# Strigula

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***Strigula*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [lichen](/source/Lichen)-forming [fungi](/source/Fungi) in the family [Strigulaceae](/source/Strigulaceae).[1]

## Taxonomy

The genus was [circumscribed](/source/Circumscription_(taxonomy)) in 1823 by the English mycologist [Elias Magnus Fries](/source/Elias_Magnus_Fries).[2]

The taxonomy of the genus has undergone significant revisions based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses. Originally defined broadly to include species growing on various substrates, research revealed that [foliicolous](/source/Foliicolous_lichen) (leaf-dwelling) species formerly placed in *Strigula* actually form six well-defined [clades](/source/Clade) that warranted recognition as separate genera. The foliicolous species have been reallocated into the following genera:[3]

- *Strigula* (*[sensu stricto](/source/Sensu_stricto)*) – Includes the [type species](/source/Type_species) *S. smaragdula* and is characterized by thickened, bright green to grey-green thalli with a *[Cephaleuros](/source/Cephaleuros)* photobiont (algal partner), carbonized perithecial walls, small to medium-sized ascospores, and macroconidia with short to medium-sized appendages.
- *[Serusiauxiella](/source/Serusiauxiella)* – A newly recognized genus with species that have a *[Trentepohlia](/source/Trentepohlia_(alga))* photobiont and unique macroconidial appendages that rapidly grow to substantial lengths when observed in microscopic mounts.
- *[Raciborskiella](/source/Raciborskiella)* – Includes hypophyllous (growing on leaf undersides) species with very thin, bluish grey thalli, carbonized perithecial walls, large ascospores (30–70 [μm](/source/%CE%9Cm)), and terminal appendages on ascospores.
- *[Puiggariella](/source/Puiggariella)* – Features species with distinctive thallus morphology displaying white papillae and non-carbonized (pale) perithecial walls.
- *[Racoplaca](/source/Racoplaca)* – Comprises species with thin, finely lobed thalli of olive-brown to dark olive-green color which feature a characteristic thin black line along the lobe margins.
- *[Phylloporis](/source/Phylloporis)* – Contains supracuticular species (growing on leaf surfaces) with a *[Phycopeltis](/source/Phycopeltis)* photobiont, carbonized perithecial walls, and comparatively short asci and small ascospores.

## Description

*Strigula*, in its currently defined narrower sense, is a genus of lichen-forming fungi characterized by its distinctive foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) growth pattern. These lichens form subcuticular thalli, meaning they grow beneath the cuticle of leaves, infiltrating between cell layers rather than simply growing on the surface. The [thalli](/source/Thalli) (lichen bodies) of *Strigula* are typically thickened, with a characteristic bright green to grey-green coloration. They form rounded patches with entire to margins on leaf surfaces. *Strigula* species develop a [symbiotic](/source/Symbiosis) relationship with a specific algal partner () in the genus *[Cephaleuros](/source/Cephaleuros)*, which provides the lichen with [carbohydrates](/source/Carbohydrate) through [photosynthesis](/source/Photosynthesis).[3]

Reproductive structures include [perithecia](/source/Perithecia) (flask-shaped fruiting bodies) that are partially immersed in the thallus, appearing as small, basally immersed and apically erumpent black dots. The perithecial wall is , appearing jet-black in cross-section. The perithecia contain [asci](/source/Ascus) (spore-producing cells) that are (double-walled) with a short and narrow .[3]

Each ascus produces eight , which are arranged in one to two rows within the ascus. The ascospores are (spindle-shaped), single-[septate](/source/Septum) (divided by one wall), colorless, and relatively small to medium-sized (7–25 × 4–6 [μm](/source/%CE%9Cm)). *Strigula* also produces asexual reproductive structures called [pycnidia](/source/Pycnidia), which contain (larger asexual spores) with short to medium-sized gelatinous appendages that extend only slowly when observed in laboratory preparations.[3]

## Species

- *[Strigula acuticonidiarum](/source/Strigula_acuticonidiarum)* S.H.Jiang, X.L.Wei & J.C.Wei (2017)[4] – China
- *[Strigula antillarum](/source/Strigula_antillarum)* (Fée) Müll.Arg. (1885)
- *[Strigula bella](/source/Strigula_bella)* G.Thor, Lücking & Tat.Matsumoto (2000)
- *[Strigula caerulensis](/source/Strigula_caerulensis)* P.M.McCarthy (2009)[5] – Australia
- *[Strigula concreta](/source/Strigula_concreta)* (Fée) R.Sant. (1952)
- *[Strigula cylindrospora](/source/Strigula_cylindrospora)* (Syd. & P.Syd.) W.J.Li & K.D.Hyde (2020)
- *[Strigula depressa](/source/Strigula_depressa)* J.J.Woo, Lücking & Hur (2020)[6] – Korea
- *[Strigula fossulicola](/source/Strigula_fossulicola)* P.M.McCarthy, Streimann & Elix (1996)[7]
- *[Strigula fossulicoloides](/source/Strigula_fossulicoloides)* Sérus. (2004)
- *[Strigula guangdongensis](/source/Strigula_guangdongensis)* S.H.Jiang, J.C.Wei & Lücking (2021)[8] – China
- *[Strigula guangxiensis](/source/Strigula_guangxiensis)* S.H.Jiang, X.L.Wei & J.C.Wei (2017)[4] – China
- *[Strigula indutula](/source/Strigula_indutula)* (Nyl.) R.C.Harris (1995)
- *[Strigula intermedia](/source/Strigula_intermedia)* S.H.Jiang, J.C.Wei & Lücking (2021)[8] – China
- *[Strigula janeirensis](/source/Strigula_janeirensis)* (Müll.Arg.) Lücking (1998)
- *[Strigula lacericola](/source/Strigula_lacericola)* P.M.McCarthy (2009)
- *[Strigula laevis](/source/Strigula_laevis)* S.H.Jiang, J.C.Wei & Lücking (2021)[8] – China
- *[Strigula lobulosa](/source/Strigula_lobulosa)* Kunze ex Fr. (1830)
- *[Strigula macrocarpa](/source/Strigula_macrocarpa)* Vain. (1923)
- *[Strigula microcarpa](/source/Strigula_microcarpa)* S.H.Jiang, J.C.Wei & Lücking (2021)[8] – China
- *[Strigula minor](/source/Strigula_minor)* (Vězda) Cl.Roux & Sérus. (2000)
- *[Strigula minuta](/source/Strigula_minuta)* Lücking (2008)
- *[Strigula multipunctata](/source/Strigula_multipunctata)* (G.Merr. ex R.Sant.) R.C.Harris (1995)
- *[Strigula nigrocarpa](/source/Strigula_nigrocarpa)* Lücking (2008)
- *[Strigula nitidula](/source/Strigula_nitidula)* Mont. (1845)
- *[Strigula novae-zelandiae](/source/Strigula_novae-zelandiae)* (Nag Raj) Sérus. (1998)
- *[Strigula obducta](/source/Strigula_obducta)* (Müll.Arg.) R.C.Harris (1995)
- *[Strigula oceanica](/source/Strigula_oceanica)* P.M.McCarthy, Streimann & Elix (1996)[7]
- *[Strigula oleistrata](/source/Strigula_oleistrata)* M.Ford, D.J.Blanchon & de Lange (2019)
- *[Strigula perparvula](/source/Strigula_perparvula)* Diederich & Common (2019)[9]
- *[Strigula platypoda](/source/Strigula_platypoda)* (Müll.Arg.) R.C.Harris (1995)
- *[Strigula prasina](/source/Strigula_prasina)* Müll.Arg. (1885)
- *[Strigula pseudoantillarum](/source/Strigula_pseudoantillarum)* S.H.Jiang, J.C.Wei & Lücking (2021)[8] – China
- *[Strigula pseudosubtilissima](/source/Strigula_pseudosubtilissima)* S.H.Jiang, J.C.Wei & Lücking (2021)[8] – China
- *[Strigula pycnoradians](/source/Strigula_pycnoradians)* S.H.Jiang, J.C.Wei & Lücking (2021)[8] – Thailand
- *[Strigula pyrenuloides](/source/Strigula_pyrenuloides)* Aptroot (2020)[10] – Brazil
- *[Strigula schizospora](/source/Strigula_schizospora)* R.Sant. (1952)
- *[Strigula sinoaustralis](/source/Strigula_sinoaustralis)* S.H.Jiang, X.L.Wei & J.C.Wei (2016)[11]
- *[Strigula sinoconcreta](/source/Strigula_sinoconcreta)* S.H.Jiang, J.C.Wei & Lücking (2021)[8] – China
- *[Strigula smaragdula](/source/Strigula_smaragdula)* Fr. (1830)
- *[Strigula stenoloba](/source/Strigula_stenoloba)* S.H.Jiang, J.C.Wei & Lücking (2021)[8] – China
- *[Strigula subelegans](/source/Strigula_subelegans)* Vain. (1923)
- *[Strigula submuriformis](/source/Strigula_submuriformis)* (R.C.Harris) R.C.Harris (1987)
- *[Strigula subtilissimoides](/source/Strigula_subtilissimoides)* S.H.Jiang, J.C.Wei & Lücking (2021)[8] – China
- *[Strigula univelbiserialis](/source/Strigula_univelbiserialis)* S.H.Jiang, X.L.Wei & J.C.Wei (2017)[12]
- *[Strigula wandae](/source/Strigula_wandae)* M.Cáceres & Lücking (2003)[13]

## References

1. Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". *Mycosphere*. **11**: 1060–1456. [doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8](https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8). [hdl:10481/61998](https://hdl.handle.net/10481/61998)

1. Fries, E.M. (1823). *Systema Mycologicum*. Vol. 2, no. 2. p. 535.

1. Jiang, Shu-Hua; Lücking, Robert; Xavier-Leite, Amanda Barreto; Cáceres, Marcela E.S.; Aptroot, André; Portilla, Carlos Viñas; Wei, Jiang-Chun (2020). "Reallocation of foliicolous species of the genus *Strigula* into six genera (lichenized Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes, Strigulaceae)". *Fungal Diversity*. **102** (1): 257–291. [doi:10.1007/s13225-020-00445-7](https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00445-7)

1. Jiang, S.H.; Wei, X.L.; Wei, J.C. (2017). "Two new species of *Strigula* (lichenised Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) from China, with a key to the Chinese foliicolous species". *MycoKeys*. **19**: 31–42. [doi:10.3897/mycokeys.19.11174](https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.19.11174)

1. McCarthy, P.M. (2009). "A new foliicolous species of *Strigula* (Strigulaceae) from New South Wales". *Australasian Lichenology*. **65**: 4–6.

1. Woo, Jung-Jae; LüCking, Robert; Oh, Seung-Yoon; Jeun, Yong-Chull; Hur, Jae-Seoun (2020). "Two new foliicolous species of *Strigula* (Strigulaceae, Strigulales) in Korea offer insight in phorophyte-dependent variation of thallus morphology". *Phytotaxa*. **443** (1): 1–12. [doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.443.1.1](https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.443.1.1)

1. McCarthy, P.M.; Streimann, H.; Elix, J.A. (1996). "New foliicolous species of *Strigula* from Lord Howe Island, Australia". *The Lichenologist*. **28** (3): 239–244. [doi:10.1006/lich.1996.0021](https://doi.org/10.1006/lich.1996.0021)

1. Jiang, Shu-Hua; Lücking, Robert; Liu, Hua-Jie; Wei, Xin-Li; Xavier-Leite, Amanda Barreto; Portilla, Carlos Viñas; Ren, Qiang; Wei, Jiang-Chun (2021). "Twelve new species reveal cryptic diversification in foliicolous lichens of *Strigula* s.lat. (Strigulales, Ascomycota)". *Journal of Fungi*. **8** (1): 2. [doi:10.3390/jof8010002](https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8010002). [PMC 8781847](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8781847). [PMID 35049942](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35049942)

1. Diederich, Paul; Common, Ralph S.; Braun, Uwe; Heuchert, Bettina; Millanes, Ana; Suija, Ave; Ertz, Damien (2019). "Lichenicolous fungi from Florida growing on Graphidales". *Plant and Fungal Systematics*. **64** (2): 249–282. [doi:10.2478/pfs-2019-0021](https://doi.org/10.2478/pfs-2019-0021)

1. Aptroot, A.; Souza, M.F.; Spielmann, A.A. (2020). "New lichen species from the Pantanal in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil". *Archive for Lichenology*. **20**: 1–7.

1. Jiang, S.H.; Wei, X.L.; Wei, J.C. (2016). "*Strigula sinoaustralis* sp. nov. and three *Strigula* spp. new to China". *Mycotaxon*. **131** (4): 795–803.

1. Jiang, S.H.; Wei, X.L.; Wei, J.C. (2017). "A new species and two new records of *Strigula* (lichenized Ascomycota) from China". *Mycoscience*. **58** (6): 391–397.

1. Lücking, R.; Wirth, V.; Ferraro, L.I.; Cáceres, M.E.S. (2003). ["Foliicolous lichens from Valdivian temperate rain forest of Chile and Argentina: evidence of an austral element, with the description of seven new taxa"](https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/11336/30980/2/CONICET_Digital_Nro.37d0e33e-bf7c-4a1a-94b8-ad3c4b0f8951_A.pdf). *Global Ecology and Biogeography*. **12** (1): 21–36. [doi:10.1046/j.1466-822X.2003.00319.x](https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2003.00319.x)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Strigula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigula) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigula?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.