# Stridentism

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**Stridentism** (Spanish: ***estridentismo***) was an artistic and multidisciplinary [avant-garde](/source/Avant-garde) movement, founded in the city of [Puebla](/source/Puebla_(city)) by [Manuel Maples Arce](/source/Manuel_Maples_Arce) at the end of 1921 but formally developed in [Xalapa](/source/Xalapa) where all the founders moved after the University of Veracruz granted its support for the movement. Stridentism shares some characteristics with [Cubism](/source/Cubism), [Dadaism](/source/Dadaism), [Futurism](/source/Futurism) and [Ultraism](/source/Ultraist_movement), but it developed a specific social dimension, taken from the [Mexican Revolution](/source/Mexican_Revolution), and a concern for action and its own present. Stridentists were part of the political avant-garde, in contrast to the "elitist" modernism of [Los Contemporáneos](/source/Los_Contempor%C3%A1neos).

## Chronology

1921: Mexico City, December 31, Manuel Maples Arce gives the first [manifesto](/source/Manifesto) out.

1923: Maples Arce and List Arzubide give out the second manifesto, in the city of [Puebla](/source/Puebla_(city)).

1923: *Irradiador*: short-lived journal (September, October, and November of 1923)

1924: First Stridentist Expo, at the Café de Nadie in Mexico City.

1925: The group moves from Mexico City to [Xalapa](/source/Xalapa) (recreated in their works as "Estridentópolis"). Third manifesto in the city of [Zacatecas](/source/Zacatecas_(city)).

1926: Fourth and last manifesto in [Ciudad Victoria](/source/Ciudad_Victoria).

1927: The group separates, for political reasons.

1929-1930: A group of stridentists met in [Paris](/source/Paris) and participated in the group *[Cercle et Carré](/source/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9)*.

1930: [Leopoldo Méndez](/source/Leopoldo_M%C3%A9ndez) and [Germán List Arzubide](/source/Germ%C3%A1n_List_Arzubide) traveled to the [United States](/source/United_States).

1932: [Germán Cueto](/source/Germ%C3%A1n_Cueto) and [Arqueles Vela](/source/Arqueles_Vela) returned to [Mexico City](/source/Mexico_City) from Paris

## Artists

Poets: [Manuel Maples Arce](/source/Manuel_Maples_Arce), [Germán List Arzubide](/source/Germ%C3%A1n_List_Arzubide), [Salvador Gallardo](/source/Salvador_Gallardo).

Writers/Journalists: [Arqueles Vela](/source/Arqueles_Vela), [Carlos Noriega Hope](/source/Carlos_Noriega_Hope).

Visual artists: [Ramón Alva de la Canal](/source/Ram%C3%B3n_Alva_de_la_Canal), [Leopoldo Méndez](/source/Leopoldo_M%C3%A9ndez), [Fermín Revueltas](/source/Ferm%C3%ADn_Revueltas), [Lola Cueto](/source/Lola_Cueto).

Multidisciplinary artists: [Germán Cueto](/source/Germ%C3%A1n_Cueto), [Luis Quintanilla](/source/Luis_Quintanilla), [Jean Charlot](/source/Jean_Charlot), Gaston Dinner.

Musicians: [Silvestre Revueltas](/source/Silvestre_Revueltas), Ángel Salas.

Photographers: [Edward Weston](/source/Edward_Weston), [Tina Modotti](/source/Tina_Modotti).

## Bibliography

- [Schneider, Luis Mario](/source/Luis_Mario_Schneider). *El estridentismo o una literatura de la estrategia*, Mexico City: Conaculta, 1997. ISBN 970-18-0376-0
- Escalante, Evodio. *Elevación y caída del estridentismo*, México: Conaculta, 2002. ISBN 970-18-8138-9
- Hadatty Mora, Yanna. *La ciudad paroxista. Prosa mexicana de vanguardia (1921–1932)*, Mexico City: UNAM, 2009. ISBN 978-607-20-0360-6
- Rashkin, Elissa J. *The Stridentist Movement in Mexico: The Avant-garde and Cultural Change in the 1920s*, Lanham, Maryland, USA: Lexington Books/Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2009. ISBN 978-0-7391-3156-5
- Flores, Tatiana. *Mexico’s Revolutionary Avant-Gardes: From Estridentismo to ¡30-30!*, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0-300-18448-8
- Klych, Linda. *The Noisemakers: Estridentismo, Vanguardism, and Social Action in Postrevolutionary Mexico*, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2018. ISBN 978-0-520-29640-4

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