# Sudarium

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{{Short description|Cloth for wiping the face clean}}
{{For|the neck scarf worn by Roman military personnel, sometimes called a sudarium|focale}}
A '''''sudarium''''' (Latin) was a "sweat cloth", used for wiping the face clean.  Small cloths of various sorts, for which ''sudarium'' is a general term, played a role in Ancient Roman formal manners and court ceremonial, and many such uses transferred to Christian [liturgical usage](/source/liturgy) and art. In Jewish usage, it is the cloth-like habit worn by Jewish men after a wedding, wrapped around the head and usually worn with a central hat.

The term was borrowed into [Jewish languages](/source/Jewish_languages) as [[sudra (headdress)|sud[a]ra]]. In the [Babylonian Talmud](/source/Babylonian_Talmud), [Moed Katan](/source/Moed_Katan) 15a and [Eruvin](/source/Eruvin_(Talmud)) 84b describe wearing the {{lang|arc|כּוּמְתָא וְסוּדָרָא}} ''kuməṯā wisuḏārā'' "skullcap (''kumetha'') and sudarium", and [Kiddushin](/source/Kiddushin_(tractate)) 29b, it mentions a rabbi named Hamnuna who refused to wear the sudarium on his head until he was married, meaning his head was only covered by a kumetha.{{efn|{{cite book|title=A Compendious Syriac Dictionary<!--|url=https://archive.org/details/ACompendiousSyriacDictionary--> |first=J. Payne|last=Smith|authorlink=J. Payne Smith|location=Oxford|publisher=University of Oxford|year=1903|url=http://dukhrana.com/lexicon/PayneSmith/ |language=Syriac }}, p. 364, s.v. ''sudarium''.}}

''Sudarium'' often refers to two relics of the [Passion of Jesus](/source/Passion_of_Jesus), the [Sudarium of Oviedo](/source/Sudarium_of_Oviedo) and the [Veil of Veronica](/source/Veil_of_Veronica). Another ''sudarium'' is found in the [Old Monastery of Mainz](/source/Altm%C3%BCnster%2C_Mainz), and was supposedly given to the [Frankish](/source/Franks) noblewoman [Bilihildis of Altmünster](/source/Bilihildis_of_Altm%C3%BCnster) of [Frankish Mainz](/source/Mainz); it is locally venerated since the 15th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flug|first=Brigitte|title=Äussere Bindung und innere Ordnung: das Altmünsterkloster in Mainz in seiner Geschichte und Verfassung von den Anfängen bis zum Ende des 14. Jahrhunderts : mit Urkundenbuch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUqzSW9zWP4C|year=2006|publisher=Franz Steiner|isbn=9783515082419|page=46}}</ref>

In the Roman Catholic and other Western churches, the term ''sudarium'' has been used for several ornamental textile objects:
* The sudarium or [maniple](/source/Maniple_(vestment)) (''manipulus'', also  ''mappula, mantile, fano, manuale, sestace'', Greek  ''epigonation'', earlier ''encheirion''), a cloth of fine quality to wipe away perspiration, or an ornamental handkerchief which was seldom put into actual use, but was generally carried in the hand as an ornament as was commonly done by people of rank in ordinary life, now formalized as a [vestment](/source/vestment), in liturgical use from the 12th century reserved for the [bishop](/source/bishop); the ''subcinctorium'' is a related ornamental vestment reserved for the [pope](/source/pope).
* The predecessor of the [humeral veil](/source/humeral_veil)
* The predecessor of the [vimpa](/source/vimpa), a veil or shawl worn over the shoulders of servers who carry the mitre and crosier in liturgical functions when the bishop is not using them
* The cloth suspended from the [crozier](/source/crozier) at the place where the bishop would grasp it, is still depicted in ecclesiastical heraldry and used by Cistercian abbots. Also called ''pannisellus''
* The veil used by the subdeacon to hold the paten; a pall(a) or ''mappula'', the forerunner of the [chalice veil](/source/chalice_veil), the ends of which he threw over his right shoulder

==References and Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}
*[http://www.newadvent.org/utility/search.htm?safe=active&cx=000299817191393086628%3Aifmbhlr-8x0&q=Sudarium&sa=Search&cof=FORID%3A9 Sudarium] articles from ''[The Catholic Encyclopaedia](/source/The_Catholic_Encyclopaedia)''

Category:Latin words and phrases
Category:Christian religious objects

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Sudarium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarium) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarium?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.