# Subiculum > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Subiculum > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Subiculum.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subiculum > Source revision: 1269482981 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{short description|Most inferior part of the hippocampal formation}} {{Infobox brain | Name = Subiculum | Latin = | Image = Hippocampus (brain).jpg | Caption = Subiculum labeled at center left (coronal brain slice). | Image2 = CA1_to_subiculum4.jpg | Caption2 = [CA1](/source/Cornu_Ammonis_area_1) transition to subiculum Artist Don Cooper and Leah Leverich | IsPartOf = [Temporal lobe](/source/Temporal_lobe) | Components = | Artery = [Posterior cerebral](/source/Posterior_cerebral_artery)
[Anterior choroidal](/source/Anterior_choroidal_artery) | Vein = | Acronym = }} The '''subiculum''' ([Latin](/source/Latin_(language)) for "support") also known as the '''subicular complex''', or '''subicular cortex''', is the most inferior component of the [hippocampal formation](/source/hippocampal_formation). It lies between the [entorhinal cortex](/source/entorhinal_cortex) and the [CA1](/source/Cornu_Ammonis_area_1) [hippocampal subfield](/source/hippocampal_subfields). The subicular complex comprises a set of four related structures including the prosubiculum, presubiculum, postsubiculum and parasubiculum.{{Cite journal|title = Comparative anatomy of the prosubiculum, subiculum, presubiculum, postsubiculum, and parasubiculum in human, monkey, and rodent|journal = The Journal of Comparative Neurology|date = 2013-12-15|issn = 1096-9861|pmid = 23839777|pages = 4145–4162|volume = 521|issue = 18|doi = 10.1002/cne.23416|first = Song-Lin|last = Ding|s2cid = 39392210}} ==Name== The subiculum got its name from [Karl Friedrich Burdach](/source/Karl_Friedrich_Burdach) in his three-volume work ''Vom Bau und Leben des Gehirns'' (Vol. 2, §199). He originally named it subiculum cornu ammonis and so associated it with the rest of the [hippocampal subfields](/source/hippocampal_subfields). ==Structure== The subicular complex receives input from CA1 and [entorhinal cortical layer III](/source/Entorhinal_cortex) [pyramidal neuron](/source/pyramidal_neuron)s and is the main output of the [hippocampus proper](/source/hippocampus_proper). The [pyramidal neurons](/source/pyramidal_neurons) send projections to the [nucleus accumbens](/source/nucleus_accumbens), [septal nuclei](/source/septal_nuclei), [prefrontal cortex](/source/prefrontal_cortex), [lateral hypothalamus](/source/lateral_hypothalamus), [nucleus reuniens](/source/nucleus_reuniens), [mammillary nuclei](/source/mammillary_bodies), [entorhinal cortex](/source/entorhinal_cortex) and [amygdala](/source/amygdala). The pyramidal neurons in the subiculum exhibit transitions between two modes of [action potential](/source/action_potential) output: [bursting](/source/bursting) and single spiking.[http://www.neurocloud.org/ Donald C. Cooper], Sungkwon Chung, Nelson Spruston, "[http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030175 Output-Mode Transitions Are Controlled by Prolonged Inactivation of Sodium Channels in Pyramidal Neurons of Subiculum]," ''[PLoS Biology](/source/PLoS_Biology)'', 3(6):e175, 2005 June. The transitions between these two modes is thought to be important for routing information out of the hippocampus. Four component areas have been described:{{cite web |url=http://atlas.brain-map.org |title = Allen Reference Atlases :: Atlas Viewer}} [parasubiculum](/source/parasubiculum) (adjacent to the parahippocampal gyrus), [presubiculum](/source/presubiculum), postsubiculum, and prosubiculum. === Parasubiculum === The [parasubiculum](/source/parasubiculum) contains [grid cells](/source/grid_cells),{{Cite journal|title = Grid cells in pre- and parasubiculum|journal = Nature Neuroscience|date = 2010-08-01|issn = 1546-1726|pmid = 20657591|pages = 987–994|volume = 13|issue = 8|doi = 10.1038/nn.2602|first1 = Charlotte N.|last1 = Boccara|first2 = Francesca|last2 = Sargolini|first3 = Veslemøy Hult|last3 = Thoresen|first4 = Trygve|last4 = Solstad|first5 = Menno P.|last5 = Witter|first6 = Edvard I.|last6 = Moser|first7 = May-Britt|last7 = Moser|s2cid = 7851286}} which are neurons responsive to movements in particular directions over particular distances. === Presubiculum === The [presubiculum](/source/presubiculum) is part of the [posterior cortex](/source/posterior_cortex) corresponding to [Brodmann area 27](/source/Brodmann_area_27), and forms part of the cortical input to the entorhinal-hippocampal spatial/memory system. ==== Postsubiculum ==== The dorsal part of the presubiculum is more commonly known as the postsubiculum{{Cite journal|title = An autoradiographic study of the organization of the efferent connections of the hippocampal formation in the rat|journal = The Journal of Comparative Neurology|date = 1977-03-01|issn = 0021-9967|pmid = 65364|pages = 49–84|volume = 172|issue = 1|doi = 10.1002/cne.901720104|first1 = L. W.|last1 = Swanson|first2 = W. M.|last2 = Cowan|s2cid = 40742028}} and is of interest because it contains [head direction cells](/source/head_direction_cells), which are responsive to the facing direction of the head.{{Cite journal|title = Head-direction cells recorded from the postsubiculum in freely moving rats. I. Description and quantitative analysis|journal = The Journal of Neuroscience|date = 1990-02-01|issn = 0270-6474|pmid = 2303851|pmc = 6570151|pages = 420–435|volume = 10|issue = 2|first1 = J. S.|last1 = Taube|first2 = R. U.|last2 = Muller|first3 = J. B.|last3 = Ranck|doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-02-00420.1990}} === Prosubiculum === Prosubiculum is a term often used in reference to monkey anatomy but rarely in rodents, referring to a region located between the [CA1](/source/Cornu_Ammonis_area_1) region of the [hippocampus](/source/Hippocampus_anatomy) and the subiculum, and distinguished by higher cell density and smaller cell sizes. ==Function== It is believed to play a role in some cases of human [epilepsy](/source/epilepsy).{{cite journal |vauthors=Knopp A, Frahm C, Fidzinski P, Witte OW, Behr J |title=Loss of GABAergic neurons in the subiculum and its functional implications in temporal lobe epilepsy |journal=Brain |volume=131 |issue=Pt 6 |pages=1516–27 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18504292 |doi=10.1093/brain/awn095 |doi-access= }}{{cite journal |author=Stafstrom CE |title=The role of the subiculum in epilepsy and epileptogenesis |journal=Epilepsy Curr |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=121–9 |year=2005 |pmid=16151518 |pmc=1198740 |doi=10.1111/j.1535-7511.2005.00049.x }} It has also been implicated in [working memory](/source/working_memory){{cite journal |vauthors=Riegert C, Galani R, Heilig S, Lazarus C, Cosquer B, Cassel JC |title=Electrolytic lesions of the ventral subiculum weakly alter spatial memory but potentiate amphetamine-induced locomotion |journal=Behav. Brain Res. |volume=152 |issue=1 |pages=23–34 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15135966 |doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2003.09.011 |s2cid=1772748 }} and drug [addiction](/source/Substance_dependence).{{cite journal |vauthors=Martin-Fardon R, Ciccocioppo R, Aujla H, Weiss F |title=The dorsal subiculum mediates the acquisition of conditioned reinstatement of cocaine-seeking |journal=Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=1827–34 |date=July 2008 |pmid=17957218 |doi=10.1038/sj.npp.1301589 |doi-access=free }} It has been suggested that the dorsal subiculum is involved in spatial relations, and the ventral subiculum regulates the [hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis](/source/hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal_axis).{{cite journal |author=O'Mara S |title=The subiculum: what it does, what it might do, and what neuroanatomy has yet to tell us |journal=J. Anat. |volume=207 |issue=3 |pages=271–82 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16185252 |pmc=1571536 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00446.x }} ==Clinical significance== ===Potential role in Alzheimer's disease=== Rat studies indicate that lesioning of the subiculum decreases the spread of amyloid-beta in rat models of [Alzheimer's disease](/source/Alzheimer's_disease). Alzheimer's disease pathology is thought to have [prion](/source/prion)-like properties. The disease tends to spread in characteristic sequence from the entorhinal cortex through the subiculum.{{cite journal|last=George|first=Sonia|author2=Annica Rönnbäck |author3=Gunnar K Gouras |author4=Géraldine H Petit |author5=Fiona Grueninger |author6=Bengt Winblad |author7=Caroline Graff |author8=Patrik Brundin |year=2014|title=Lesion of the subiculum reduces the spread of amyloid beta pathology to interconnected brain regions in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease|journal=Acta Neuropathologica Communications|volume=2|issue=1|page=17|issn=2051-5960|doi=10.1186/2051-5960-2-17|pmid=24517102 |pmc=3932948 |doi-access=free }} ==Additional images== File:CajalHippocampus (modified).png|Basic circuit of the hippocampus ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.anatomie.net/histowebatlas/m-426a.htm Photo] * [http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/schubert-stephan-nicolas-2003-09-26/HTML/schubert_html_21d219b1.png Photo] * {{BrainMaps|Subiculum}} {{Hippocampal formation}} {{Papez circuit}} {{Authority control}} Category:Hippocampus (brain) --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Subiculum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subiculum) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subiculum?action=history)). 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