# Steven Milloy

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American lobbyist and commentator

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**Steven J. Milloy** is an American lawyer, [lobbyist](/source/Lobbyist), author, and former [Fox News](/source/Fox_News) commentator. Milloy is the founder and editor of the blog JunkScience.com, where he publishes articles that oppose and attack environmental and public health science.[1] His close financial and organizational ties to [tobacco](/source/Tobacco_industry) and [oil companies](/source/Petroleum_industry) have been the subject of criticism, as Milloy consistently disputes the [scientific consensus on climate change](/source/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change) and the health risks of [second-hand smoke](/source/Passive_smoking).[2][3]

Milloy has been employed at many [think tanks](/source/Think_tank). In the 1990s, he worked at [The Advancement of Sound Science Center](/source/Advancement_of_Sound_Science_Center) (TASSC), which was established by [Philip Morris Companies Inc.](/source/Altria) to counter legislation against second-hand smoke, eventually becoming its director in 1997.[4] He was an adjunct scholar at the [libertarian](/source/Libertarianism) [Cato Institute](/source/Cato_Institute) from the 1990s until the end of 2005 and an adjunct scholar at the [Competitive Enterprise Institute](/source/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute) from 2005 to 2009.[5] He began contributing to Fox News in 2000.[4] Since 2020, Milloy has served on the board of the [Heartland Institute](/source/Heartland_Institute).[6] As of 2023[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_Milloy&action=edit) Milloy is a senior policy fellow with the Energy and Environment Legal Institute.[7]

## Education

Milloy holds a [B.A.](/source/Bachelor_of_Arts) in natural sciences from [Johns Hopkins University](/source/Johns_Hopkins_University), a Master of Health Sciences in biostatistics from the [Johns Hopkins University](/source/Johns_Hopkins_University) School of Hygiene and Public Health,[8] a [Juris Doctor](/source/Juris_Doctor) from the [University of Baltimore](/source/University_of_Baltimore), and a Master of Laws from the [Georgetown University Law Center](/source/Georgetown_University_Law_Center).[9]

## Career

By 1994, according to his website, Milloy was project leader of the Regulatory Impact Analysis Project, Inc. for the [U.S. Department of Energy](/source/United_States_Department_of_Energy). The Cato Institute, where he was listed as an adjunct scholar, published his work from 1995 to 2005.

Milloy's employment by the EOP Group Inc. dates back to before 1995, and it includes a record of lobbying on behalf of the Fort Howard Corporation, the International Food Additives Council, Monsanto Co. and Edison Electrics. The [Competitive Enterprise Institute](/source/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute) also proposed to Philip Morris that Milloy and his partners Michael Gough and [Michael Fumento](/source/Michael_Fumento) should be used to attack the FDA through reports to the House and Senate on risk Management reform.[10][11]

In March 1997, Milloy moved from the backroom to become the director of The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASSC), which later became The Advancement of Sound Science Center.[12]

The [United States Senate](/source/United_States_Senate) Lobby Filing Disclosure Program lists Milloy as a registered [lobbyist](/source/Lobbyist) for the EOP Group for the years 1998–2000.[13] The guidebook *Washington Representatives* also listed him as a lobbyist for the EOP Group in 1996.[14]

He has links through Philip Morris and Fox News to [Rupert Murdoch](/source/Rupert_Murdoch) and News Corporation. He was a correspondent for Fox News between 2002 and 2009, and he became a policy director at Murray Energy and a member of [Donald Trump](/source/Donald_Trump)'s first presidential [transition team](/source/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump).[15]

## JunkScience Blog

Milloy is the founder and editor of the blog JunkScience.com, where he publishes articles attacking what he calls "[junk science](/source/Junk_science)" in public policy, which he defines as "faulty scientific data and analysis used to advance special and, often, hidden agendas."[16][17]

[David Michaels](/source/David_Michaels_(epidemiologist)) has argued the term junk science is used, by Milloy and others, to "denigrate scientists and studies whose findings do not serve the corporate cause".[18]

In an editorial in *[Chemical & Engineering News](/source/Chemical_%26_Engineering_News)*, editor-in-chief Rudy Baum called Milloy's junkscience.com website "the best known" example of "a right-wing effort in the U.S. to discredit widely accepted science, technology and medical information."[19] An editorial in the *[American Journal of Public Health](/source/American_Journal_of_Public_Health)* noted that "... attacking the science underlying difficult public policy decisions with the label of 'junk' has become a common ploy for those opposed to regulation ... One need only peruse JunkScience.com to get a sense of the long list of public health issues for which research has been so labeled."[20]

### Second-hand smoke

Milloy has opposed legitimate research linking [second-hand tobacco smoke](/source/Passive_smoking) to cancer, falsely claiming that "the vast majority of studies reported no statistical association."[21][22][23]

In 1993, Milloy dismissed an [Environmental Protection Agency](/source/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency) report linking second-hand tobacco smoke to cancer as "a joke." Five years later, Milloy claimed vindication after a federal court contradicted the E.P.A.'s conclusions.[24] However, the court's finding against the EPA was [overturned on appeal](/source/Passive_smoking#EPA_lawsuit). When the *[British Medical Journal](/source/British_Medical_Journal)* published a [meta-analysis](/source/Meta-analysis) confirming a link in 1997, Milloy misrepresenting [*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] the study wrote, "Of the 37 studies, only 7—less than 19 percent—reported statistically significant increases in lung cancer incidence... Meta-analysis of the secondhand smoke studies was a joke when EPA did it in 1993. And it remains a joke today."[25][26] When another researcher published a study linking second-hand smoke to cancer, Milloy wrote that she "... must have pictures of journal editors in compromising positions with farm animals. How else can you explain her studies seeing the light of day?"[27][28]

### Climate change

See also: [climate change denial](/source/Climate_change_denial)

Milloy claims that [human activity](/source/Anthropogenic_climate_change) has little impact on [climate change](/source/Climate_change), [denying](/source/Climate_change_denial) the [scientific consensus on climate change](/source/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change), and that regulations to limit [greenhouse gas emissions](/source/Greenhouse_gas_emissions) are unwarranted and harmful to business interests. He offered a prize of $500,000 to anyone who can "prove, in a scientific manner, that humans are causing harmful global warming", stating that "JunkScience.com, in its sole discretion, will determine the winner, if any."[29]

In 2004, when the [Arctic Climate Impact Assessment](/source/Arctic_Climate_Impact_Assessment) was released by the [Arctic Council](/source/Arctic_Council) and the [International Arctic Science Committee](/source/International_Arctic_Science_Committee), Milloy wrote that the report "pretty much debunks itself."[30] Milloy based his assertions that the variation was natural on his interpretation of just one graph from the overview of the large study. One of the lead authors of the study, oceanographer [James J. McCarthy](/source/James_J._McCarthy), commented that those taking Milloy's position would "have to refute what are hundreds of scientific papers that reconstruct various pieces of this climate puzzle." Milloy's assertion was repeated by lobbyists including the [Competitive Enterprise Institute](/source/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute)[2]

A Competitive Enterprise Institute press release says Milloy coordinated a climate change denial action at the 2007 [Live Earth](/source/Live_Earth) concert in New York, where activists campaigned among the attendees, and a plane circled the event pulling a banner reading, "DON’T BELIEVE AL GORE — DEMAND DEBATE.COM."[31]

After [NOAA](/source/NOAA) published its 2022 update to annual average temperature data,[32] Milloy tweeted 8 years of data and claimed "CO2 warming is a hoax."[33] An Associated Press fact-checking article said the conclusion was false, saying "Social media users are misrepresenting a small portion of a graph from NOAA to support the erroneous claim that global temperatures are falling rather than rising, meaning global warming is not real."[34]

### DDT

In 2006, following a press release by the [World Health Organization](/source/World_Health_Organization) recommending more extensive use of indoor residual spraying with DDT and other pesticides, Milloy wrote, "It's a relief that the WHO has finally come to its senses."[35] In 2007, the WHO clarified its position, saying it is "very much concerned with health consequences from use of DDT" and reaffirmed its commitment to phasing out the use of DDT.[36]

### Asbestos and the World Trade Center

On September 14, 2001, three days after [terrorist attacks](/source/September_11%2C_2001_attacks) destroyed the [World Trade Center](/source/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)), Milloy wrote that the World Trade Center towers might have stood longer, preventing many casualties, had the use of [asbestos](/source/Asbestos) fire-resistant lagging not been discontinued during the Towers' construction.[37]

Advocates for banning asbestos were highly critical of the article,[37] questioning his motives and disputing his conclusions. The International Ban Asbestos Secretariat charged him with "insensitivity that is hard to fathom."[38]

### Food safety

Responding to criticism of the [safety](/source/Food_safety) of the food product [Quorn](/source/Quorn) by the [Center for Science in the Public Interest](/source/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest) (CSPI), Milloy accused CSPI of having an undisclosed relationship with Quorn's main competitor, [Gardenburger](/source/Gardenburger). Writing for FoxNews.com, Milloy said that "CSPI appears to have an unsavory relationship with Quorn competitor, Gardenburger" and called the CSPI's complaints "unscrupulous shrieking", noting comments in CSPI newsletters like "Remember the [saturated fat](/source/Saturated_fat) and the E. coli bacteria that could be hiding inside [a hamburger]? You can keep the taste but forget the worries with Gardenburger."[39]

### Rall controversy

In 1999, [David Platt Rall](/source/David_Platt_Rall), a prominent [environmental scientist](/source/Environmental_scientist), died in a car accident. Steven Milloy, at the time a Cato adjunct scholar, commented: "Scratch one junk scientist....". Cato Institute President Edward Crane called Milloy's comments an "inexcusable lapse in judgment and civility," but Milloy refused to apologize.[40]

## Industry ties

In 2005, it was reported that [non-profit organizations](/source/Non-profit_organization) operating out of Milloy's home, and in some cases employing no staff, have received large payments from [ExxonMobil](/source/ExxonMobil) during his tenure with Fox News.[2][3][41] A Fox News spokesperson stated that Milloy is "... affiliated with several not-for-profit groups that possibly may receive funding from Exxon, but he certainly does not receive funding directly from Exxon."[2]

### Links to the tobacco industry

While at FoxNews.com, Milloy continued to attack the scientific consensus[42][23][43][44][45][46] that second-hand tobacco smoke causes cancer.[3] However, with the release of confidential tobacco industry documents as part of the [Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement](/source/Tobacco_Master_Settlement_Agreement), the objectivity of Milloy's stance on second-hand smoke has been questioned. Based on this documentation, journalists [Paul D. Thacker](/source/Paul_D._Thacker) and [George Monbiot](/source/George_Monbiot), as well as the [Union of Concerned Scientists](/source/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists) and others, have contended that Milloy is a paid advocate for the tobacco industry.[3]

Milloy's junkscience.com website was reviewed and revised by a [public relations](/source/Public_relations) firm hired by the [R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company](/source/R._J._Reynolds_Tobacco_Company).[47][48] A 1994 Philip Morris memo listed TASSC among its "Tools to Affect Legislative Decisions".[49] According to its 1997 annual report, TASSC "sponsored" junkscience.com.[50]

*[The New Republic](/source/The_New_Republic)* reported that Milloy, who is presented by [Fox News](/source/Fox_News_Channel) as an independent journalist, was under contract to provide consulting services to Philip Morris through the end of 2005.[3] In 2000 and 2001, for example, Milloy received a total of $180,000 in payments from Philip Morris for consulting services.[51] A spokesperson for Fox News stated, "Fox News was unaware of Milloy's connection with Philip Morris. Any affiliation he had should have been disclosed."[3]Corporate activism

Milloy and former tobacco executive Tom Borelli ran a [mutual fund](/source/Mutual_fund) called the [Free Enterprise Action Fund](/source/Free_Enterprise_Action_Fund) (FEAF). The fund criticized companies that voluntarily adopt higher environmental standards. Through the platform of the FEAF, Milloy has criticized many other corporations for adopting environmental initiatives:

- The FEAF criticized [Microsoft](/source/Microsoft) for abandoning the use of [PVC](/source/Polyvinyl_chloride) in its packing materials.[52]

- Milloy accused the [Business Roundtable](/source/Business_Roundtable), a pro-business organization of [CEOs](/source/Chief_executive_officer), of being "silent about current threats to business", adding, "Last September, we warned 18 member company CEOs participating in the BRT’s 'sustainable growth' initiative to stop wasting corporate resources."[53]

- Milloy and Borelli argued that [General Electric](/source/General_Electric) is harming its shareholders by launching a program to curtail [greenhouse gas emissions](/source/Greenhouse_gas_emissions). They also accused G.E. of ignoring the input of [global warming denialist](/source/Global_warming_denial) groups such as the [Cato Institute](/source/Cato_Institute) and the [Competitive Enterprise Institute](/source/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute) in forming their environmental policy.[54]

FEAF was criticized by investment analyst Chuck Jaffe as being "an advocacy group in search of assets." Jaffe concludes, "Strip away the rhetoric, and you're getting a very expensive, underperforming [index fund](/source/Index_fund), while Milloy and his partner Thomas Borelli get a platform for raising their pet issues."[55]

Similarly, [Daniel Gross](/source/Daniel_Gross_(journalist)), in a *[Slate](/source/Slate_(magazine))* magazine article, wrote that FEAF "seems to be a [lobbying enterprise](/source/Lobbying) masquerading as a [mutual fund](/source/Mutual_fund)." He noted that Milloy and Tom Borelli, the former head of corporate scientific affairs for Philip Morris, lack any [money management](/source/Money_management) experience, also noting FEAF had badly underperformed the [S&P 500](/source/S%26P_500) during its first 10 months of existence. Gross concluded that, "... in the short term, it looks like Borelli and Milloy are essentially paying the fund for the privilege of using it as a platform to broadcast their views on corporate governance, global warming, and a host of other issues."[56]

## Books

- Milloy, Steven J. (2016). *Scare Pollution: Why and How to Fix the EPA*. Bench Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0998259710](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0998259710).

- *Green Hell: How Environmentalists Plan to Control Your Life and What You Can Do to Stop Them*, [Regnery Publishing](/source/Regnery_Publishing), 2009, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-59698-585-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-585-8)

- *Junk Science Judo: Self-defense Against Health Scares and Scams*, [Cato Institute](/source/Cato_Institute), 2001, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-930865-12-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930865-12-0)

- *Silencing Science*, [Cato Institute](/source/Cato_Institute), 1999, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-882577-72-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-882577-72-8) (with Michael Gough)

- *Science Without Sense: The Risky Business of Public Health Research*, [Cato Institute](/source/Cato_Institute), 1996, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-882577-34-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-882577-34-5)

- Gough, Michael; Milloy, Steven J. (1996). *EPA's cancer risk guidelines : guidance to nowhere*. [Cato Institute](/source/Cato_Institute). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [36235006](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36235006).

- *Science-Based Risk Assessment: A Piece of the Superfund Puzzle*, National Environmental Policy Institute, 1995, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-9647463-0-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9647463-0-1)

## See also

- [Global Climate Coalition](/source/Global_Climate_Coalition)

- [American Petroleum Institute](/source/American_Petroleum_Institute)

- [Heartland Institute](/source/Heartland_Institute)

- [Thank You for Smoking](/source/Thank_You_for_Smoking)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Waldman, Scott (June 12, 2018). ["Steve Milloy doesn't like 'climate bedwetters'"](https://www.eenews.net/articles/steve-milloy-doesnt-like-climate-bedwetters/). *[E&E News](/source/E%26E_News)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230122155738/https://www.eenews.net/articles/steve-milloy-doesnt-like-climate-bedwetters/) from the original on 2023-01-22. Retrieved 2023-01-22.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-mojo_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-mojo_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-mojo_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-mojo_2-3) Mooney, Chris (May 2005). ["Some Like It Hot"](https://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2005/05/some_like_it_hot.html). [Mother Jones](/source/Mother_Jones_(magazine)). Retrieved 2013-01-22.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-tnr_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-tnr_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-tnr_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-tnr_3-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-tnr_3-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-tnr_3-5) Thacker, Paul D. (January 27, 2006). ["Smoked Out: Pundit For Hire"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060719211120/http://www.freepress.net/news/print.php?id=13581). *The New Republic*. The New Republic. p. 1. Archived from [the original](http://www.freepress.net/news/print.php?id=13581) on July 19, 2006. Retrieved July 23, 2010. Reprinted at freepress.net.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_4-1) Thacker, Paul D. (February 6, 2006). ["Smoked Out"](https://newrepublic.com/article/104858/smoked-out). *[The New Republic](/source/The_New_Republic)*. Retrieved April 4, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Steven J. Milloy"](https://cei.org/experts/steven-j-milloy/). *Competitive Enterprise Institute*. 16 October 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230120213626/https://cei.org/experts/steven-j-milloy/) from the original on 2023-01-20. Retrieved 2023-01-20.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-HeartlandBio_6-0)** ["Steven Milloy: publisher, junkscience.com"](https://heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/steven-milloy/). *heartland.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230122155737/https://heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/steven-milloy/) from the original on 2023-01-22. Retrieved 2023-01-22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Fellows & Advisors"](https://eelegal.org/fellows-advisors-2/). *E&E Legal*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230301133931/https://eelegal.org/fellows-advisors-2/) from the original on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2023-03-01.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-edu-skeptics_8-0)** Eldridge, Nate (12 September 2017). ["Does Steven Milloy hold the degrees he claims?"](https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/a/39424/7100). Stack Exchange. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230724232822/https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/39423/does-steven-milloy-hold-the-degrees-he-claims/39424) from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-junkcv_9-0)** [Milloy's history and C.V., from his website junkscience.com](https://junkscience.com/about/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170917080049/https://junkscience.com/about/) 2017-09-17 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), accessed 16 Sept 2017. Section "Education".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [Industry Documents Library](http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qfw87d00/pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230724232757/https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/) 2023-07-24 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), legacy.library.ucsf.edu. Accessed September 7, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** [Industry Documents Library](http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ofw87d00/pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230724232825/https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/) 2023-07-24 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), legacy.library.ucsf.edu. Accessed September 7, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["The junkman climbs to the top"](https://web.archive.org/web/20050620082118/http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/esthag-w/2005/may/business/pt_junkscience.html). Archived from [the original](http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/esthag-w/2005/may/business/pt_junkscience.html) on 2005-06-20. Retrieved 2017-08-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-sopr_13-0)** [United States Senate Lobby Filing Disclosure Program, listing Milloy as a lobbyist for the EOP Group from 1998–2000](http://sopr.senate.gov/cgi-win/m_opr_viewer.exe?DoFn=3&LOB=MILLOY,%20STEVE&LOBQUAL==), accessed 28 June 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20050123004011/http://sopr.senate.gov/cgi-win/m_opr_viewer.exe?DoFn=3&LOB=MILLOY,%20STEVE&LOBQUAL==) January 23, 2005, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** *Washington Lobbyists*, 1996, Columbia Books, Washington DC.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Davenport, Coral (April 12, 2017). ["Scott Pruitt Faces Anger from Right over E.P.A. Finding He Won't Fight"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/12/climate/scott-pruitt-epa-endangerment-finding.html?_r=0). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170415080258/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/12/climate/scott-pruitt-epa-endangerment-finding.html?_r=0) from the original on April 15, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-PRWatch2000no3_16-0)** [Rampton, Sheldon](/source/Sheldon_Rampton); [Stauber, John](/source/John_Stauber) (2000). ["How Big Tobacco Helped Create "the Junkman""](https://web.archive.org/web/20150725215754/http://www.prwatch.org/files/pdfs/prwatch/prwv7n3.pdf) (PDF). *PR Watch*. Vol. 7, no. 3. [Center for Media and Democracy](/source/Center_for_Media_and_Democracy). Archived from [the original](http://www.prwatch.org/files/pdfs/prwatch/prwv7n3.pdf) (PDF) on 2015-07-25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Who is Steve Milloy?"](https://junkscience.com/who-is-steve-milloy/). *junkscience.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230122120506/https://junkscience.com/who-is-steve-milloy/) from the original on 2023-01-22. Retrieved 2023-01-22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Michaels_18-0)** Michaels, David (2008). [*Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health*](/source/Doubt_is_Their_Product%3A_How_Industry's_Assault_on_Science_Threatens_Your_Health). New York: [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). p. [57](https://archive.org/details/doubtistheirprod00mich_340/page/n69). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-530067-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530067-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-C&EN_19-0)** Baum, Rudy (June 9, 2008). ["Defending Science"](http://pubs.acs.org/cen/editor/86/8623editor.html). *Chemical and Engineering News*. **86** (37): 5. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1021/cen-v086n023.p005](https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v086n023.p005). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080609005432/http://pubs.acs.org/cen/editor/86/8623editor.html) from the original on June 9, 2008. Retrieved June 11, 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Samet JM, Burke TA (2001). ["Turning science into junk: the tobacco industry and passive smoking"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1446866). *American Journal of Public Health*. **91** (11): 1742–4. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1742](https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.91.11.1742). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [1446866](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1446866). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11684591](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11684591).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid11684593_21-0)** Ong EK, Glantz SA (2001). ["Constructing "Sound Science" and "Good Epidemiology": Tobacco, Lawyers, and Public Relations Firms"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1446868). *Am J Public Health*. **91** (11): 1749–57. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1749](https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.91.11.1749). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [1446868](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1446868). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11684593](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11684593).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-secondhandsmoke_22-0)** [*Secondhand Smokescreen,*](http://www.junkscience.com/foxnews/fn030901.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184936/http://www.junkscience.com/foxnews/fn030901.html) 2007-09-30 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) By Steven Milloy, March 9, 2001

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-IARC2004_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-IARC2004_23-1) [IARC 2004](#CITEREFIARC2004) harvnb error: no target: CITEREFIARC2004 ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors)) ["There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) causes lung cancer in humans"](http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/index.php) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180607085206/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/index.php) 2018-06-07 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Schwartz, John (1998-07-19). ["Judge Faults EPA Findings on Secondhand Smoke Impact"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jul-19-mn-5265-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](/source/Los_Angeles_Times)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230415050252/http://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jul-19-mn-5265-story.html) from the original on 2023-04-15. Retrieved 2023-02-22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bmjsmoke_25-0)** ["Secondhand Joking, by Steven Milloy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20061106043720/http://www.junkscience.com/news/bmjsmoke.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.junkscience.com/news/bmjsmoke.html) on November 6, 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Circ07_26-0)** Tong, Elisa K.; Glantz, Stanton A. (16 October 2007). ["Tobacco Industry Efforts Undermining Evidence Linking Secondhand Smoke With Cardiovascular Disease"](https://doi.org/10.1161%2FCIRCULATIONAHA.107.715888). *Circulation*. **116** (16): 1845–1854. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.715888](https://doi.org/10.1161%2FCIRCULATIONAHA.107.715888). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [17938301](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17938301). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [4021497](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4021497).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-urlwww.junkscience.com_27-0)** Milloy, Steven. ["www.junkscience.com"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101125080948/http://junkscience.com/decem98.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.junkscience.com/decem98.html) on 2010-11-25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Stauber, John; Rampton, Sheldon (July 1999). "The Junkyard Dogs of Science". *[New Internationalist](/source/New_Internationalist)*. Oxford, England: New Internationalist Publications.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["Ultimate Global Warming Challenge"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210421145717/https://ultimateglobalwarmingchallenge.com/). Archived from [the original](http://ultimateglobalwarmingchallenge.com/) on 2021-04-21. Retrieved May 25, 2008. A Steven Milloy website.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Milloy, Steven (November 12, 2004). ["Polar Bear Scare on Thin Ice"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185012/http://www.junkscience.com/fox/milloy111204.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.junkscience.com/fox/milloy111204.html) on 2007-09-30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["Bureaucrash and the "Demand Debate" Campaign Crash Live Earth New York"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071009042731/http://www.cei.org/gencon/003,06028.cfm) (Press release). [Competitive Enterprise Institute](/source/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute). July 9, 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.cei.org/gencon/003,06028.cfm) on 2007-10-09.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["Annual 2022 Climate Report"](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202213). [National Centers for Environmental Information](/source/National_Centers_for_Environmental_Information). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230118015631/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202213) from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2023-01-18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** @JunkScience (January 13, 2023). ["NOAA makes it official"](https://twitter.com/JunkScience/status/1613724250011242497) ([Tweet](/source/Tweet_(social_media))) – via [Twitter](/source/Twitter).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Tulp, Sophia (January 19, 2023). ["Temperature graph misrepresented to deny climate change"](https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-misleading-climate-change-graph-418146648172). *[AP NEWS](/source/AP_NEWS)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230120004410/https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-misleading-climate-change-graph-418146648172) from the original on 2023-01-20. Retrieved 2023-01-20.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** [Day of Reckoning for DDT Foes?, by Steven Milloy, FoxNews.com](http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,215084,00.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070623050255/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,215084,00.html) 2007-06-23 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), Thursday, September 21, 2006

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** ["Update for COP3 on WHO activities relevant to country implementation of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants"](https://www.who.int/ipcs/capacity_building/COP3_update.pdf) (PDF). *[World Health Organization](/source/World_Health_Organization)*. April 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211208211708/https://www.who.int/ipcs/capacity_building/COP3_update.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-08. Retrieved 2020-10-05.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-junksciwtc_37-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-junksciwtc_37-1) [Article: Asbestos Could Have Saved WTC Lives](https://web.archive.org/web/20070529211039/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,34342,00.html), FoxNews.com. Published September 14, 2001.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** ["Criticism of Milloy's comments by the International Ban Asbestos Secretariat"](http://www.btinternet.com/~ibas/lka_science_not_as_we_know.htm#3).{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)) Accessed 11 October 2006.[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-undue_39-0)** Steven Milloy (2002-08-30). ["Quorn & CSPI: The Other Fake Meat"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060511210047/http://www.undueinfluence.com/milloy.htm). [Fox News](/source/Fox_News). Archived from [the original](http://www.undueinfluence.com/milloy.htm) on 2006-05-11. Retrieved 2006-05-20.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Richard Morin and Claudia Deane, ["The Ideas Industry"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/feed/a46952-1999oct12.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181102091626/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/feed/a46952-1999oct12.htm) 2018-11-02 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), *Washington Post*, October 12, 1999, p. A17

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** $40,000 to the Advancement of Sound Science Center and $50,000 to the Free Enterprise Action Institute. Both organizations were registered to Milloy's home address. source: [Some Like It Hot](http://motherjones.com/environment/2005/05/some-it-hot) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110825153033/http://motherjones.com/environment/2005/05/some-it-hot) 2011-08-25 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), motherjones.com . May/June 2005

1. **[^](#cite_ref-kessler_42-0)** [Kessler 2006](#CITEREFKessler2006) harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKessler2006 ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** ["Environmental Tobacco Smoke"](https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/sites/default/files/ntp/roc/content/profiles/tobaccorelatedexposures.pdf) (PDF). *11th Report on Carcinogens*. U.S. [National Institutes of Health](/source/National_Institutes_of_Health). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080716173310/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s176toba.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2008-07-16. Retrieved 2007-08-27.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["Secondhand Smoke Fact Sheet"](https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/general_facts/index.htm). U.S. [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/source/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention). 2017-02-21. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210821220759/https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/general_facts/index.htm) from the original on 2021-08-21. Retrieved 2021-07-30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** ["Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070905172350/http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/10/index.html). U.S. [National Cancer Institute](/source/National_Cancer_Institute). Archived from [the original](http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/10/index.html) on 2007-09-05. Retrieved 2007-08-22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** ["Secondhand Smoke"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070914162226/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_10_2X_Secondhand_Smoke-Clean_Indoor_Air.asp). [American Cancer Society](/source/American_Cancer_Society). Archived from [the original](http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_10_2X_Secondhand_Smoke-Clean_Indoor_Air.asp) on 2007-09-14. Retrieved 2007-08-27.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-rjrmemo_47-0)** [Activity Report, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., December 1996, describing input from R.J.R. Tobacco's P.R. firm into Milloy's junkscience website](http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/syq70d00) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150113025048/http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/syq70d00) 2015-01-13 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). From the [Legacy Tobacco Documents Library](http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150623173240/http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/) 2015-06-23 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) at the [University of California, San Francisco](/source/University_of_California%2C_San_Francisco). Accessed October 5, 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-lancetreview_48-0)** Ong EK, Glantz SA (2000). "Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancer's second-hand smoke study". *Lancet*. **355** (9211): 1253–9. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02098-5](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2800%2902098-5). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10770318](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10770318). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [25145666](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25145666).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** [Philip Morris Corporate Affairs Budget Presentation, 1994](http://www.pmdocs.com/PDF/2046847121_7137_0.PDF) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070704050040/http://www.pmdocs.com/PDF/2046847121_7137_0.PDF) 2007-07-04 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), from the [Philip Morris Document Archive](http://www.pmdocs.com) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031534/http://www.pmdocs.com/) 2020-11-12 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Accessed October 5, 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** [*Annual Report – 1997*](http://ltdlimages.library.ucsf.edu/imagesa/a/n/y/any77d00/Sany77d00.pdf#search=%22edwards%20j%20gordon%22) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080618091113/http://ltdlimages.library.ucsf.edu/imagesa/a/n/y/any77d00/Sany77d00.pdf) 2008-06-18 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), Steven Milloy, January 7th, 1998. Document accessed at [Legacy Tobacco Documents Library](http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150623173240/http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/) 2015-06-23 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) on July 7, 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmbudget_51-0)** [Philip Morris budget for "Strategy and Social Responsibility", detailing $180,000 in payments to Steven Milloy (pp. 13 & 66)](http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kwk84a00) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130901155806/http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kwk84a00) 2013-09-01 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Accessed October 5, 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** [Free Enterprise Action Fund press release, criticizing Microsoft for abandoning the use of PVC in its packing materials.](http://www.freeenterpriseactionfund.com/release121305.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20061024175438/http://www.freeenterpriseactionfund.com/release121305.htm) 2006-10-24 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Accessed 11 October 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** [Free Enterprise Action Fund press release chastising the Business Roundtable for insufficient vigilance in the defense of capitalism.](http://www.freeenterpriseactionfund.com/release111005.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20061024175430/http://www.freeenterpriseactionfund.com/release111005.htm) 2006-10-24 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Accessed 11 October 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** [Free Enterprise Action Fund press release criticizing General Electric's environmental policy](http://www.freeenterpriseactionfund.com/release050206.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20061017182107/http://www.freeenterpriseactionfund.com/release050206.htm) 2006-10-17 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), FreeEnterpriseActionFund.com. Accessed October 11, 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** ["Strange Bedfellows: Politics and Investment Fund"](http://business.bostonherald.com/businessNews/view.bg?articleid=122681), BostonHerald.com. January 24, 2006. Accessed October 11, 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060308231250/http://business.bostonherald.com/businessNews/view.bg?articleid=122681) March 8, 2006, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-slate_56-0)** ["Thank You for Investing: A very curious right-wing mutual fund"](http://www.slate.com/id/2140997/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20061127082432/http://www.slate.com/id/2140997/) 2006-11-27 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), Slate.com. May 4, 2006. Accessed October 11, 2006.

## External links

- [Appearances](https://www.c-span.org/person/?1004560) on [C-SPAN](/source/C-SPAN)

### Milloy's websites

- [Junkscience.com](http://www.junkscience.com)

- ["The Ultimate Global Warming Challenge"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210421145717/https://ultimateglobalwarmingchallenge.com/). Archived from [the original](http://ultimateglobalwarmingchallenge.com/) on 2021-04-21.

### Tobacco document archives

- [The Legacy Tobacco Documents Library](http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/) at the [University of California, San Francisco](/source/University_of_California%2C_San_Francisco).

- [The Philip Morris USA Document Site](http://www.pmdocs.com/)

Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Czech Republic Israel Academics CiNii Other Yale LUX

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Steven Milloy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Milloy) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Milloy?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.