# String orchestra

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/String_orchestra
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/String_orchestra.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_orchestra
> Source revision: 1345488824
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

{{Short description|Musical ensemble}}
{{One source|date=June 2018}}
thumb|upright=1.3|A string orchestra
{{listen|type=music
|filename = U.S. Army Band - Ralph Vaughan Williams - Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis.ogg|
|title = Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis
|description = [Ralph Vaughan Williams](/source/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams)' ''[Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis](/source/Fantasia_on_a_Theme_by_Thomas_Tallis)'' (1910), performed by the U.S. Army Band Strings
}}
A '''string orchestra''' is an [orchestra](/source/orchestra) consisting solely of a [string section](/source/string_section) made up of the bowed strings used in Western Classical music.  The instruments of such an orchestra are most often the following:  the [violin](/source/violin), which is divided into first and second violin players (each usually playing different parts), the [viola](/source/viola), the [cello](/source/cello), and usually, but not always, the [double bass](/source/double_bass).

String orchestras can be of chamber orchestra size ranging from between 12 (4 first violins, 3 second violins, 2 violas, 2 cellos and 1 bass = 12) and 21 musicians (6 first violins, 5 second violins, 4 violas, 4 cellos and 2 double basses= 21) sometimes performing without a [conductor](/source/Conducting). It could also consist of the entire string section of a large symphony orchestra which could have 60 musicians (16 first violins, 14 second violins, 12 violas, 10 cellos and 8 double basses = 60; ''[Gurre-Lieder](/source/Gurre-Lieder)'' calls for 84: 20.20.16.16.12).<ref name="CarnicerMisol2008">{{cite book|author1=Josep Gustems Carnicer|author2=Edmon Elgström Misol|title=Guía práctica para la dirección de grupos vocales e instrumentales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIwVi5HJMcEC&pg=PA32|year=2008|publisher=Grao|isbn=978-84-7827-643-1|pages=32–34|language=es}}</ref>

==Repertoire==
{{listen|type=music|help=no
|filename = Serenade for Strings -mvt-1- Elgar.ogg
|title = Serenade for Strings (Op. 20, 1st movement)
|description = [Edward Elgar](/source/Edward_Elgar)'s "[Serenade for Strings](/source/Serenade_for_Strings_(Elgar)), movement 1" performed by the [United States Army Band](/source/United_States_Army_Band) Strings ensemble
}}
The repertoire includes several works by [Mozart](/source/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart) (including ''[Eine kleine Nachtmusik](/source/Eine_kleine_Nachtmusik)''), [William Boyce](/source/William_Boyce_(composer)) (his eight symphonies are for strings only), and [Haydn](/source/Joseph_Haydn) which dispense with the [baroque](/source/Baroque_music) [basso continuo](/source/Figured_bass). Some of these works are problematic when it comes to deciding whether they are for orchestra or [string quartet](/source/string_quartet). Particularly in Haydn's early works it is argued that the inversions of harmony from the occasional crossings of the bass and viola line imply a double bass; the question is not settled, however.

Important 20th-century works have been written for string orchestra by [Bartók](/source/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k) ([Divertimento for String Orchestra](/source/Divertimento_for_String_Orchestra_(Bart%C3%B3k))), [Stravinsky](/source/Igor_Stravinsky) (''[Apollo](/source/Apollo_(ballet))''), [Witold Lutosławski](/source/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski) (''[Musique funèbre](/source/Musique_fun%C3%A8bre)''), [Benjamin Britten](/source/Benjamin_Britten) (''[Simple Symphony](/source/Simple_Symphony)'' and ''[Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge](/source/Variations_on_a_Theme_of_Frank_Bridge)''), [Charles Wuorinen](/source/Charles_Wuorinen) (''Grand Bamboula''), and [Malcolm Williamson](/source/Malcolm_Williamson) ([Symphony No. 7](/source/Symphony_No._7_(Williamson))). Sir [Michael Tippett](/source/Michael_Tippett) wrote a ''[Concerto for Double String Orchestra](/source/Concerto_for_Double_String_Orchestra_(Tippett))'' and [Ralph Vaughan Williams](/source/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams) wrote a ''Partita for Double String Orchestra''. Composers who have written a [Serenade](/source/Serenade) for string orchestra include [Tchaikovsky](/source/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky), [Dvořák](/source/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k), [Suk](/source/Josef_Suk_(composer)) and [Elgar](/source/Edward_Elgar). [Mendelssohn](/source/Felix_Mendelssohn), in his youth, also wrote [thirteen symphonies for string orchestra](/source/String_symphonies_(Mendelssohn)).

{{listen|type=music|help=no
|filename = Danse Sacrée.ogg
|title = Danse Sacrée L 103, No. 1
|filename2 = Danse Profane.ogg
|title2 = Danse Profane L 103, No. 2
|description2= ''[Danses sacrée et profane](/source/Danses_sacr%C3%A9e_et_profane)'' by [Debussy](/source/Claude_Debussy), performed by the [United States Marine Chamber Orchestra](/source/United_States_Marine_Corps_Band).  Arrangement of the [chamber music](/source/chamber_music) pieces scored for string quintet of [violin](/source/violin), [viola](/source/viola), [cello](/source/cello), [double bass](/source/double_bass), and [cross-strung harp](/source/cross-strung_harp).
}}
Sometimes works originally written for string quartet, quintet, sextet etc. are arranged for string orchestra. [Samuel Barber](/source/Samuel_Barber)'s ''[Adagio for Strings](/source/Adagio_for_Strings)'', [Alban Berg](/source/Alban_Berg)'s 3 Pieces from his ''Lyric Suite'', [Arnold Schoenberg](/source/Arnold_Schoenberg)'s string sextet ''[Verklärte Nacht](/source/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht)'' and String Quartet No. 2, [Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky](/source/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky)'s sextet ''[Souvenir de Florence](/source/Souvenir_de_Florence)'', [John Corigliano](/source/John_Corigliano)'s Second String Quartet and [Jean Sibelius](/source/Jean_Sibelius)'s ''[Andante festivo](/source/Andante_festivo)'' are examples. An optional timpani part is also added in the Sibelius piece. The work ''[Shaker Loops](/source/Shaker_Loops)'' written in 1978 for septet then arranged in 1983 for string orchestra by the American composer [John Adams](/source/John_Adams_(composer)) has become a popular addition to the repertoire in recent times. [Graham Waterhouse](/source/Graham_Waterhouse) composed several works for string orchestra (''Sinfonietta''), also in combination with contrasting sounds as [Great Highland bagpipe](/source/Great_Highland_bagpipe) (''[Chieftain's Salute](/source/Chieftain's_Salute)'').

==Works for string orchestra==
{{Main|:Category:Compositions for string orchestra}}The majority of the works listed below are scored strictly for string orchestra, but others may include additional parts (usually keyboards, harp, timpani, percussion, and concerto/vocal soloists).

*[Louis Andriessen](/source/Louis_Andriessen): ''Symphony for Open Strings''
*[Lera Auerbach](/source/Lera_Auerbach): 
**String Symphony "Memoria de la Luz" (2013)
**Serenade for a Melancholic Sea for violin, violoncello, piano and string orchestra (2002)
** Dialogues of Stabat Mater (after G.B. Pergolesi) for violin, viola, vibraphone and string orchestra (2005)
*[Granville Bantock](/source/Granville_Bantock): ''Celtic Symphony'' for string orchestra and six harps
*[Samuel Barber](/source/Samuel_Barber): ''[Adagio for Strings](/source/Adagio_for_Strings)''
*[Béla Bartók](/source/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k): 
**[Divertimento for String Orchestra](/source/Divertimento_for_String_Orchestra_(Bart%C3%B3k))
**[Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta](/source/Music_for_Strings%2C_Percussion_and_Celesta)
**Romanian Dances for String Orchestra
*[Mason Bates](/source/Mason_Bates): ''[Icarian Rhapsody](/source/Icarian_Rhapsody)'' (1999)
*[Jeremy Beck](/source/Jeremy_Beck): ''Sinfonietta'' (2000)
*[Alan Belkin](/source/Alan_Belkin): ''Adagio Symphonique'' (2002)
*[Luciano Berio](/source/Luciano_Berio): ''Notturno'' (1995)
*[Leonard Bernstein](/source/Leonard_Bernstein): ''[Serenade for Solo Violin, Strings, Harp and Percussion after Plato's "Symposium"](/source/Serenade_after_Plato's_%22Symposium%22)''
*[Judith Bingham](/source/Judith_Bingham): ''The Hythe'' (2012)
*[Georges Bizet](/source/Georges_Bizet): ''Adagietto,'' [L'Arlesienne Suite No. 1](/source/L'Arlesienne_Suite_No._1) (1872)
*[Ernest Bloch](/source/Ernest_Bloch): ''Concerto Grosso'' No. 2
*[Nimrod Borenstein](/source/Nimrod_Borenstein)
**In the night, Op. 48 (2007)
**In the morning, Op. 51 (2008)
**Symphony for strings, Op. 68 (2014)
**Suspended, Op. 69 (2014)
**Yodit, Op. 82 (2018)
*[Pierre Boulez](/source/Pierre_Boulez): ''[Livre pour cordes](/source/Livre_pour_cordes)''
*[Frank Bridge](/source/Frank_Bridge): ''Lament'' (1915)
*[Benjamin Britten](/source/Benjamin_Britten): ''[Simple Symphony](/source/Simple_Symphony)''
*[Stephen Brown](/source/Stephen_Brown_(composer)): 
**''The Carol Suite'' (1993)
**''Sunrise Serenade'' (2001)
**''On the Idle Hill of Summer'' (2002)
*[John Cage](/source/John_Cage): ''Twenty-Three'' (for violins, violas, and cellos). Additionally, many of Cage's indeterminate scores could be arranged for string orchestra.
*[Carlos Chávez](/source/Carlos_Ch%C3%A1vez): Symphony No. 5
*[Qigang Chen](/source/Qigang_Chen):
**''Enchantements oubliés'' (2004)
**''L'Eloignement'' (2004)
*[Nigel Clarke](/source/Nigel_Clarke_(composer)): ''The Miraculous Violin''
*[Anna Clyne](/source/Anna_Clyne): 
**''[Within Her Arms](/source/Within_Her_Arms)'' (2009)
**''[Prince of Clouds](/source/Prince_of_Clouds)'' (2012)
*[Paul Creston](/source/Paul_Creston): ''Gregorian Chant for String Orchestra'' (1936)
*[Tansy Davies](/source/Tansy_Davies): ''Residuum''
*[David Diamond](/source/David_Diamond_(composer)): ''Rounds for String Orchestra'' (1944)
*[Avner Dorman](/source/Avner_Dorman): Concerto Grosso (2002–2003)
*[Antonín Dvořák](/source/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k): [Serenade for String Orchestra](/source/Serenade_for_Strings_(Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)) in E major, Op.22
*[Edward Elgar](/source/Edward_Elgar): 
**''[Introduction and Allegro for Strings](/source/Introduction_and_Allegro_(Elgar))'' (1905)
**[Serenade for Strings](/source/Serenade_for_Strings_(Elgar))
*[Irving Fine](/source/Irving_Fine): ''Serious Song: A Lament for String Orchestra'' (1955)
*[Gerald Finzi](/source/Gerald_Finzi): Romance, Op. 11 (1928)
*[Arthur Foote](/source/Arthur_Foote): Suite in E major for String Orchestra, Op. 63 (1909)
*[Alberto Ginastera](/source/Alberto_Ginastera): ''Concerto per corde'', Op. 33 (originally written for string quartet then arranged for string orchestra)
*[Philip Glass](/source/Philip_Glass): film score for [''The Hours''](/source/The_Hours_(film)) (large string orchestra plus piano soloist)
*[Henryk Górecki](/source/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki): Three Pieces in Old Style (1963)
*[Edvard Grieg](/source/Edvard_Grieg): ''[Holberg Suite](/source/Holberg_Suite)'' (originally written for piano then arranged for string orchestra)
*[Stefans Grové](/source/Stefans_Grov%C3%A9): Elegy for Strings (1948)
*[Yalil Guerra](/source/Yalil_Guerra): 
**Old Havana
**A la Antigua
**Terra Ignota (Unknown Land)
**Clave (for strings and percussion)
**El Retrato de la Paloma (The Portrait of the Dove)
**Symphony No. 2 for strings "Los Dioses del Olimpo" (The Olympian Gods)
**Al Partir (On Leaving)
**Negro Bembón
*[Mark Gustavson](/source/Mark_Gustavson): ''Hymn to the Vanished'' (2001)
*[Karl Amadeus Hartmann](/source/Karl_Amadeus_Hartmann): [Symphony No. 4](/source/Symphony_No._4_(Hartmann))
*[Victor Herbert](/source/Victor_Herbert): Serenade for Strings
*[Alfred Hill](/source/Alfred_Hill_(composer)): String Symphonies
*[Gustav Holst](/source/Gustav_Holst):
**''[St Paul's Suite](/source/St_Paul's_Suite)'' (1912)
**''[Brook Green Suite](/source/Brook_Green_Suite)'' (1933)
**''[A Moorside Suite](/source/A_Moorside_Suite)'' (1928)
*[Arthur Honegger](/source/Arthur_Honegger): [Symphony No. 2](/source/Symphony_No._2_(Honegger))
*[Alan Hovhaness](/source/Alan_Hovhaness): Symphony No. 31 (1976–77)
*[Charles Ives](/source/Charles_Ives): ''The Call of the Mountains'' (arranged by Jonathan Dore from the String Quartet No. 2)
*[Karl Jenkins](/source/Karl_Jenkins): [''Palladio''](/source/Palladio_(Jenkins)) (1996)
*[Paul Juon](/source/Paul_Juon): Five Pieces for String Orchestra, op.16
*[Vasily Kalinnikov](/source/Vasily_Kalinnikov): Serenade for Strings in G minor
*[Mieczysław Karłowicz](/source/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Kar%C5%82owicz): Serenade for Strings Op. 2 (1897)
*[Nigel Keay](/source/Nigel_Keay): Serenade for Strings
*[Uuno Klami](/source/Uuno_Klami): Suite for String Orchestra (1937)
*[Sophie Lacaze](/source/Sophie_Lacaze): 
** ''Y aparece el sol'' (2017) for flute, didgeridoo and string orchestra
** ''Immobilité sérieuse I'' (2013) for piano and string orchestra
*[Kenneth Leighton](/source/Kenneth_Leighton):
** Symphony for Strings, Op. 3 (1948–49)
** Concerto for String Orchestra, Op. 39 (1960–61)
*[Elizabeth Maconchy](/source/Elizabeth_Maconchy): Symphony for Double String Orchestra (1952–53)
*[Gustav Mahler](/source/Gustav_Mahler): Adagietto from [Symphony No. 5](/source/Symphony_No._5_(Mahler)).
*[Gian Francesco Malipiero](/source/Gian_Francesco_Malipiero): Symphony No. 6 "Degli Archi" (1947)
*[Andrew March](/source/Andrew_March): [Sanguis Venenatus](/source/Sanguis_Venenatus) [(Tainted Blood)](/source/United_Kingdom_tainted_blood_scandal) Elegy for Strings (2009)[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4gy-7IlUqg]
*[Bohuslav Martinů](/source/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF): ''[Double Concerto for Two String Orchestras, Piano, and Timpani](/source/Double_Concerto_for_Two_String_Orchestras%2C_Piano%2C_and_Timpani_(Martin%C5%AF))''
*[Nicholas Maw](/source/Nicholas_Maw): ''Life Studies''
*[Felix Mendelssohn](/source/Felix_Mendelssohn):
** [13 String Symphonies](/source/String_symphonies_(Mendelssohn))
** [Concerto for Violin and Strings](/source/Concerto_for_Violin_and_Strings_(Mendelssohn))
*[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart](/source/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart):
** [Three Concertos for Piano and Strings](/source/Piano_Concertos_K._107_(Mozart)) in D major, G major and E{{music|flat}} major, K. 107 (1771 or 1765)
** Divertimento No. 1 for Strings in D major, K. 136/125a (1772)
** Divertimento No. 2 for Strings in B{{music|flat}} major, K. 137/125b (1772)
** Divertimento No. 3 for Strings in F major, K. 138/125c (1772)
** ''[Eine kleine Nachtmusik](/source/Eine_kleine_Nachtmusik)'' (1787)
*[Lior Navok](/source/Lior_Navok): ''Between Two Coasts''
*[Ștefan Niculescu](/source/%C8%98tefan_Niculescu): ''Formants'' (1967), for 17 solo strings
*[Robert Paterson](/source/Robert_Paterson_(composer)):
**''Suite for String Orchestra'' (2011)
**''I See You'' (for String Orchestra and Recording) (2015)
*[Vincent Persichetti](/source/Vincent_Persichetti): Symphony No. 5
*[Allan Pettersson](/source/Allan_Pettersson): 
**Concerto No. 1 (1949–50)
**Concerto No. 2 (1956)
**Concerto No. 3 (1956–57)
*[Ottorino Respighi](/source/Ottorino_Respighi): ''[Ancient Airs and Dances, Suite No. 3](/source/Ancient_Airs_and_Dances)'' (1932)
*[Carl Ruggles](/source/Carl_Ruggles): ''Portals''
*[Aulis Sallinen](/source/Aulis_Sallinen): ''Aspects of the Funeral March of Hintriki Peltoniemi'' (originally written for string quartet then arranged for string orchestra)
*[Esa-Pekka Salonen](/source/Esa-Pekka_Salonen): ''[Stockholm Diary](/source/Stockholm_Diary)'' (2004)
*[Arnold Schoenberg](/source/Arnold_Schoenberg): ''[Verklärte Nacht](/source/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht)'' or ''Transfigured Night'' (1899) (originally written for string sextet then arranged for string orchestra)
*[Franz Schreker](/source/Franz_Schreker): 
**Scherzo for String Orchestra (1900)
**Intermezzo for String Orchestra (Op. 8, 1900)
*[William Schuman](/source/William_Schuman): Symphony No. 5
*[Dmitri Shostakovich](/source/Dmitri_Shostakovich):
**Chamber Symphonies - [Rudolf Barshai's](/source/Rudolf_Barshai) orchestrations of String Quartets No. [1](/source/String_Quartet_No._1_(Shostakovich)), [3](/source/String_Quartet_No._3_(Shostakovich)), [4](/source/String_Quartet_No._4_(Shostakovich)), [8](/source/String_Quartet_No._8_(Shostakovich)), [10](/source/String_Quartet_No._10_(Shostakovich)), & [13](/source/String_Quartet_No._13_(Shostakovich)).
**[Piano Concerto No. 1 in C Minor](/source/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Shostakovich)) (Op. 35, 1933) - For piano, trumpet, and string orchestra.
**[Symphony No. 14 in G Minor](/source/Symphony_No._14_(Shostakovich)) (Op. 135, 1969) - For soprano, bass, percussion, and string orchestra.
*[Jean Sibelius](/source/Jean_Sibelius): ''[Andante festivo](/source/Andante_festivo)'' for strings and timpani
*[Richard St. Clair](/source/Richard_St._Clair) Symphony for String Orchestra
*[Richard Strauss](/source/Richard_Strauss): ''[Metamorphosen](/source/Metamorphosen)'' for 23 solo strings
*[Igor Stravinsky](/source/Igor_Stravinsky): 
**[Concerto in D](/source/Concerto_in_D_(Stravinsky)) (1946)
**''[Apollon Musagète](/source/Apollon_Musag%C3%A8te)'' (1927–1928), ballet for string orchestra
*[Josef Suk](/source/Josef_Suk_(composer)): [Serenade for Strings](/source/Serenade_for_Strings_(Suk)) (Op. 6, 1892)
*[William Susman](/source/William_Susman): 
**''Zydeco Madness''
**''Angels of Light''
*[Tōru Takemitsu](/source/T%C5%8Dru_Takemitsu): ''Requiem'' (1957)
**"A Way a Lone II" (1981)
*[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky](/source/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky): [Serenade for Strings](/source/Serenade_for_Strings_(Tchaikovsky)) in C major, Op. 48
*[Michael Tippett](/source/Michael_Tippett): 
**Concerto for Double String Orchestra
**''Corelli Fantasia''
**''Little Music for Strings''
*[Joan Trimble](/source/Joan_Trimble): "Suite for Strings" (1951)
*[Pēteris Vasks](/source/P%C4%93teris_Vasks): 
**''Cantabile'' (1979)
**''Musica Dolorosa'' (1984)
*[Ralph Vaughan Williams](/source/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams): 
**''[Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis](/source/Fantasia_on_a_Theme_by_Thomas_Tallis)''
**''[Five Variants of Dives and Lazarus](/source/Five_Variants_of_Dives_and_Lazarus)''
**[Concerto Grosso](/source/Concerto_Grosso_(Vaughan_Williams))
*[Heitor Villa-Lobos](/source/Heitor_Villa-Lobos): [''Bachianas Brasileiras No.9''](/source/Bachianas_Brasileiras)
*[Carl Vine](/source/Carl_Vine): ''Smith's Alchemy''
*[Claude Vivier](/source/Claude_Vivier): ''[Zipangu](/source/Zipangu_(Vivier))'' (1980)
*[Julian Wagstaff](/source/Julian_Wagstaff): ''Treptow'' for String Orchestra (2005)
*[George Walker](/source/George_Walker_(composer)): ''[Lyric for Strings](/source/Lyric_for_Strings)'' (1946)
*[William Walton](/source/William_Walton): Sonata for Strings
*[Robert Ward](/source/Robert_Ward_(composer)): ''Concertino for String Orchestra'' (originally written for string quartet then arranged for string orchestra)
*[Graham Waterhouse](/source/Graham_Waterhouse): 
**''[Celtic Voices and Hale Bopp](/source/Celtic_Voices_and_Hale_Bopp)'' (1995, 1997)
**Sinfonietta (2002)
*[Malcolm Williamson](/source/Malcolm_Williamson): 
**''Epitaphs for Edith Sitwell'' (1966/72)
**''Ode for Queen Elizabeth'' (1980)
**''Lento for Strings'' (1985)
*[Dag Wirén](/source/Dag_Wir%C3%A9n): ''Serenade for Strings''
*[John Woolrich](/source/John_Woolrich): 
**''Blue Drowning'' (2005)
**''It is Midnight Dr. Schweitzer''
**''To the Silver Bow'', double concerto for viola, double bass and strings (2014)
**''[Ulysses Awakes](/source/Ulysses_Awakes)''
*[Charles Wuorinen](/source/Charles_Wuorinen): ''Grand Bamboula''
*[Iannis Xenakis](/source/Iannis_Xenakis): ''[Pithoprakta](/source/Pithoprakta)'' for 46 strings, 2 trombones, wood block and xylophone.
*[Takashi Yoshimatsu](/source/Takashi_Yoshimatsu): ''Threnody to Toki'' for Piano and String Orchestra (1980)
*[Đuro Živković](/source/%C4%90uro_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87): 
**''Serenade'' (2002)
**''PSALM XIII'' (2014)
*[Ellen Taaffe Zwilich](/source/Ellen_Taaffe_Zwilich): 
**''Partita'' (Violin Concerto No. 2) for Violin and String Orchestra (2000)
**''Commedia dell'arte'' (Violin Concerto No. 3) for Violin and String Orchestra (2012)
**''Prologue and Variations'' (1983)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Orchestra}}
{{Authority control}}

Category:Types of musical groups
Category:Orchestras
Category:String orchestras

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [String orchestra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_orchestra) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_orchestra?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.