# Stephen Friend

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Stephen_Friend
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Stephen_Friend.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Friend
> Source revision: 1353367917
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

{{Short description|American scientist}}
{{Infobox person
| name          = Stephen Friend
| image         = Stephen Friend at NightScience 2013 in Paris.jpg
| caption       = Stephen Friend at NightScience 2013 in Paris
| birth_date    = {{birth date |1953|12|10}}
| birth_place   = United States
| other_names   = 
| education     = [Indiana University](/source/Indiana_University) (PhD in Biochemistry)<br/>[Indiana University School of Medicine](/source/Indiana_University_School_of_Medicine) (MD)
| occupation    = Clinician, scientist
| years_active  = 
| known_for     = Genetic resilience, cancer biology, wearable digital health technology
| notable_works = 
}}

'''Stephen H. Friend''' (born December 10, 1953) is an American clinician and scientist who has focused on genetic resilience, cancer biology, and other methods to improve drug discovery, [open science](/source/open_science), and wearable [digital health](/source/digital_health) technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Technology and Mental Health: The future?|website=Department of Psychiatry|date=2019-09-05|url=https://www.psych.ox.ac.uk/news/technology-and-mental-health-the-future|access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref> He is currently the President and co-founder of the nonprofit 4YouandMe and a Visiting Professor of Connected Medicine in the Department of Psychiatry at [Oxford University](/source/Oxford_University).<ref>{{cite web|title=Stephen Friend|website=ORCID|date=2025-05-05|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0830-7600|access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref>

==Career==
Both of Friend's parents were on the staff and faculty at the [Juilliard School](/source/Juilliard_School).<ref name="fast">{{cite web|last=Anders|first=George|title=Stephen Friend|website=Fast Company|date=2001-10-31|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/44204/disrupter-stephen-friend|access-date=2025-04-05}}</ref> Friend received his undergraduate degree with Honors in Philosophy and Anthropology (1975). He received his PhD in Biochemistry: "Electrostatic and Hydrophobic forces in Myoglobin and Hemoglobin" (1979)<ref>{{cite web|title=Electrostatic and Hydrophobic forces in Myoglobin and Hemoglobin|website=research.ebsco.com|url=https://research.ebsco.com/c/jpbqsr/search/results?limiters=&q=%22Electrostatic%20and%20Hydrophobic%20forces%20in%20Myoglobin%20and%20Hemoglobin%22|access-date=2025-04-05}}</ref> and MD (1981) from [Indiana University](/source/Indiana_University), before doing his Pediatric fellowship at the [Children's Hospital of Philadelphia](/source/Children's_Hospital_of_Philadelphia) (1981-1984).<ref>{{cite web|title=Stephen Friend|website=ORCID|date=2025-03-13|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0830-7600|access-date=2025-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Stephen Friend, Pediatrics|website=WebMD|url=https://doctor.webmd.com/doctor/stephen-friend-c3395662-8e24-4d05-8be8-a6bc3406990c-overview|access-date=2025-04-05}}</ref> He moved to Boston where he did his Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Fellowship at the [Children's Hospital of Boston](/source/Boston_Children's_Hospital), and the Dana Farber Cancer Center - while doing his postdoctoral fellowship as a Visiting Scientist with Robert Weinberg at the MIT Whitehead Institute (1985-1989).<ref>{{cite web|last=Anders|first=George|title=Stephen Friend|website=Fast Company|date=2001-10-31|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/44204/disrupter-stephen-friend|access-date=2025-04-03}}</ref><ref>Friend, S., Bernards, R., Rogelj, S. et al. A human DNA segment with properties of the gene that predisposes to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma. ''Nature'' 323, 643–646 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1038/323643a0</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rosenthal|first=Eric T.|title=Cancer Biology: Getting Down to Basics with Bob Weinberg|website=MedPage Today|date=2017-05-23|url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/publichealthpolicy/publichealth/65505|access-date=2025-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Flier|first1=Jeffrey S.|last2=Underhill|first2=Lisa H.|last3=Friend|first3=Stephen H.|last4=Dryja|first4=Thaddeus P.|last5=Weinberg|first5=Robert A.|title=Oncogenes and Tumor-Suppressing Genes|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=318|issue=10|date=1988-03-10|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM198803103181007|pages=618–622|pmid=3278233 }}</ref> He was on the Faculty of the Children's Hospital of Boston, the Dana Farber Cancer Center, and the [Massachusetts General Hospital](/source/Massachusetts_General_Hospital) as an Associate Professor (1993).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Personal Profiles|journal=Molecular Oncology|publisher=Wiley|volume=2|issue=1|date=2008-03-14|issn=1574-7891|doi=10.1016/j.molonc.2008.03.002|doi-access=free|pages=2–4|pmc=5527798}}</ref>

Since then, he has held faculty positions at the [Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center](/source/Fred_Hutchinson_Cancer_Center), Seattle (1994-1998); as Professor Department of Pathology, [University of Washington, Seattle](/source/University_of_Washington%2C_Seattle) (1995-1998); Affiliate Investigator at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle (2009-2016); Professor of Genetics, [Icahn School of Medicine](/source/Icahn_School_of_Medicine_at_Mount_Sinai), NY (2014-2016); and Visiting Professor, [Lund University](/source/Lund_University), Sweden (2014-2016), until now when he is a Visiting Professor in the Department of Psychiatry, [Oxford University](/source/Oxford_University), UK (2018–present).<ref>{{cite web|title=Stephen Friend|website=Department of Psychiatry|date=2019-08-20|url=https://www.psych.ox.ac.uk/team/stephen-friend|access-date=2025-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kolata|first=Gina|title=People Who Avoided Illness Could Be Key in Treating Those Who Didn't|website=The New York Times|date=2016-04-11|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/12/health/people-who-avoided-illness-could-be-key-in-treating-those-who-didnt.html|access-date=2025-04-05}}</ref>

In 1996, he co-founded with [Leroy Hood](/source/Leroy_Hood) and [Leland Hartwell](/source/Leland_H._Hartwell) and later led Rosetta Inpharmatics, where they developed approaches to assess the effects of compounds in drug discovery and the aggressiveness of breast cancers now used across the world.<ref name="nrd2509">{{cite journal|title=Stephen Friend|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|volume=7|issue=2|date=2008|issn=1474-1776|doi=10.1038/nrd2509|doi-access=free|page=114|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd2509.pdf|access-date=2025-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Herper|first=Matthew|title=Merck's Free Radical|website=Forbes|date=2008-10-23|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2008/1110/090.html|access-date=2025-04-05}}</ref>

Friend was the senior author of the paper that used expression profiles to detect who had aggressive breast cancer, which has over the last decades been at the core of the now widely approved assays that Mammaprint uses to screen many women with breast cancer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Friend|first=Stephen|title=Strengths and weaknesses in the current applications of expression profiling|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=23|issue=S3|date=1999|issn=1061-4036|doi=10.1038/14238|doi-access=free|page=20|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ng1199supp_20.pdf|access-date=2025-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Seymour|first=Caroline|title=Pushing the Boundaries of Personalized Cancer Care|website=OncLive|date=2021-08-21|url=https://www.onclive.com/view/pushing-the-boundaries-of-personalized-cancer-care|access-date=2025-04-05}}</ref> At Rosetta, they also developed machine learning tools to map signalling pathways using expression profiles and yeast gene knockouts that are the early examples of using deep biologic data sets to query the informational circuits in cells that are widely used today.<ref name="fast"/> Merck & Co., Inc. acquired Rosetta in 2001 for almost two-thirds of a billion dollars.<ref name="nrd2509"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bouchie|first=Aaron|title=Merck buys Rosetta|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=19|issue=6|date=2001|issn=1087-0156|doi=10.1038/89187|page=500}}</ref>

Friend joined [Merck & Co.](/source/Merck_%26_Co.) as head of Advanced Technology and soon became SVP for Oncology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stephen Friend|website=O'Reilly Media|date=2025-04-05|url=https://www.oreilly.com/pub/au/5738|access-date=2025-04-05}}</ref>

Friend worked at [Apple](/source/Apple_Inc.) from 2014<ref name="Temerty"/> to 2017 on their health team, co-reporting to COO [Jeff Williams](/source/Jeff_Williams_(Apple)) on aspects of health strategy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Farr|first=Christina|title=Stephen Friend, a well-known health researcher, is out at Apple after less than two years|website=CNBC|date=2018-02-06|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/05/stephen-friend-leaves-apple-health.html|access-date=2025-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Farr|first=Christina|title=Apple health team faces departures as tensions rise over differing visions for the future|website=CNBC|date=2019-08-20|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/20/apple-health-employee-departures-show-split-over-ambitions.html|access-date=2025-02-28}}</ref> While at Apple, Friend worked on Apple's healthcare initiatives, including their software frameworks ResearchKit, CareKit, and HealthKit.<ref>{{cite web|last=Farr|first=Christina|title=Stephen Friend, a well-known health researcher, is out at Apple after less than two years|website=Yahoo Finance|date=2018-02-06|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/stephen-friend-well-known-health-004104377.html|access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref>

After working at Apple, Friend co-founded 4YouandMe and is currently President of the company.<ref name="Temerty">{{cite web|title=Temerty Centre Speaker Series: Dr. Stephen Friend|website=Temerty Faculty of Medicine|date=2022-02-22|url=https://temertymedicine.utoronto.ca/event/temerty-centre-speaker-series-dr-stephen-friend|access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref> In 2025 4YouandMe began work with a CZI Rare As One study to design and pilot apps that allow patients with five rare diseases, including [Long COVID](/source/Long_COVID) and [Sarcoidosis](/source/Sarcoidosis), to use digital health tools to monitor their symptoms.<ref>{{cite web|title=CZI Rare As One: Co-designing an App and Wearable Based Compass for Rare Diseases|website=MedPath|date=2025-04-03|url=https://trial.medpath.com/clinical-trial/04d9c1c89efddfba/nct06907953-czi-rare-diseases-app-wearable|access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref>

Friend now works on using smartphones and wearables to accurately follow conditions, understand the role of stress, to help patients to monitor diseases.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stephen Friend, University of Oxford, Oxford|website=ResearchGate|date=2016-08-23|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stephen-Friend-2|access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref>

==Sage Bionetworks==
In 2008, Friend co-founded and led the nonprofit [Sage Bionetworks](/source/Sage_Bionetworks) to change how researchers work together. The aim of the nonprofit was to change  the way drug discovery is done to improve patient wait times.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seattle's Sage Bionetworks seeks a drug-discovery revolution|website=The Seattle Times|date=2012-02-11|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/pacific-nw-magazine/seattles-sage-bionetworks-seeks-a-drug-discovery-revolution/|access-date=2025-02-28}}</ref>

At Sage, Friend and his colleagues developed efforts by which separate principal investigators across separate academic institutions could jointly work on a single project without assigning who would be the first authors. This "Federated" approach resulted in one of the first and still widely used approaches to determine a person's age using [methylation](/source/methylation) patterns.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hannum|first1=Gregory|last2=Guinney|first2=Justin|last3=Zhao|first3=Ling|last4=Zhang|first4=Li|last5=Hughes|first5=Guy|last6=Sadda|first6=SriniVas|last7=Klotzle|first7=Brandy|last8=Bibikova|first8=Marina|last9=Fan|first9=Jian-Bing|last10=Gao|first10=Yuan|last11=Deconde|first11=Rob|last12=Chen|first12=Menzies|last13=Rajapakse|first13=Indika|last14=Friend|first14=Stephen|last15=Ideker|first15=Trey|last16=Zhang|first16=Kang|title=Genome-wide Methylation Profiles Reveal Quantitative Views of Human Aging Rates|journal=Molecular Cell|volume=49|issue=2|date=2013|pmid=23177740|pmc=3780611|doi=10.1016/j.molcel.2012.10.016|doi-access=free|pages=359–367|url=https://www.cell.com/article/S1097276512008933/pdf|access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref> Friend joined efforts with [Gustavo Stolovitzky](/source/Gustavo_Stolovitzky) to design and carry out open Big Data Challenges to solve hard bioinformatic puzzles, "The Sage Dream Challenges," such as using it to ask whether machine learning can outperform radiologists in reading [mammogram](/source/mammogram)s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Two Science Translational Medicine Reports: DREAM and Sage Bionetworks Tap into the Wisdom of the Crowd to Fight the Challenge of Breast Cancer Prognosis and Treatment|website=businesswire.com|date=2013-04-17|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130417006436/en/Two-Science-Translational-Medicine-Reports-DREAM-and-Sage-Bionetworks-Tap-into-the-Wisdom-of-the-Crowd-to-Fight-the-Challenge-of-Breast-Cancer-Prognosis-and-Treatment|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528234543/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130417006436/en/Two-Science-Translational-Medicine-Reports-DREAM-and-Sage-Bionetworks-Tap-into-the-Wisdom-of-the-Crowd-to-Fight-the-Challenge-of-Breast-Cancer-Prognosis-and-Treatment|archive-date=2024-05-28|access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref> For this work, Friend was awarded the designation of an Obama White House Champion of Change 2013. He was noted for using large datasets and integrative system biology approaches to address complex diseases in the mid-1990s, and for having taken his efforts from medicine to academia to biotechnology to big pharmaceutical companies. Friend was recognized during this time when he was the President of Sage Bionetworks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stephen Friend, M.D., Ph.D.|website=whitehouse.gov|date=2013-06-19|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/author/stephen-friend-md-phd|access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref>

==Contributions to medicine and biology==
While at MIT, Friend and his team helped clone the first human cancer susceptibility gene, which blocks human tumor formation. The discovery of the retinoblastoma gene led to a fundamental change in understanding cancer genetics, introducing the concept of [tumor suppressor genes](/source/tumor_suppressor_genes).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Berry JL, Polski A, Cavenee WK, Dryja TP, Murphree AL, Gallie BL |title=The RB1 Story: Characterization and Cloning of the First Tumor Suppressor Gene |journal=Genes (Basel) |volume=10 |issue=11 |date=November 2019 |page=879 |pmid=31683923 |pmc=6895859 |doi=10.3390/genes10110879|doi-access=free }}</ref> Later, when on the Faculty at [Harvard Medical School](/source/Harvard_Medical_School), the [Dana Farber Cancer Institute](/source/Dana_Farber_Cancer_Institute), and [Massachusetts General Hospital](/source/Massachusetts_General_Hospital), the Friend lab went on to identify that [p53](/source/p53) mutations were driving the risk for tumors in [Li–Fraumeni syndrome](/source/Li%E2%80%93Fraumeni_syndrome).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Malkin|first1=David|last2=Li|first2=Frederick P.|last3=Strong|first3=Louise C.|last4=Fraumeni|first4=Joseph F.|last5=Nelson|first5=Camille E.|last6=Kim|first6=David H.|last7=Kassel|first7=Jayne|last8=Gryka|first8=Magdalena A.|last9=Bischoff|first9=Farideh Z.|last10=Tainsky|first10=Michael A.|last11=Friend|first11=Stephen H.|title=Germ Line p53 Mutations in a Familial Syndrome of Breast Cancer, Sarcomas, and Other Neoplasms|journal=Science|volume=250|issue=4985|date=1990-11-30|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.1978757|pages=1233–1238|pmid=1978757 |bibcode=1990Sci...250.1233M |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1978757|access-date=2025-05-14|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Friend has coordinated teams to link clinicians and molecular biologists to clone the first cancer susceptibility gene; yeast geneticists and oncologists to decode cancer cell sensitivities; and, most recently, clinical teams and app developers at Apple to design the first ResearchKit apps.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hughes TR, Marton MJ, Jones AR, Roberts CJ, Stoughton R, Armour CD, Bennett HA, Coffey E, Dai H, He YD, Kidd MJ, King AM, Meyer MR, Slade D, Lum PY, Stepaniants SB, Shoemaker DD, Gachotte D, Chakraburtty K, Simon J, Bard M, Friend SH |title=Functional discovery via a compendium of expression profiles |journal=Cell |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=109–26 |date=July 2000 |pmid=10929718 |doi=10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00015-5|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Friend|first1=Stephen H.|last2=Bernards|first2=Rene|last3=Rogelj|first3=Snezna|last4=Weinberg|first4=Robert A.|last5=Rapaport|first5=Joyce M.|last6=Albert|first6=Daniel M.|last7=Dryja|first7=Thaddeus P.|title=A human DNA segment with properties of the gene that predisposes to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma|journal=Nature|volume=323|issue=6089|date=1986|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/323643a0|doi-access=free|pages=643–646|pmid=2877398 |bibcode=1986Natur.323..643F |hdl=1874/14046 |url=https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/14046/bernards_86_human_dna_gene.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y|access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Scientists find gene that blocks the growth of a form of cancer|website=The New York Times|date=1986-10-16|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/16/us/scientists-find-gene-that-blocks-the-growth-of-a-form-of-cancer.html|access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref>

In 2024, Friend co-authored ''Key Issues as Wearable Digital Health Technologies Enter Clinical Care'', a review examining the growing use of wearable health technologies to improve patient care, while also addressing challenges like privacy, data use, and health equity.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ginsburg GS, Picard RW, Friend SH |title=Key Issues as Wearable Digital Health Technologies Enter Clinical Care |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=390 |issue=12 |pages=1118–1127 |date=March 2024 |pmid=38507754 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2307160 |url=}}</ref>

==Recognition==
Friend was named an Ashoka Fellow by [Ashoka: Innovators for the Public](/source/Ashoka%3A_Innovators_for_the_Public) in 2011.<ref>http://sagebase.org/info/NewsInfoDownloads/SageAshokaRelease6APR2011.pdf{{Dead link|date=August 2017}}</ref>

==Selected bibliography==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*{{cite journal|pmid=17000754| pmc=1698535| year=2006| last1=Bartz| first1=S. R.| title=Small interfering RNA screens reveal enhanced cisplatin cytotoxicity in tumor cells having both BRCA network and TP53 disruptions| journal=Molecular and Cellular Biology| volume=26| issue=24| pages=9377–86| last2=Zhang| first2=Z| last3=Burchard| first3=J| last4=Imakura| first4=M| last5=Martin| first5=M| last6=Palmieri| first6=A| last7=Needham| first7=R| last8=Guo| first8=J| last9=Gordon| first9=M| last10=Chung| first10=N| last11=Warrener| first11=P| last12=Jackson| first12=A. L.| last13=Carleton| first13=M| last14=Oatley| first14=M| last15=Locco| first15=L| last16=Santini| first16=F| last17=Smith| first17=T| last18=Kunapuli| first18=P| last19=Ferrer| first19=M| last20=Strulovici| first20=B| last21=Friend| first21=S. H.| last22=Linsley| first22=P. S.| doi=10.1128/MCB.01229-06}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Ginsburg |first1=Geoffrey S. |last2=Picard |first2=Rosalind W. |last3=Friend |first3=Stephen H. |title=Key Issues as Wearable Digital Health Technologies Enter Clinical Care |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=390 |issue=12 |date=2024-03-21 |issn=0028-4793 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2307160 |pages=1118–1127 |pmid=38507754 |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra2307160|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal|pmid=16477019| pmc=1413797| year=2006| last1=Radich| first1=J. P.| title=Gene expression changes associated with progression and response in chronic myeloid leukemia| journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| volume=103| issue=8| pages=2794–9| last2=Dai| first2=H| last3=Mao| first3=M| last4=Oehler| first4=V| last5=Schelter| first5=J| last6=Druker| first6=B| last7=Sawyers| first7=C| last8=Shah| first8=N| last9=Stock| first9=W| last10=Willman| first10=C. L.| last11=Friend| first11=S| last12=Linsley| first12=P. S.| doi=10.1073/pnas.0510423103| bibcode=2006PNAS..103.2794R| doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|pmid=15899795| year=2005| last1=Dai| first1=H| title=A cell proliferation signature is a marker of extremely poor outcome in a subpopulation of breast cancer patients| journal=Cancer Research| volume=65| issue=10| pages=4059–66| last2=Van't Veer| first2=L| last3=Lamb| first3=J| last4=He| first4=Y. D.| last5=Mao| first5=M| last6=Fine| first6=B. M.| last7=Bernards| first7=R| last8=Van De Vijver| first8=M| last9=Deutsch| first9=P| last10=Sachs| first10=A| last11=Stoughton| first11=R| last12=Friend| first12=S| doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3953| doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|pmid=15006922| year=2004| last1=Lampe| first1=J. W.| title=Signatures of environmental exposures using peripheral leukocyte gene expression: Tobacco smoke| journal=Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention| volume=13| issue=3| pages=445–53| last2=Stepaniants| first2=S. B.| last3=Mao| first3=M| last4=Radich| first4=J. P.| last5=Dai| first5=H| last6=Linsley| first6=P. S.| last7=Friend| first7=S. H.| last8=Potter| first8=J. D.| doi=10.1158/1055-9965.445.13.3| s2cid=7624677| doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|pmid=12559048| pmc=154139| year=2003| last1=Van 't Veer| first1=L. J.| title=Expression profiling predicts outcome in breast cancer| journal=Breast Cancer Research| volume=5| issue=1| pages=57–8| last2=Dai| first2=H| last3=Van De Vijver| first3=M. J.| last4=He| first4=Y. D.| last5=Hart| first5=A. A.| last6=Bernards| first6=R| last7=Friend| first7=S. H.| doi=10.1186/bcr562| doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|pmid=12490681| year=2002| last1=Van De Vijver| first1=M. J.| title=A gene-expression signature as a predictor of survival in breast cancer| journal=New England Journal of Medicine| volume=347| issue=25| pages=1999–2009| last2=He| first2=Y. D.| last3=Van't Veer| first3=L. J.| last4=Dai| first4=H| last5=Hart| first5=A. A.| last6=Voskuil| first6=D. W.| last7=Schreiber| first7=G. J.| last8=Peterse| first8=J. L.| last9=Roberts| first9=C| last10=Marton| first10=M. J.| last11=Parrish| first11=M| last12=Atsma| first12=D| last13=Witteveen| first13=A| last14=Glas| first14=A| last15=Delahaye| first15=L| last16=Van Der Velde| first16=T| last17=Bartelink| first17=H| last18=Rodenhuis| first18=S| last19=Rutgers| first19=E. T.| last20=Friend| first20=S. H.| last21=Bernards| first21=R| doi=10.1056/NEJMoa021967| hdl=1874/15577| hdl-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|pmid=21750698| pmc=3130029| year=2011| last1=Lamb| first1=J. R.| title=Predictive genes in adjacent normal tissue are preferentially altered by sCNV during tumorigenesis in liver cancer and may rate limiting| journal=PLOS ONE| volume=6| issue=7| article-number=e20090| last2=Zhang| first2=C| last3=Xie| first3=T| last4=Wang| first4=K| last5=Zhang| first5=B| last6=Hao| first6=K| last7=Chudin| first7=E| last8=Fraser| first8=H. B.| last9=Millstein| first9=J| last10=Ferguson| first10=M| last11=Suver| first11=C| last12=Ivanovska| first12=I| last13=Scott| first13=M| last14=Philippar| first14=U| last15=Bansal| first15=D| last16=Zhang| first16=Z| last17=Burchard| first17=J| last18=Smith| first18=R| last19=Greenawalt| first19=D| last20=Cleary| first20=M| last21=Derry| first21=J| last22=Loboda| first22=A| last23=Watters| first23=J| last24=Poon| first24=R. T.| last25=Fan| first25=S. T.| last26=Yeung| first26=C| last27=Lee| first27=N. P.| last28=Guinney| first28=J| last29=Molony| first29=C| last30=Emilsson| first30=V| display-authors=29| doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0020090| bibcode=2011PLoSO...620090L| doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|pmid=12097304| year=2002| last1=Mihich| first1=E| title=Thirteenth annual pezcoller symposium: Focusing analytical tools on complexity in cancer| journal=Cancer Research| volume=62| issue=13| pages=3883–7| last2=Feunteun| first2=J| last3=Friend| first3=S}}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Ginsburg GS, Picard RW, Friend SH |title=Key Issues as Wearable Digital Health Technologies Enter Clinical Care |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=390 |issue=12 |pages=1118–1127 |date=March 2024 |pmid=38507754 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2307160}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykoC_zvbXWg TED talk with Stephen Friend]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Friend, Stephen}}
Category:Living people
Category:1953 births
Category:American scientists
Category:American social entrepreneurs
Category:Apple Inc. employees
Category:Indiana University School of Medicine alumni

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Stephen Friend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Friend) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Friend?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.