# Sumur (Levant)

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Former city of Phoenicia

Sumur The location of Zimyra/Sumur (in the north) Location of Sumur in Syria 34°42′29″N 35°59′10″E / 34.7081°N 35.9861°E / 34.7081; 35.9861 Location Syria Region Tartus Governorate

An ancient Phoenician coin of Simyra

**Sumur** ([Biblical Hebrew](/source/Biblical_Hebrew): צְמָרִי‎ [collective noun denoting the city inhabitants]; [Egyptian](/source/Egyptian_language): *Smr*; [Akkadian](/source/Akkadian_language): *Sumuru*; [Assyrian](/source/Akkadian_language): *Simirra*) was a [Phoenician](/source/Phoenicia) city in what is now [Syria](/source/Syria). It was a major trade center. The city has also been referred to in English publications as **Simyra**,[1] **Ṣimirra**, **Ṣumra**,[2] **Sumura**,[3] **Ṣimura**,[4] **Zemar**,[5] and **Zimyra**.[6]

Sumur (or "Sumura") appears in the [Amarna letters](/source/Amarna_letters) (mid-14th century BCE); [Ahribta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahribta&action=edit&redlink=1) is named as its ruler. It was under the guardianship of [Rib-Addi](/source/Rib-Addi), king of [Byblos](/source/Byblos), but was conquered by [Abdi-Ashirta](/source/Abdi-Ashirta)'s expanding kingdom of [Amurru](/source/Amurru_kingdom). Pro-[Egyptian](/source/Ancient_Egypt) factions may have seized the city again, but Abdi-Ashirta's son, [Aziru](/source/Aziru), recaptured Sumur. Sumur became the capital of Amurru.[7]

It is likely, although not completely certain, that the "Sumur" of the Amarna letters is the same city later known as "Simirra."[8] Simirra was claimed as part of the Assyrian empire by [Tiglath-Pileser III](/source/Tiglath-Pileser_III) in 738 BCE, but rebelled against Assyria in 721 at the beginning of the reign of [Sargon II](/source/Sargon_II).[9]

It has been linked by [Maurice Dunand](/source/Maurice_Dunand) and N. Salisby to the archaeological site of [Tell Kazel](/source/Tell_Kazel) in 1957.[10]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Sayce1903_1-0)** Archibald Henry Sayce (1903). [*The Hittites: the story of a forgotten empire*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KC8YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA164). The Religious Tract Society. p. 164.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lipschitz2005_2-0)** Oded Lipschitz (2005). [*The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah Under Babylonian Rule*](https://books.google.com/books?id=78nRWgb-rp8C&pg=PA5). Eisenbrauns. p. 5. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-57506-095-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-095-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Izre'elSinger1998_3-0)** Shlomo Izre'el; Itamar Singer; Ran Zadok (1998). [*Past Links: Studies in the Languages and Cultures of the Ancient Near East*](https://books.google.com/books?id=fKTRZrWTHh4C&pg=PA393). Eisenbrauns. p. 393. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-57506-035-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-035-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lemche1991_4-0)** Niels Peter Lemche (1 March 1991). [*The Canaanites and Their Land: The Tradition of the Canaanites*](https://books.google.com/books?id=8jJvSOigpEcC&pg=PA78). A&C Black. p. 78. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85075-310-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-310-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Sayce1895_5-0)** Archibald Henry Sayce (1895). [*Patriarchal Palestine*](https://books.google.com/books?id=AJQrkLxjxJwC&pg=PT24). Library of Alexandria. p. 24. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4655-5042-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-5042-2). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-EdwardsGadd1973_6-0)** I. E. S. Edwards; C. J. Gadd; N. G. L. Hammond; E. Sollberger (3 May 1973). [*The Cambridge Ancient History*](https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient02edwa_0). Cambridge University Press. p. [863](https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient02edwa_0/page/863). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-08230-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08230-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Trevor Bryce. *[The Kingdom of the Hittites](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Kingdom_of_the_Hittites&action=edit&redlink=1)*. p. 182.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Trevor Bryce (10 September 2009). [*The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwNS0diXP4C&pg=PA654). Routledge. p. 672. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-134-15907-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15907-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Bryce2009_9-0)** Trevor Bryce (10 September 2009). [*The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire*](https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwNS0diXP4C&pg=PA654). Routledge. p. 654. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-134-15907-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15907-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Badre_10-0)** [Badre, Leila., Tell Kazel-Simyra: A Contribution to a Relative Chronological History in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 2006.](https://www.jstor.org/pss/25066965)

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