# Super-Jupiter

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{{short description|Class of planets with more mass than Jupiter}}
{{About|the type of astronomical object|the synthesizer|Roland MKS-80}}
[[File:Artist's View of a Super-Jupiter around a Brown Dwarf (2M1207).tif|thumb|Artist's impression of [2M1207b](/source/2M1207b)]]
A '''super-Jupiter''' is a [gas giant](/source/gas_giant) [exoplanet](/source/exoplanet) that is more massive than the planet [Jupiter](/source/Jupiter). For example, [companions](/source/substellar_companion) at the [planet](/source/planet)–[brown dwarf](/source/brown_dwarf) borderline have been called super-Jupiters, such as around the star [Kappa Andromedae](/source/Kappa_Andromedae).<ref name="kappa">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/super-jupiter.html |title=Astronomers Directly Image Massive Star's 'Super-Jupiter' |date=19 November 2012 |publisher=[NASA](/source/NASA) |access-date=26 June 2013}}</ref>

== Makeup ==
By 2011 there were 180 known super-Jupiters, some [hot](/source/Hot_Jupiter), some cold.<ref name=kitchin>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaM6CpDYE3oC&pg=PA168|pages=167–168 |title=Exoplanets: Finding, Exploring, and Understanding Alien Worlds |isbn=978-1-4614-0644-0|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|last1=Kitchin |first1=Chris |year=2012}}</ref> Even though they are more massive than Jupiter, they remain about the same size as Jupiter up to 80 Jupiter masses.<ref name=kitchin/> This means that their surface gravity and density go up proportionally to their mass.<ref name=kitchin/> The increased mass [compresses the planet due to gravity](/source/Gravitational_compression), thus keeping it from being larger.<ref name=kitchin/> In comparison, planets somewhat lighter than Jupiter can be larger, so-called "[puffy planet](/source/puffy_planet)s" (gas giants with a large diameter but low density).<ref name=chang>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/15/science/space/15planet.html |date=2010-11-11 |title=Puzzling Puffy Planet, Less Dense Than Cork, Is Discovered | work=[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times) |first=Kenneth |last=Chang}}</ref> An example of this may be the exoplanet [HAT-P-1b](/source/HAT-P-1b) with about half the mass of Jupiter but about 1.38 times larger diameter.<ref name=chang/>
High-mass super-Jupiters may lack the banded cloud structure of Jupiter and have a more chaotic surface.<ref>[https://www.sciencealert.com/super-jupiter-exoplanets-may-look-like-nothing-weve-ever-seen 'Super-Jupiter' Exoplanets May Look Like Nothing We've Ever Seen], 10 December 2025, Brian Koberlein, www.sciencealert.com</ref>
Super-Jupiters tend to have more [eccentric](/source/Orbital_eccentricity) orbits than smaller gas giants and may have formed from collisions between such gas giants.<ref>[https://www.space.com/the-universe/exoplanets/giant-super-jupiter-planets-could-have-very-chaotic-pasts Giant super-Jupiter planets could have very chaotic pasts], www.space.com,  Kiona N. Smith, January 9, 2025</ref>

== CoRoT-3b ==
[CoRoT-3b](/source/CoRoT-3b), with a mass around 22 [Jupiter mass](/source/Jupiter_mass)es,<ref name="Deleuil08">{{cite journal|author=Deleuil, M.|year=2008|title=Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. VI. CoRoT-Exo-3b: the first secure inhabitant of the brown-dwarf desert|journal=[Astronomy and Astrophysics](/source/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics)|volume=491|issue=3|pages=889–897|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810625|bibcode=2008A&A...491..889D|last2=Deeg|first2=H. J.|last3=Alonso|first3=R.|last4=Bouchy|first4=F.|last5=Rouan|first5=D.|last6=Auvergne|first6=M.|last7=Baglin|first7=A.|last8=Aigrain|first8=S.|author-link8=Suzanne Aigrain|last9=Almenara|first9=J. M.|arxiv = 0810.0919 |display-authors=9|last10=Barbieri|first10=M.|last11=Barge|first11=P.|last12=Bruntt|first12=H.|last13=Bordé|first13=P.|last14=Collier Cameron|first14=A.|last15=Csizmadia|first15=Sz.|last16=de la Reza|first16=R.|last17=Dvorak|first17=R.|last18=Erikson|first18=A.|last19=Fridlund|first19=M.|last20=Gandolfi|first20=D.|last21=Gillon|first21=M.|last22=Guenther|first22=E.|last23=Guillot|first23=T.|last24=Hatzes|first24=A.|last25=Hébrard|first25=G.|last26=Jorda|first26=L.|last27=Lammer|first27=H.|last28=Léger|first28=A.|last29=Llebaria|first29=A.|last30=Loeillet|first30=B.|s2cid=8944836 }}</ref> is thought to have an average density of 26.4 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, greater than [osmium](/source/osmium) (22.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup>), the densest chemical element under [standard conditions](/source/standard_conditions). The planet is likely composed mainly of [hydrogen](/source/hydrogen), but the extreme [gravitational compression](/source/gravitational_compression) causes the high density.<ref>{{cite journal|year=2003|title=Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 209458|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=402|pages=701–712|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20030252|bibcode=2003A&A...402..701B|arxiv = astro-ph/0302293|issue=2|last2=Chabrier|first2=G.|last3=Barman|first3=T. S.|last4=Allard|first4=F.|last5=Hauschildt|first5=P. H.|last1=Baraffe|first1=I. |s2cid=15838318 }}</ref> The [surface gravity](/source/surface_gravity) is also high, over 50 times that of Earth.<ref name="Deleuil08" />

== Kappa Andromedae b ==
In 2012, the super-Jupiter [Kappa Andromedae b](/source/Kappa_Andromedae_b) was imaged around the star [Kappa Andromedae](/source/Kappa_Andromedae),<ref name=kappa/> orbiting it about 1.8 times the distance at which [Neptune](/source/Neptune) orbits the [Sun](/source/Sun).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/image/112 |title=Image of the 'super-Jupiter' Kappa Andromedae b |date=19 November 2012 |publisher=NASA/JPL |access-date=26 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612075949/http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/image/112 |archive-date=12 June 2013 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [Extrasolar planet](/source/Extrasolar_planet)
* [Ice giant](/source/Ice_giant)
* [Hot Jupiter](/source/Hot_Jupiter)
* [Jupiter analogue](/source/Jupiter_analogue)
* [Kepler-1704b](/source/Kepler-1704b)
* [List of planet types](/source/List_of_planet_types)
* [Sub-brown dwarf](/source/Sub-brown_dwarf)
* [Super-Earth](/source/Super-Earth)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|super-Jovian|superjovian|super-Jupiter}}
* [http://astro.berkeley.edu/~gmarcy/astro160/papers/brown_dwarfs_failed_stars.pdf Brown dwarfs: Failed stars, super Jupiters (2008)]

{{Exoplanet}}
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Category:Types of planet
Category:Exoplanets

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Super-Jupiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Jupiter) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Jupiter?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.