# Swartzieae

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The [tribe](/source/Tribe_(biology)) **Swartzieae** is an early-branching [monophyletic](/source/Monophyly) [clade](/source/Clade) of the [flowering plant](/source/Flowering_plant) subfamily [Faboideae](/source/Faboideae) or Papilionaceae. Traditionally this tribe has been used as a [wastebasket taxon](/source/Wastebasket_taxon) to accommodate genera of [Faboideae](/source/Faboideae) which exhibit [actinomorphic](/source/Actinomorphic), rather than [zygomorphic](/source/Zygomorphic) floral symmetry and/or incompletely differentiated petals and free stamens.[2][3] It was recently [revised](/source/Circumscription_(taxonomy)) and most of its genera were redistributed to other tribes ([Amburaneae](/source/Amburaneae), [Baphieae](/source/Baphieae), and [Exostyleae](/source/Exostyleae)).[2][4][5] Under its new circumscription, this clade is consistently resolved in [molecular phylogenies](/source/Molecular_phylogeny).[2][4][6][7][8][9][10][1][11] Members of this tribe possess "non-papilionate swartzioid flowers[…]largely characterized by a tendency to lack petals combined with a profusion and elaboration of free stamens"[2][4] and a "lack of unidirectional order in the initiation of the stamens".[1] They also have "complete or near complete fusion of sepals resulting from intercalary growth early in development, relatively numerous stamens, and a single or no petal, with other petals not at all apparent in development."[12] The tribe is predicted to have diverged from the other legume lineages 48.9±2.8 million years ago (in the [Eocene](/source/Eocene)).[10]

## Subclades and genera

### Swartzioids *sensu stricto* Ireland *et al*. 2000

The members of this clade occur mainly in lowland rain forests.[4][6][1]

- *[Bobgunnia](/source/Bobgunnia)* J. H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema
- *[Bocoa](/source/Bocoa)* Aubl.
- *[Candolleodendron](/source/Candolleodendron)* R. S. Cowan
- *[Fairchildia](/source/Fairchildia)* Britton & Rose[1]
- *[Swartzia](/source/Swartzia)* Schreb.

### Atelioids Ireland *et al*. 2000

The members of this clade are distinguished by "a nearly actinomorphic androecium with basifixed anthers, exarillate seeds, and a tendency toward alternate leaflets."[4][1] They occur mainly in neotropical, seasonally-dry tropical woodlands.[4]

- *[Ateleia](/source/Ateleia)* (DC.) Benth.
- *[Cyathostegia](/source/Cyathostegia)* (Benth.) Schery
- *[Trischidium](/source/Trischidium)* Tul.[13]

## References

1. Torke BM & Schaal BA (2008). "Molecular phylogenetics of the species-rich neotropical genus *Swartzia* (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) and related genera of the swartzioid clade". *[Am J Bot](/source/American_Journal_of_Botany)*. **95** (2): 215–228. [doi:10.3732/ajb.95.2.215](https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.95.2.215). [PMID 21632346](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21632346)

1. Cardoso D; Pennington RT; de Queiroz LP; Boatwright JS; Van Wyk B-E; Wojciechowskie MF; Lavin M (2013). "Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes". *[S Afr J Bot](/source/South_African_Journal_of_Botany)*. **89**: 58–75. [doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001)

1. Polhill RM (1994). ["Classification of the Leguminosae"](http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780412397707). *Phytochemical Dictionary of the Leguminosae, Plants and Their Constituents*. Vol. 1. Bisby FA; Buckingham J; Harborne JB (eds.). Chapman and Hall/CRC Press, London. pp. xxv–xlvii. ISBN 9780412397707.

1. Cardoso D; de Queiroz LP; Pennington RT; de Lima HC; Fonty É; Wojciechowski MF; Lavin M (2012). "Revisiting the phylogeny of papilionoid legumes: new insights from comprehensively sampled early-branching lineages". *[Am J Bot](/source/American_Journal_of_Botany)*. **99** (12): 1991–2013. [doi:10.3732/ajb.1200380](https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200380). [PMID 23221500](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23221500)

1. Wojciechowski MF (2013). "Towards a new classification of Leguminosae: Naming clades using non-Linnaean phylogenetic nomenclature". *[S Afr J Bot](/source/South_African_Journal_of_Botany)*. **89**: 85–93. [doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.017](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.017)

1. Ireland HE; Pennington RT; Preston J (2000). ["Molecular systematics of the Swartzieae"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140116180637/http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=52). *Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 9*. Herendeen PS & Bruneau A (eds.). Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens. pp. 277–298. ISBN 184246017X. Archived from [the original](http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=52) on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-01-27.

1. Pennington RT; Lavin M; Ireland H; Klitgaard B; Preston J; Hu J-M (2001). ["Phylogenetic relationships of basal papilionoid legumes based upon sequences of the chloroplast *trnL* intron"](http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.537). *[Syst Bot](/source/Systematic_Botany)*. **55** (5): 818–836. [doi:10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.537](https://doi.org/10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.537). [JSTOR 3093980](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3093980)

1. Wojciechowski MF; Lavin M; Sanderson MJ (2004). "A phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae) based on analysis of the plastid *matK* gene resolves many well-supported subclades within the family". *[Am J Bot](/source/American_Journal_of_Botany)*. **91** (11): 1846–1862. [doi:10.3732/ajb.91.11.1846](https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.11.1846). [PMID 21652332](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21652332)

1. Ireland HE (2005). ["Tribe Swartzieae"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140202160032/http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=506). *Legumes of the world*. Lewis G; Schrire B; MacKinder B; Lock M (eds.). Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens. pp. 214–225. ISBN 1900347806. Archived from [the original](http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=506) on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-28.

1. Lavin M; Herendeen PS; Wojciechowski MF (2005). "Evolutionary rates analysis of Leguminosae implicates a rapid diversification of lineages during the Tertiary". *[Syst Biol](/source/Systematic_Biology)*. **54** (4): 575–594. [doi:10.1080/10635150590947131](https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150590947131). [PMID 16085576](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16085576)

1. LPWG [Legume Phylogeny Working Group] (2013). ["Legume phylogeny and classification in the 21st century: progress, prospects and lessons for other species-rich clades"](https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/78167/1/Taxon_2013_217-248.pdf). *[Taxon](/source/Taxon_(journal))*. **62** (2): 217–248. [doi:10.12705/622.8](https://doi.org/10.12705/622.8). [hdl:10566/3455](https://hdl.handle.net/10566/3455)

1. Tucker SC (2003). "Floral ontogeny in *Swartzia* (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Swartzieae): Distribution and role of the ring meristem". *[Am J Bot](/source/American_Journal_of_Botany)*. **90** (9): 1271–1292. [doi:10.3732/ajb.90.9.1271](https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.9.1271). [PMID 21659227](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21659227)

1. Ireland HE (2007). "Taxonomic changes in the South American genus *Bocoa* (Leguminosae–Swartzieae): Reinstatement of the name *Trischidium*, and a synopsis of both genera". *[Kew Bull](/source/Kew_Bulletin)*. **62** (2): 333–350. [JSTOR 20443359](https://www.jstor.org/stable/20443359)

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