))*. *[Nautilus](/source/Nautilus_(video_game))* (1982) uses a split-screen so two players can play at once. In single-player mode the user controls a [submarine](/source/Submarine), the *Nautilus*, in the lower screen while the computer controls a [destroyer](/source/Destroyer), the *Colossus*, on the upper screen. In two-player mode, another player controls the destroyer. The same basic system was later re-used in other games, including *[Shadow World](/source/Shadow_World_(video_game))*. *[Survivor](/source/Survivor_(1982_video_game))* (1982) supports up to four simultaneous players,[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] via the four joystick ports on the Atari 400 and Atari 800 computers. Each player commands a different part of a single spaceship. In single-player mode it operates like the ship in *[Asteroids](/source/Asteroids_(video_game))*, while in two player mode one drives and the other fires in any direction. In an interview with *[Antic](/source/Antic_(magazine))*, Wolosenko agreed that 1982's *[Shamus](/source/Shamus_(video_game))* was the beginning of Synapse's reputation for quality products.[1] Other similar caliber, better advertised games followed in 1982-3. These include *[Necromancer](/source/Necromancer_(video_game))*, *[Rainbow Walker](/source/Rainbow_Walker_(video_game))*, *[Blue Max](/source/Blue_Max_(video_game))*, *[Fort Apocalypse](/source/Fort_Apocalypse)*, *[Alley Cat](/source/Alley_Cat_(video_game))*, and *[The Pharaoh's Curse](/source/Pharaoh's_Curse_(video_game))*. It was during this period that the company branched out and started supporting other systems, especially the [Commodore 64](/source/Commodore_64), which became a major platform. Many of Synapse's games made their way to the UK as part of the initial wave of [U.S. Gold](/source/U.S._Gold)-distributed imports (under the "Synsoft" imprint). Some were also converted to run on more popular UK [home computers](/source/Home_computer), such as the [ZX Spectrum](/source/ZX_Spectrum). Synapse was an early developer for the unsuccessful graphics-accelerated [Mindset](/source/Mindset_(computer)) computer project and created the first-person game *Vyper* (1984) for it.[3][4] ### Ports and re-releases Synapse developed an official port of the arcade video game *[Zaxxon](/source/Zaxxon)* for the Commodore 64. The Atari 8-bit port was from [Datasoft](/source/Datasoft). Synapse also published *[Encounter!](/source/Encounter!_(video_game))* in 1983, which was originally released in the UK by [Novagen Software](/source/Novagen_Software) without the exclamation mark in the name. *[Salmon Run](/source/Salmon_Run_(video_game))*, the first game from *Necromancer* and *Alley Cat* designer [Bill Williams](/source/Bill_Williams_(game_designer)), was published by the [Atari Program Exchange](/source/Atari_Program_Exchange) in 1982; Synapse released a [VIC-20](/source/VIC-20) port under the "Showcase Software" label the following year. ## Utilities and productivity software Although it is for their success with arcade-style games that it is primarily remembered, Synapse started out selling database software for the Atari 8-bit computers. In 1982 Synapse released *[SynAssembler](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SynAssembler&action=edit&redlink=1)*, a 6502 development system which was much faster than Atari's offerings at the time. *SynAssembler* is a port of the S-C Assembler II Version 4.0 from the Apple II.[5] The port was done by Steve Hales, who also wrote a number of games for Synapse. Synapse was developing a series of home productivity and financial [applications](/source/Application_software): *SynFile+* (written in [Forth](/source/Forth_(programming_language)) by Steve Ahlstrom and Dan Moore of The 4th Works),[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] *SynCalc*, *Synfilet*, *SynChron*, *SynComm*, *SynStock*, and *SynTrend*.[6] ## Interactive fiction Some time before their demise, Synapse had started work on [interactive fiction](/source/Interactive_fiction) games (or as they called them, "Electronic Novels"). The games were all based on a parser called "BTZ" (*Better Than [Zork](/source/Zork)*), written by [William Mataga](/source/William_Mataga) and Steve Hales. Seven games were written using the system but only four released,[7] the best-known being the critically well-received *Mindwheel*.[7] ## Downfall By early 1984 Synapse was the largest third-party provider of Atari 8-bit software, but 65% of its sales came from the Commodore market.[8] The company ran into financial difficulty. According to Steve Hales they had taken a calculated risk in developing the series of productivity [applications](/source/Applications_software) and had entered into a collaboration with [Atari, Inc.](/source/Atari%2C_Inc.) When [Jack Tramiel](/source/Jack_Tramiel) purchased Atari's consumer division from [Warner Communications](/source/Warner_Communications), he refused to pay for the 40,000 units of software that had been shipped.[2] Thrown into a cash crisis, Synapse was purchased by [Broderbund Software](/source/Broderbund) in late 1984. Although the intention had been to keep Synapse going, the market had changed, and they were unable to make money from the electronic novels. Approximately one year after the takeover, Broderbund closed Synapse down.[2] ## Software Some games were sold together as "Double Plays," with one being a bonus game on the other side of the disk.[9] *[Rainbow Walker](/source/Rainbow_Walker_(video_game))* was initially sold by itself, and the second game added later.[9] **1981** - *Disk Manager* - *[Dodge Racer](/source/Dodge_Racer)* - *FileManager 800* (database) - *FileManager+* (database) - *[Protector](/source/Protector_(1981_video_game))* **1982** - *[Chicken](/source/Chicken_(video_game))* - *[Claim Jumper](/source/Claim_Jumper_(video_game))* - *[Fort Apocalypse](/source/Fort_Apocalypse)* - *[Nautilus](/source/Nautilus_(video_game))* - *[Necromancer](/source/Necromancer_(video_game))* (later from Atari Corporation as an XEGS-styled cartridge) - *Page 6*, "a hands-on assembly language tutorial"[10] - *[Picnic Paranoia](/source/Picnic_Paranoia_(video_game))* - *[Protector II](/source/Protector_II)* - *[Shamus](/source/Shamus_(video_game))* - *[Slime](/source/Slime_(video_game))* - *[Survivor](/source/Survivor_(1982_video_game))* - *SynAssembler* (6502 assembler) **1983** - *[Alley Cat](/source/Alley_Cat_(video_game))* - *[Blue Max](/source/Blue_Max_(video_game))* - *Countdown* - *[Drelbs](/source/Drelbs)* - *[The Pharaoh's Curse](/source/The_Pharaoh's_Curse_(video_game))* - *[Rainbow Walker](/source/Rainbow_Walker_(video_game))* - *[Shadow World](/source/Shadow_World_(video_game))* - *[Shamus: Case II](/source/Shamus%3A_Case_II)* - *SynCalc* - *SynChron* - *SynComm* - *SynFile+* - *SynStock* - *SynTrend* - *[Zeppelin](/source/Zeppelin_(1983_video_game))* **1984** - *Air Support* - *[Blue Max 2001](/source/Blue_Max_2001)* - *Brimstone* (electronic novel) - *[Dimension X](/source/Dimension_X_(video_game))* - *[Doughboy](/source/Dough_Boy_(video_game))* (C64) - *[Electrician](/source/Electrician_(video_game))* - *[Encounter!](/source/Encounter!_(video_game))* - *Essex* (electronic novel) - *Mindwheel* (electronic novel) - *[New York City](/source/New_York_City_(video_game))* - *[Quasimodo](/source/Hunchback_(video_game))* - *[Rainbow Walker](/source/Rainbow_Walker_(video_game))* - *[Relax](/source/Relax_(video_game))*, [biofeedback](/source/Biofeedback) package - *Sentinel* - *Slamball* - *Vyper* ([Mindset](/source/Mindset_(computer))) - *The Warrior of Zypar* - *[Zaxxon](/source/Zaxxon)*, C64 arcade port ### Showcase Software At the 1983 [Consumer Electronics Show](/source/Consumer_Electronics_Show), Synapse announced it would publish games for the [VIC-20](/source/VIC-20).[11] These were a mix of original titles and ports sold under the name Showcase Software.[12] Only some of the announced games were released.[12] - *Astro Patrol* - *[Salmon Run](/source/Salmon_Run_(video_game))* - originally published in 1982 for Atari 8-bit computers through the [Atari Program Exchange](/source/Atari_Program_Exchange)[13] - *Squeeze* ## References 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ihor_interview_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ihor_interview_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-ihor_interview_1-2) Dewitt, Robert (April 1983). ["Profile: Ihnor Wolosenko (Synapse Software)"](http://www.atarimagazines.com/v2n1/interview.html). *Antic*. **2** (1). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-halcyon_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-halcyon_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-halcyon_2-2) Hague, James, ed. (March 1997). ["Steve Hales"](https://dadgum.com/halcyon/BOOK/HALES.HTM). [*Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers*](/source/Halcyon_Days_(book)). Dadgum Games. Retrieved 2025-09-15. Synapse took a risk and started developing business software for the Atari [and] we entered in a collaboration with Atari, which was still owned by Warner. [Jack Tramiel] bought Atari [and] we delivered on our promises and shipped about 40,000 copies [but] the new Atari failed to pay us so we were thrown into a cash crisis [..] the only solution at the time was to sell [our remaining unshipped products] to Broderbund. Synapse was owned by Broderbund for another year [..] but the market had already changed too much to make any money, so Broderbund shut Synapse down. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Michalopoulos, Demetrios A. (May 1984). ["New Products"](https://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/co/1984/05/01659141.pdf) (PDF). *Computer*. **17** (9): 121–129. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1984Compr..17i.121M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Compr..17i.121M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1109/MC.1984.1659257](https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.1984.1659257). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Mace, Scott (May 14, 1984). "Electronic Antics: Seeing Is Believing". *InfoWorld*: 38. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-strotmann_5-0)** ["Synapse Assembler"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130520203211/http://wiki.strotmann.de/wiki/Wiki.jsp?page=Synapse%20Assembler). *Atari Wiki*. Archived from [the original](https://wiki.strotmann.de/wiki/Wiki.jsp?page=Synapse%20Assembler) on 2013-05-20. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** "Edit Mode". *MicroTimes*. Vol. 1, no. 1. BAM Publications Inc. May 1984. p. 4. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-advent_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-advent_7-1) ["Synapse Software"](http://www.lysator.liu.se/adventure/Synapse_Software.html), Adventureland 1. **[^](#cite_ref-mace19840227_8-0)** Mace, Scott (1984-02-27). ["Can Atari Bounce Back?"](https://books.google.com/books?id=gy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA100). *InfoWorld*. p. 100. Retrieved 18 January 2015. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-8_new_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-8_new_9-1) Powell, Jack (July 1985). ["Eight New Synapse Games"](http://www.atarimagazines.com/v4n3/SynapseGames.html). *Antic*. **4** (3). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Page 6"](http://www.atarimania.com/game-atari-400-800-xl-xe-page-6_12048.html). *AtariMania*. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Uston, Ken (September 1983). ["Reflections on CES"](http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v9n9/224_Reflections_on_CES.php). *Creative Computing*. **9** (9). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-digpress_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-digpress_12-1) ["VIC-20 Cartridge Rarity & Gameplay list"](http://www.digitpress.com/the_digs/vic20/texts/vic-rare.htm). *Digital Press*. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Salmon Run Manual"](http://www.atarimania.com/8bit/manuals/Salmon_Run_manual.pdf) (PDF). *Atari Mania*. ## External links - [Scans and information on Synapse's Atari products](http://idiology.com/8b/bacardi/Synapse/Synapse.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20050301004020/http://idiology.com/8b/bacardi/Synapse/Synapse.html) 2005-03-01 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Synapse Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse_Software) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse_Software?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.