# Super Ball

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Bouncy ball made by Wham-O

This article is about the toy manufactured by Wham-O. For other highly resilient balls, see [bouncy ball](/source/Bouncy_ball). For the championship game, see [Super Bowl](/source/Super_Bowl). For the Super Mario power up, see [Super Mario Land § Gameplay](/source/Super_Mario_Land#Gameplay).

A Super Ball containing particles of glitter, resting on a bespoke base. The translucent rubber has yellowed with age.

A **Super Ball** or **Superball** is a [toy](/source/Toy) [bouncy ball](/source/Bouncy_ball) based on a type of [synthetic rubber](/source/Synthetic_rubber) invented in 1964 by chemist [Norman Stingley](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman_Stingley&action=edit&redlink=1). It is an extremely [elastic](/source/Elasticity_(physics)) [ball](/source/Ball) made of Zectron,[1] which contains the [synthetic polymer](/source/Synthetic_polymer) [polybutadiene](/source/Polybutadiene) as well as [hydrated silica](/source/Hydrated_silica), [zinc oxide](/source/Zinc_oxide), [stearic acid](/source/Stearic_acid), and other ingredients.[2] This compound is [vulcanized](/source/Vulcanization) with [sulfur](/source/Sulfur) at a temperature of 165 °C (329 °F) and formed at a pressure of 3,500 psi (24 MPa). The resulting Super Ball has a very high [coefficient of restitution](/source/Coefficient_of_restitution),[3][4][5] and if dropped from shoulder level on a hard surface, a Super Ball bounces nearly all the way back; thrown down onto a hard surface by an average adult, it can fly over a three-story building.

## History

A branded Wham-O Super Ball from 2001

Stingley sought uses for his [polybutadiene](/source/Polybutadiene) synthetic rubber, as well as someone to manufacture it. He first offered his invention to the Bettis Rubber Company, for whom he worked at the time,[6] but they turned it down because the material was not very durable.[7] So Stingley took it to toy company [Wham-O](/source/Wham-O); they worked on developing a more durable version which they still manufacture today.[8][9]

"It took us nearly two years to iron the kinks out of Super Ball before we produced it," said [Richard Knerr](/source/Richard_Knerr), President of Wham-O in 1966.[10] "It always had that marvelous springiness.... But it had a tendency to fly apart. We've licked that with a very high-pressure technique for forming it. Now we're selling millions."[10]

Super Ball became a [fad](/source/Fad) when it was introduced.[11] Peak production reached over 170,000 Super Balls per day.[12] By December 1965, over six million had been sold, and U.S. presidential adviser [McGeorge Bundy](/source/McGeorge_Bundy) had five dozen shipped to the [White House](/source/White_House) for the amusement of the staff.[1][12][13][14] Wham-O executive vice-president Richard P. Knerr knew that fads are short-lived. "Each Super Ball bounce is 92% as high as the last," he once said. "If our sales don't come down any faster than that, we've got it made."[14] Initially, the full-sized Super Ball sold for 98¢ at retail, equivalent to $10.01 in 2025; by the end of 1966, its colorful miniature versions sold for as little as 10¢—equivalent to $0.99 in 2025—in vending machines.[15]

In the late 1960s, Wham-O made a giant Super Ball roughly the size of a bowling ball as a promotional stunt.[8][9] It fell from the 23rd story window (some reports say the roof) of an Australian hotel and destroyed a parked convertible car on the second bounce.[8][9]

Composer [Alcides Lanza](/source/Alcides_Lanza) purchased several Super Balls in 1965 as toys for his son, but soon he started experimenting with the sounds that they made when rubbed along the strings of a piano.[16] This resulted in his composition *Plectros III* (1971), in which he specifies that the performer should use a pair of Super Balls on sticks as mallets with which to [strike and rub the strings](/source/String_piano) and case of a piano.[16]

[Lamar Hunt](/source/Lamar_Hunt), founder of the [American Football League](/source/American_Football_League) (AFL) and owner of the [Kansas City Chiefs](/source/Kansas_City_Chiefs), watched his children play with a Super Ball and then coined the term [Super Bowl](/source/Super_Bowl). He wrote a letter to [National Football League](/source/National_Football_League) (NFL) commissioner [Pete Rozelle](/source/Pete_Rozelle) dated July 25, 1966: "I have kiddingly called it the 'Super Bowl,' which obviously can be improved upon." The league's franchise owners had decided on the name *AFL–NFL World Championship Game*, but the media immediately picked up on Hunt's *Super Bowl* name, which became official beginning with the [third annual game in 1969](/source/Super_Bowl_III).[17][8][18][19]

## Physical properties

Main article: [Physics of a bouncing ball](/source/Physics_of_a_bouncing_ball)

According to one study, "If a pen is stuck in a hard rubber ball and dropped from a certain height, the pen may bounce to several times that height."[20] If a Super Ball is dropped without spin onto a hard surface, with a small ball bearing on top of the Super Ball, the bearing rebounds to a great height.[21]

High school physics teachers use Super Balls to educate students on usual and unusual models of impacts.[22]

The "rough" nature of a Super Ball makes its impact characteristics different from those of otherwise similar smooth balls.[23][24] The resulting behavior is quite complex.[24] The Super Ball has been used as an illustration of the principle of [time reversal invariance](/source/T-symmetry).[25]

A Super Ball is observed to reverse the direction of spin on each bounce.[26][27][28] This effect depends on the tangential compliance and frictional effect in the collision. It cannot be explained by rigid body impact theory, and would not occur were the ball perfectly rigid.[28] Tangential compliance is the degree to which one body clings to rather than slips over another at the point of impact.[29]

## Patent

- [Stingley, Norman H. – "Highly Resilient Polybutadiene Ball"](http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=3241834); [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170728194729/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=3241834) 2017-07-28 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

## See also

- *[The Absent-Minded Professor](/source/The_Absent-Minded_Professor)*

- [Happy Fun Ball](/source/Happy_Fun_Ball)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-afads_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-afads_1-1) Johnson, Richard Alan (1985). [*American Fads*](https://archive.org/details/americanfads00john/page/81). William Morrow & Co. pp. [81–83](https://archive.org/details/americanfads00john/page/81). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-688-04903-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-04903-6). Retrieved February 4, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-sci&golf_2-0)** Farrally, Martin R; Cochran, Alastair J. (1998). *Science and golf III: proceedings of the 1998 World Scientific Congress of Golf*. Human Kinetics. pp. 407, 408. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7360-0020-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7360-0020-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-cross1_3-0)** Cross, Rod (May 2002). ["Measurements of the horizontal coefficient of restitution for a superball and a tennis ball"](http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=AJPIAS000070000005000482000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes&ref=no). *[American Journal of Physics](/source/American_Journal_of_Physics)*. **70** (5). American Association of Physics Teachers: 482–489. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2002AmJPh..70..482C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AmJPh..70..482C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1119/1.1450571](https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1450571). Retrieved February 1, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-MacInnes1_4-0)** MacInnes, Iain (May 2007). "Debouncing a Superball". *The Physics Teacher*. **45** (5). American Association of Physics Teachers: 304–305. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2007PhTea..45..304M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhTea..45..304M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1119/1.2731280](https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.2731280). For bounces on a wooden bench top, the coefficient of restitution,....is typically about e = 0.8.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-basics_of_phys_5-0)** Myers, Rusty L. (2005). [*The Basics of Physics*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KnynjL44pI4C&q=Superball&pg=PA304). Greenwood. p. 304. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-313-32857-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32857-9). Retrieved February 5, 2010. ...on a hard surface...0.85 for a superball

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["SuperBall History - Invention of the SuperBall"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190526184044/http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/superball.htm). *The Great Idea Finder*. Archived from [the original](http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/superball.htm) on May 26, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2005.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Wham-O Super Book Celebrating 63 Years Inside the Fun Factory By Tim Walsh [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8118-6445-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-6445-9)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-toys-amaz_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-toys-amaz_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-toys-amaz_8-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-toys-amaz_8-3) Wulffson, Don L; Laurie Keller (2000). [*Toys!: Amazing Stories Behind Some Great Inventions*](https://archive.org/details/toysamazingstori00wulf/page/92). Henry Holt and Co. pp. [92–94](https://archive.org/details/toysamazingstori00wulf/page/92). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8050-6196-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6196-7).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-bg-toy_story_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-bg-toy_story_9-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-bg-toy_story_9-2) Weiss, Joanna (August 21, 2005). ["Toy story"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110604040632/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2005/08/21/toy_story/?page=2). *The Boston Globe*. Archived from [the original](http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2005/08/21/toy_story/?page=2) on June 4, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2010.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-pop_sci-invent_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-pop_sci-invent_10-1) Griswald, Wesley S. (January 1966). ["Can You Invent a Million-Dollar Fad?"](https://books.google.com/books?id=mikDAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Can+You+Invent+a+Million-Dollar+Fad%3F%22+popular+science&pg=PA78). *Popular Science*. **188** (1): 78–81.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-kallen-ae_11-0)** Kallen, Stuart A. (2004). [*Arts and Entertainment*](https://archive.org/details/lucentlibraryofh00stua/page/84). Lucent Library of Historical Eras – The 1960s. Lucent. pp. [84](https://archive.org/details/lucentlibraryofh00stua/page/84). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-59018-388-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59018-388-6).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-rielly-60s_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-rielly-60s_12-1) Rielly, Edward J. (2003). ["Leisure Activities"](https://books.google.com/books?id=h3hAR5c9QFcC&q=super+ball&pg=PA108). *The 1960s*. Greenwood. p. 108. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-313-31261-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31261-3). Retrieved February 5, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-life-boom_13-0)** ["A Boom with a Bounce: The U.S. is Having a Ball"](https://books.google.com/books?id=EUwEAAAAMBAJ&q=Super+Ball&pg=PA69). *[Life](/source/Life_(magazine))*. Vol. 59, no. 23. Time, Inc. December 3, 1965. pp. 69, 74. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0024-3019](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3019). Retrieved February 4, 2010.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-f&mf_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-f&mf_14-1) Hoffmann, Frank W.; William G. Bailey (1994). [*Fashion & Merchandising Fads*](https://archive.org/details/fashionmerchandi00hoff/page/243). Routledge. pp. [243–244](https://archive.org/details/fashionmerchandi00hoff/page/243). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-56024-376-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56024-376-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bb-calif_happy_15-0)** "California Happy but Wants New Winners". *Billboard*. December 31, 1966. pp. 43, 44.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-lanza1_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-lanza1_16-1) Jones, Pamela (2007). [*Alcides Lanza: Portrait of a Composer*](https://books.google.com/books?id=GO1U-jH-4Z4C&q=Superball&pg=PA131). McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 131. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7735-3264-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3264-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Origin of the term "Super Bowl""](https://static.www.nfl.com/image/upload/league/apps/league-site/media-guides/2023/KC.pdf#page=428) (PDF). *2023 Kansas City Chiefs Media Guide*. NFL Enterprises, LLC. Retrieved May 6, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** MacCambridge, Michael. *America's Game*. New York: Random House, 2004, p. 237.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-huppke-lotb_19-0)** Rex W. Huppke (January 30, 2007). ["Legends of the Bowl"](http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/football/bears/chi-0701300052jan30,1,233400.story?track=rss&ctrack=1&cset=true). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 31, 2007. Lamar Hunt, who died in December, coined the term Super Bowl in the late 1960s after watching his kids play with a Super Ball, the bouncy creation of iconic toy manufacturer Wham-O.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-harter1_20-0)** Harter, William G. (June 1971). ["Velocity Amplification in Collision Experiments Involving Superballs"](http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=AJPIAS000039000006000656000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes&ref=no). *[American Journal of Physics](/source/American_Journal_of_Physics)*. **39** (6). American Association of Physics Teachers: 656–663. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1971AmJPh..39..656H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971AmJPh..39..656H). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1119/1.1986253](https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1986253). Retrieved February 1, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-browne_21-0)** Browne, Michael E. (1999). "9: Linear Momentum and Collisions". [*Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of physics for Engineering and Science*](https://archive.org/details/schaumsoutlineof00brow). McGraw-Hill. pp. [118](https://archive.org/details/schaumsoutlineof00brow/page/118)–119. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-07-008498-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-008498-X). Retrieved February 5, 2010. Superball.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nonsmooth_22-0)** Brogliato, Bernard (1999). [*Nonsmooth Mechanics: Models, Dynamics, and Control*](https://books.google.com/books?id=qKCdH7HklEwC&q=Superball&pg=PA153). Springer. p. 153. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-85233-143-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85233-143-7). Retrieved February 5, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Garwin1_23-0)** Garwin, Richard L. (1969). ["Kinematics of an Ultraelastic Rough Ball"](http://www.rpi.edu/dept/phys/courses/PHYS1150/GarwinSuperBall.pdf) (PDF). *[American Journal of Physics](/source/American_Journal_of_Physics)*. **37** (1). American Association of Physics Teachers: 88–92. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1969AmJPh..37...88G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969AmJPh..37...88G). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1119/1.1975420](https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1975420). Retrieved February 1, 2010. A Rough ball which conserves kinetic energy exhibits unexpected behavior after a single bounce and bizarre behavior after three bounces against parallel surfaces. The Wham-O Super-Ball...appears to approximate this behavior...quite different from that of a...smooth ball

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-dynsb_24-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-dynsb_24-1) Coatta, Dan; Bram Lambrecht (2004). [*Dynamics of a Super Ball: How Reversible Tangential Impacts Make for an Entertaining Toy*](http://www.me.berkeley.edu/ME170/Bram/bram_superball_paper.pdf) (PDF). p. 1. Retrieved February 1, 2010. Super balls are simple toys that exhibit surprisingly complex behavior. Part of the fun of a super ball is a result of the high friction between the rubber of the ball and the surface it bounces against. This friction places moments on the ball that cause it to spin after bouncing. The exchange of energy between rotational and translational forms that occurs at each collision makes the super ball's behavior difficult to predict.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Crawford1_25-0)** Crawford, Frank S. (September 1982). "Superball and time-reversal invariance". *[American Journal of Physics](/source/American_Journal_of_Physics)*. **50** (9). American Association of Physics Teachers: 856. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1982AmJPh..50..856C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982AmJPh..50..856C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1119/1.12756](https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.12756).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bridges1_26-0)** Bridges, Richard (December 1991). ["The spin of a bouncing 'superball'"](http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0031-9120/26/6/003). *[Physics Education](/source/Physics_Education)*. **26** (6): 350–354. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1991PhyEd..26..350B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991PhyEd..26..350B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1088/0031-9120/26/6/003](https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-9120%2F26%2F6%2F003). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [250757604](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250757604). Retrieved February 1, 2010. Strobe photographs of a spinning, bouncing `superball' are analysed to determine whether observed reversals of spin during bouncing fit a model analogous to Newton's experimental law of restitution. Rough, but imperfect agreement is found.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-aston1_27-0)** Aston, Philip J.; R Shail (October 11, 2007). ["The Dynamics of a Bouncing Superball With Spin"](http://personal.maths.surrey.ac.uk/st/P.Aston/Papers/bouncing_ball1.pdf) (PDF). *Dynamical Systems*. **22** (3): 291–322. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/14689360701198142](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14689360701198142). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [16096366](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16096366). Retrieved February 1, 2010. When a superball is thrown forwards but with backspin, it is observed to reverse both direction and spin for a few bounces before settling to bouncing motion in one direction.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-cup-im_28-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-cup-im_28-1) Stronge, W. J. (2004). [*Impact Mechanics*](https://books.google.com/books?id=nHgcS0bfZ28C&q=Superball&pg=PA112). Cambridge University Press. p. 112. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-60289-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-60289-0). Retrieved February 4, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-cup-im2_29-0)** Stronge, W. J. (2004). [*Impact Mechanics*](https://books.google.com/books?id=nHgcS0bfZ28C&q=Superball&pg=PA112). Cambridge University Press. pp. 94–95. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-60289-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-60289-0). Retrieved February 4, 2010.

## External links

- [Superball – Wham-O](https://wham-o.com/Selections/superball/); [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200514175046/https://wham-o.com/Selections/superball/) May 14, 2020, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Super Ball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Ball) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Ball?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.