# Sumaco

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> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumaco
> Source revision: 1355989589
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

{{Short description|Mountain in Ecuador}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Sumaco
| image = Sumaco.JPG
| image_size = 240
| image_caption = Sumaco Volcano.
| elevation_m = 3990
| elevation_ref =<ref name=gvp>{{cite gvp|vn=352040|name=Sumaco|accessdate=2012-01-09}}</ref>
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref=
| location =  [Ecuador](/source/Ecuador)
| map = Ecuador
| region =
| coordinates = {{coord|00|32|17|S|77|37|33|W|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =<ref name=gvp/>
| type = [Stratovolcano](/source/Stratovolcano)
| last_eruption = 1895 ± 30 years
}}

'''Sumaco''' is a symmetrical, isolated [stratovolcano](/source/stratovolcano), that is set off from the main [Ecuador](/source/Ecuador) volcanic axis. Its rocks are very distinct from those from most [Andean](/source/Andes) volcanoes because of its lack of [andesitic](/source/Andesite) composition, in favour of [basanite](/source/basanite) and [phonolitic](/source/phonolitic) rock. Sumaco is heavily forested and contains a small cone in its broad summit crater. An historical eruption occurred around 1895 (± 30 years).<ref name=gvp/>

==Ecology==
Sumaco is isolated from the [Cordillera Oriental](/source/Cordillera_Real_(Ecuador)) by the lowland valley of the Cosanga and Quijos Rivers.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lee, T. E. |author2=Burneo, S. F. |author3=Marchán, M. R. |author4=Roussos, S. A. |author5=Vizcarra-Váscomez, R. S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2008 |title=The mammals of the temperate forests of Volcán Sumaco, Ecuador |journal=Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University |volume=276 |pages=1–10 |url=http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/publications/opapers/ops/op276.pdf}}</ref> There are more than 6000 species of vascular plants, including more than 90 [endemic species](/source/endemic_species).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambiente.gob.ec/parque-nacional-sumaco/ |title=Parque nacional Sumaco |publisher=Ministerio del Ambiente |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> There are also a number of endemic animals, including toad ''[Osornophryne sumacoensis](/source/Osornophryne_sumacoensis)'' only known from the eastern slopes of Sumaco,<ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Coloma, L.A. | author2 = Ron, S. | author3 = Cisneros-Heredia, D. | author4 = Almandáriz, A. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Osornophryne sumacoensis'' | volume = 2004 | article-number = e.T54859A11203411 | date = 2004 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54859A11203411.en | access-date = 10 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zoologia.puce.edu.ec/Vertebrados/anfibios/FichaEspecie.aspx?Id=1186 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150203140843/http://zoologia.puce.edu.ec/Vertebrados/anfibios/FichaEspecie.aspx?Id=1186 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |title=''Osornophryne sumacoensis'' |author=Coloma, L. A. |author2=Páez-Moscoso, D. |author3=Frenkel, C. |author4=Félix-Novoa, C. |author5=Quiguango-Ubillús, A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |work=Ron, S. R., Guayasamin, J. M., Yanez-Muñoz, M. H., Merino-Viteri, A., Ortiz, D. A. y Nicolalde, D. A. 2014. AmphibiaWebEcuador. Version 2014.0 |publisher=Museo de Zoología, [Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador](/source/Pontificia_Universidad_Cat%C3%B3lica_del_Ecuador) (QCAZ) |access-date=8 February 2015 }}</ref> and robber frog ''[Pristimantis ernesti](/source/Pristimantis_ernesti)'' only known from the summit of Sumaco.<ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Lynch, J. | author2 = Coloma, L.A. | author3 = Ron, S. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Pristimantis ernesti'' | volume = 2004 | article-number = e.T56585A11488039 | date = 2004 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T56585A11488039.en | access-date = 10 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zoologia.puce.edu.ec/Vertebrados/anfibios/FichaEspecie.aspx?Id=1405 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150211084709/http://zoologia.puce.edu.ec/Vertebrados/anfibios/FichaEspecie.aspx?Id=1405 |archive-date=2015-02-11 |title=''Pristimantis ernesti'' |author=Frenkel, C. |author2=Yánez-Muñoz, M. H. |author3=Guayasamín, J. M. |author4=Varela-Jaramillo, A. |author5=Ron, S. R. |date=2013 |edition=AmphibiaWebEcuador. Version 2014.0 |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Museo de Zoología, [Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador](/source/Pontificia_Universidad_Cat%C3%B3lica_del_Ecuador) (QCAZ) |access-date=11 February 2015 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Andean volcanoes|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

Category:Stratovolcanoes of Ecuador
Category:Andean Volcanic Belt
Category:Three-thousanders of the Andes

{{Ecuador-geo-stub}}
{{volcano-stub}}

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Sumaco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumaco) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumaco?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.