# Statue

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Sculpture primarily concerned as a representational figure

For other uses, see [Statue (disambiguation)](/source/Statue_(disambiguation)).

Not to be confused with [Statute](/source/Statute).

*[Abraham Lincoln](/source/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial))* statue, [Lincoln Memorial](/source/Lincoln_Memorial) (1920)

A **statue** is a free-standing [sculpture](/source/Sculpture) in which the realistic, full-length figures of persons or animals are carved or [cast](/source/Casting_(metalworking)) in a durable material such as wood, metal, glass, marble, or stone. Typical statues are life-sized or close to life-size. A sculpture that represents persons or animals in full figure, but that is small enough to lift and carry is a *statuette* or [figurine](/source/Figurine), whilst those that are more than twice life-size are regarded as *colossal statues*.[1]

Statues have been produced in many cultures from [prehistory](/source/Prehistory) to the present; the oldest-known statue dating to about 30,000 years ago. Statues represent many different people and animals, real and mythical. Many statues are placed in public places as [public art](/source/Public_art). The world's tallest statue, *[Statue of Unity](/source/Statue_of_Unity)*, is 182 metres (597 ft) tall and is located near the [Narmada dam](/source/Narmada_dam) in [Gujarat](/source/Gujarat), India.

## Colors

Ancient statues often show the bare surface of the material of which they are made. For example, many people associate Greek classical art with [white marble](/source/White_marble) sculpture, but there is evidence that many statues were painted in bright colors.[2] Most of the color has weathered off over time; small remnants were removed during cleaning; in some cases small traces remained that could be identified.[2] A travelling exhibition of 20 coloured replicas of Greek and Roman works, alongside 35 original statues and reliefs, was held in Europe and the United States in 2008: Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity.[3]

Details such as whether the paint was applied in one or two coats, how finely the pigments were ground or exactly which binding medium would have been used in each case—all elements that would affect the appearance of a finished piece—are not known.[2] [Gisela Richter](/source/Gisela_Richter) goes so far as to say of classical Greek sculpture, "All stone sculpture, whether limestone or marble, was painted, either wholly or in part."[4]

Medieval statues were also usually painted, with some still retaining their original pigments. The coloring of statues ceased during the Renaissance, since excavated classical sculptures, which had lost their coloring, became regarded as the best models.

## Historical periods

Main article: [Sculpture](/source/Sculpture)

### Prehistoric

*[Urfa Man](/source/Urfa_Man)*, a 1.80 metres (5 ft 11 in) of standstone developed in c. 9,000 BC and now housed at [Şanlıurfa Museum](/source/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Museum)

The [Venus of Berekhat Ram](/source/Venus_of_Berekhat_Ram), an [anthropomorphic](/source/Anthropomorphic) pebble found on the [Golan Heights](/source/Golan_Heights) and dated to at least 230,000 years before present, is claimed to be the oldest known statuette. However, researchers are divided as to whether its shape is derived from natural erosion or was carved by an [early human](/source/Homo_erectus).[5] The [Venus of Tan-Tan](/source/Venus_of_Tan-Tan), a similar object of similar age found in [Morocco](/source/Morocco), has also been claimed to be a statuette.[6]

The [Löwenmensch figurine](/source/L%C3%B6wenmensch_figurine) and the [Venus of Hohle Fels](/source/Venus_of_Hohle_Fels), both from [Germany](/source/Germany), are the oldest confirmed statuettes in the world, dating to 35,000-40,000 years ago.[7][8][9]

The oldest known life-sized statue is [Urfa Man](/source/Urfa_Man) found in [Turkey](/source/Turkey) which is dated to around 9,000 BC.

### Antiquity

#### Religion

Statue of Queen Hatshepsut in the [Grand Egyptian Museum](/source/Grand_Egyptian_Museum) in Cairo

Throughout history, statues have been associated with [cult images](/source/Cult_image) in many religious traditions, from [Ancient Egypt](/source/Ancient_Egypt), [Ancient India](/source/Ancient_India), [Ancient Greece](/source/Ancient_Greece), and [Ancient Rome](/source/Ancient_Rome) to the present. Egyptian statues showing kings as [sphinxes](/source/Sphinx) have existed since the [Old Kingdom](/source/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt), the oldest being for [Djedefre](/source/Djedefre) (c. 2500 BC).[10] The oldest statue of a striding pharaoh dates from the reign of [Senwosret I](/source/Senwosret_I) (c. 1950 BC) and is the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.[11] The [Middle Kingdom of Egypt](/source/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt) (starting around 2000 BC) witnessed the growth of [block statues](/source/Block_statue) which then became the most popular form until the [Ptolemaic period](/source/Ptolemaic_Kingdom) (c. 300 BC).[12]

The focal point of the [cella](/source/Cella) or main interior space of a Roman or [Greek temple](/source/Greek_temple) was a statue of the deity it was dedicated to. In major temples these could be several times life-size. Other statues of deities might have subordinate positions along the side walls.

The oldest statue of a [deity](/source/Deity) in Rome was the bronze statue of [Ceres](/source/Ceres_(mythology)) in 485 BC.[13][14] The oldest statue in Rome is now the statue of [Diana](/source/Diana_(mythology)) on the [Aventine](/source/Aventine_Hill).[15]

#### Politics

For a successful Greek or Roman politician or businessman (who donated considerable sums to public projects for the honour), having a public statue, preferably in the local [forum](/source/Forum_(Roman)) or the grounds of a [temple](/source/Roman_temple) was an important confirmation of status, and these sites filled up with statues on [plinths](/source/Plinth) (mostly smaller than those of their 19th century equivalents). Fragments in Rome of a [bronze colossus of Constantine](/source/Bronze_colossus_of_Constantine) and the marble [colossus of Constantine](/source/Colossus_of_Constantine) show the enormous scale of some imperial statues; other examples are recorded, notably one of [Nero](/source/Nero).

The [wonders of the world](/source/Wonders_of_the_world) include several statues from antiquity, with the [Colossus of Rhodes](/source/Colossus_of_Rhodes) and the [Statue of Zeus at Olympia](/source/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia) among the [Seven Wonders of the Ancient World](/source/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World).

### Middle Ages

While sculpture generally flourished in European [Medieval art](/source/Medieval_art), the single statue was not one of the most common types, except for figures of the [Virgin Mary](/source/Virgin_Mary), usually with Child, and the *corpus* or body of Christ on [crucifixes](/source/Crucifix). Both of these appeared in all size up to life-size, and by the late [Middle Ages](/source/Middle_Ages) many churches, even in villages, had a crucifixion group around a [rood cross](/source/Rood_cross). The [Gero Cross](/source/Gero_Cross) in [Cologne](/source/Cologne) is both one of the earliest and finest large figures of the crucified Christ. As yet, full-size standing statues of saints and rulers were uncommon, but [tomb effigies](/source/Tomb_effigy), generally lying down, were very common for the wealthy from about the 14th century, having spread downwards from royal tombs in the centuries before.

While [Byzantine art](/source/Byzantine_art) flourished in various forms, sculpture and statue making witnessed a general decline; although statues of emperors continued to appear.[16] An example was the statue of [Justinian](/source/Justinian) (6th century) which stood in the square across from the [Hagia Sophia](/source/Hagia_Sophia) until the [fall of Constantinople](/source/Fall_of_Constantinople) in the 15th century.[16] Part of the decline in statue making in the Byzantine period can be attributed to the mistrust the Church placed in the art form, given that it viewed sculpture in general as a method for making and [worshiping idols](/source/Idolatry).[16] While making statues was not subject to a general ban, it was hardly encouraged in this period.[16] Justinian was one of the last Emperors to have a full-size statue made, and secular statues of any size became virtually non-existent after [iconoclasm](/source/Byzantine_iconoclasm); and the artistic skill for making statues was lost in the process.

### Renaissance

[Michelangelo's *David*](/source/Michelangelo's_David), 1504, housed at [The Accademia Gallery](/source/Galleria_dell'Accademia) in [Florence](/source/Florence), Italy

[Italian Renaissance sculpture](/source/Italian_Renaissance_sculpture) rightly regarded the standing statue as the key form of [Roman art](/source/Roman_art), and there was a great revival of statues of both religious and secular figures, to which most of the leading figures contributed, led by [Donatello](/source/Donatello) and [Michelangelo](/source/Michelangelo). The equestrian statue, a great technical challenge, was mastered again, and gradually statue groups.

These trends intensified in [Baroque art](/source/Baroque_art), when every ruler wanted to have statues made of themself, and Catholic churches filled with crowds of statues of saints, although after the [Protestant Reformation](/source/Protestant_Reformation) religious sculpture largely disappeared from Reformed and Anglican churches, though the [Evangelical Lutheran](/source/Lutheranism) churches retained them.[17] In England, churches instead were filled with increasing elaborate [tomb monuments](/source/Tomb_monument), for which the ultimate models were continental extravagances such as the [Papal tombs](/source/Papal_tomb) in Rome, those of the [Doges of Venice](/source/Doges_of_Venice), or the French royal family.

In the late 18th and 19th century there was a growth in public open air statues of public figures on plinths. As well as monarches, politicians, generals, landowners, and eventually artists and writers were commemorated. [World War I](/source/World_War_I) saw the [war memorial](/source/War_memorial), previously uncommon, become very widespread, and these were often statues of generic soldiers.

### Modern era

The [chancel](/source/Chancel) of Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church in [Milwaukee](/source/Milwaukee), Wisconsin contains a prominent statue of [Jesus](/source/Jesus) (2022).

Starting with the work of [Maillol](/source/Maillol) around 1900, the human figures embodied in statues began to move away from the various schools of realism that had been followed for thousands of years. The [Futurist](/source/Futurism) and [Cubist](/source/Cubist) schools took this metamorphism even further until statues, often still nominally representing humans, had lost all but the most rudimentary relationship to the human form. By the 1920s and 1930s statues began to appear that were completely abstract in design and execution.[18]

The [notion](/source/Urban_legend) that the position of the hooves of horses in [equestrian statues](/source/Equestrian_statue) indicated the rider's cause of death has been disproved.[19][20]

They are commonly present in religious spaces. Statues are feature of the [churches](/source/Church_(building)) of certain [Western Christian denominations](/source/Western_Christianity), particularly those of the [Roman Catholic](/source/Catholic_Church) and [Evangelical Lutheran](/source/Lutheranism) traditions.[17][21] The temples of [Indic religions](/source/Indian_religions), including those of [Hinduism](/source/Hinduism), [Buddhism](/source/Buddhism) and [Jainism](/source/Jainism) often contain statues as a focal point of worship (cf. *[murti](/source/Murti)*).[22]

## Gallery

		- [Löwenmensch figurine](/source/L%C3%B6wenmensch_figurine), from [Hohlenstein-Stadel](/source/Hohlenstein-Stadel), Germany, now in Ulmer Museum, [Ulm](/source/Ulm), Germany, possibly the oldest undisputed statuette. [Aurignacian](/source/Aurignacian) era, 40,000 BC – 35,000 BC

		- Two views of the Venus of Hohle Fels figurine, 40,000 BC – 35,000 BC (6 cm (2.4 in) tall), one of the earliest known, undisputed examples of a depiction of a human being

		- [Venus of Dolní Věstonice](/source/Venus_of_Doln%C3%AD_V%C4%9Bstonice), [ceramic](/source/Ceramic) figurine, 29,000 BC – 25,000 BC

		- [Venus of Willendorf](/source/Venus_of_Willendorf), one of the oldest known statuettes, [Upper Paleolithic](/source/Upper_Paleolithic), 24,000 BC – 22,000 BC

		- [Ain Ghazal statues](/source/%CA%BFAin_Ghazal_statues), c. 7000 BC, found in [Ain Ghazal](/source/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)), Jordan

		- [Great Sphinx of Giza](/source/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza), c. 2558–2532 BC, the largest [monolithic](/source/Monolith) statue in the world, standing 73.5 metres (241 ft) long, 6 metres (20 ft) wide, and 20.22 m (66.34 ft) high. [Giza](/source/Giza), Egypt.

		- The [Charioteer of Delphi](/source/Charioteer_of_Delphi), 474 BC, [Delphi Archaeological Museum](/source/Delphi_Archaeological_Museum), Greece

		- *[Venus de Milo](/source/Venus_de_Milo)*, c. 130 – 100 BC, [Greek](/source/Culture_of_Greece), the [Louvre](/source/Louvre)

		- *[Laocoön and His Sons](/source/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons),* Greek, (Late [Hellenistic](/source/Hellenistic_art)), c. 160 BC and 20 BC, White marble, [Vatican Museum](/source/Vatican_Museum)

		- [Nara Daibutsu](/source/T%C5%8Ddai-ji), c. 752, [Nara](/source/Nara%2C_Nara), Japan

		- [Gommateshvara Bahubali](/source/Bahubali), c. 978–993 AD, 57 feet (17 m) high

		- *[Moai](/source/Moai) of [Easter Island](/source/Easter_Island) facing inland,* [Ahu Tongariki](/source/Ahu_Tongariki), c. 1250–1500, restored by Chilean archaeologist Claudio Cristino in the 1990s

		- [The Great Buddha of Kamakura](/source/K%C5%8Dtoku-in), c. 1252, [Japan](/source/Kamakura%2C_Japan)

		- The [Golden Buddha](/source/Golden_Buddha_(statue)), [Wat Traimit](/source/Wat_Traimit), [Bangkok](/source/Bangkok); believed to date from the 14th–15th century, the world's largest solid gold sculpture.

		- *[Veiled Christ](/source/Veiled_Christ)*, by [Giuseppe Sanmartino](/source/Giuseppe_Sanmartino), was widely believed to be created by alchemy c. 1753.

		- [Statue of Liberty](/source/Statue_of_Liberty) (formally *Liberty Enlightening the World*), [New York Harbor](/source/New_York_Harbor), United States, by [Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi](/source/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Auguste_Bartholdi) c. 1886

		- [Auguste Rodin](/source/Auguste_Rodin), *[The Burghers of Calais](/source/The_Burghers_of_Calais)*, 1884–c. 1889, in [Victoria Tower Gardens](/source/Victoria_Tower_Gardens), London, England.

		- Henry Bain Smith's bronze of [Robert Burns](/source/Robert_Burns), 1892, above [Union Terrace Gardens](/source/Union_Terrace_Gardens), Aberdeen, Scotland

		- A statue of Tsar [Alexander II of Russia](/source/Alexander_II_of_Russia), the [Grand Duke of Finland](/source/Grand_Duke_of_Finland), at the [Senate Square](/source/Senate_Square%2C_Helsinki) in [Helsinki](/source/Helsinki), Finland, sculpted by [Walter Runeberg](/source/Walter_Runeberg) and Johannes Takanen, 1894

		- [Auguste Rodin](/source/Auguste_Rodin), *[The Thinker](/source/The_Thinker)*, 1880–1904

		- [Camille Claudel](/source/Camille_Claudel), *[The Waltz](/source/The_Waltz_(Claudel))*, 1889–1905, [Musée Camille Claudel](/source/Mus%C3%A9e_Camille_Claudel), Nogent-sur-Seine, France

		- *[The Little Mermaid](/source/The_Little_Mermaid_(statue))*, [Copenhagen, Denmark](/source/Copenhagen%2C_Denmark) by [Edvard Eriksen](/source/Edvard_Eriksen) 1913

		- Statue of [Jose Rizal](/source/Jose_Rizal). at the [Luneta Park](/source/Rizal_Park), Philippines c. 1908

		- [Thomas Brock](/source/Thomas_Brock), *[John Everett Millais](/source/John_Everett_Millais),* at [Tate Britain](/source/Tate_Britain) 1905

		- *Standing Nude* (1912), by [Amedeo Modigliani](/source/Amedeo_Modigliani)

		- The statue of [Hans Egede](/source/Hans_Egede), 1921, at [Nuuk](/source/Nuuk), Greenland

		- *[Christ the Redeemer](/source/Christ_the_Redeemer_(statue))* (1931), [Rio de Janeiro](/source/Rio_de_Janeiro), Brazil

		- A statue of the [Virgin Mary with the Christ Child](/source/Madonna_(art)) (1915) at Enskede Evangelical-Lutheran Church in [Stockholm](/source/Stockholm), Sweden

		- U.S. [Marine Corps War Memorial](/source/Marine_Corps_War_Memorial), located in [Arlington County, Virginia](/source/Arlington_County%2C_Virginia), by [Felix de Weldon](/source/Felix_de_Weldon) 1954

		- The replica statue of Roman Emperor, [Marcus Aurelius](/source/Marcus_Aurelius), 1981; the original c. 200 AD is in the nearby [Capitoline Museum](/source/Capitoline_Museum), Rome

		- 19th-century statues of illustrious Frenchmen in the hemicycle of the [Senate of France](/source/Senate_(France)) in Paris

		- [Lord Murugan Statue](/source/Lord_Murugan_Statue), Batu Caves, Malaysia, 140 feet (42.7 m).

		- [Sacred way](/source/Sacred_way) at the [Cemetery of Confucius](/source/Cemetery_of_Confucius), China.

		- [Spring Temple Buddha](/source/Spring_Temple_Buddha), the world's second tallest statue, overall 128 m (420 ft) in height, completed 2002, China.

		- *[Statue of Unity](/source/Statue_of_Unity)* (2018), the [world's tallest statue](/source/List_of_tallest_statues), in [Gujarat](/source/Gujarat), India

		- [Garuda Wisnu Kencana Statue](/source/Garuda_Wisnu_Kencana_statue) (2018) in [Bali](/source/Bali), [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia)

## See also

- [Bronze sculpture](/source/Bronze_sculpture)

- [Bust (sculpture)](/source/Bust_(sculpture))

- [Equestrian sculpture](/source/Equestrian_sculpture)

- [Figurine](/source/Figurine)

- [History of sculpture](/source/Sculpture)

- [List of statues](/source/List_of_statues)

- [List of tallest statues](/source/List_of_tallest_statues)

- [List of statues of Jesus](/source/List_of_statues_of_Jesus)

- [List of statues of Queen Victoria](/source/List_of_statues_of_Queen_Victoria)

- [List of colossal sculpture in situ](/source/List_of_colossal_sculpture_in_situ)

- [Mannequin](/source/Mannequin)

- [Living statue](/source/Living_statue)

- [Memorial](/source/Memorial)

- [Monument](/source/Monument)

- [Statues of Gudea](/source/Statues_of_Gudea), c. 2100 BC

- [Statuette](/source/Statuette)

- [Stone carving](/source/Stone_carving)

- [Stone sculpture](/source/Stone_sculpture)

- [Venus figurines](/source/Venus_figurines)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [Collins online dictionary](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/colossal): Colossal "2. (in figure sculpture) approximately twice life-size."; [entry in the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus® Online](http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=colossal&logic=AND&note=&english=N&prev_page=1&subjectid=300047453)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-colorgods_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-colorgods_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-colorgods_2-2) ["Archaeological Institute of America: Carved in Living Color"](https://archive.archaeology.org/0801/trenches/colorgods.html). Archaeology.org. 23 June 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-artmuseums.harvard.edu_3-0)** ["Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity September 22, 2007 Through January 20, 2008, The Arthur M. Sackler Museum"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090104060402/http://www.artmuseums.harvard.edu/exhibitions/sackler/godsInColor.html). 4 January 2009. Archived from the original on 4 January 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [Richter, Gisela M. A.](/source/Gisela_Richter), *The Handbook of Greek Art: Architecture, Sculpture, Gems, Coins, Jewellery, Metalwork, Pottery and Vase Painting, Glass, Furniture, Textiles, Paintings and Mosaics*, Phaidon Publishers Inc., New York, 1960 p. 46

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [*Venus of Berekhat Ram (230-700,000 BCE)* cork.com](http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/prehistoric/venus-of-berekhat-ram.htm)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bbc_6-0)** Rincon, Paul (23 May 2003). ["'Oldest sculpture' found in Morocco"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3047383.stm). *BBC News*. Retrieved 15 May 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** "Lion man takes pride of place as oldest statue" by Rex Dalton, *Nature* 425, 7 (4 September 2003) doi:10.1038/425007a also [Nature News 4 September 2003](http://www.nature.com/news/2003/030904/full/news030901-6.html)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** "Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture" by Martin Bailey, [The Art Newspaper 31 January 2013](http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Ice-Age-iLion-Mani-is-worlds-earliest-figurative-sculpture/28595)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [""It must be a woman" - The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40,000 years ago..."](https://web.archive.org/web/20161011145105/https://www.uni-tuebingen.de/en/news/press-releases/newsfullview-pressemitteilungen/article/es-muss-eigentlich-eine-frau-sein.html) Universität Tübingen. July 22, 2016. Archived from [the original](https://www.uni-tuebingen.de/en/news/press-releases/newsfullview-pressemitteilungen/article/es-muss-eigentlich-eine-frau-sein.html) on October 11, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** *The Egyptian Museum in Cairo* by Abeer El-Shahawy and Farid Atiya (10 November 2005) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9771721836](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9771721836) page 117

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** *The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt* by Donald B. Redford (15 December 2000) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0195102347](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195102347) page 230

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** *Egyptian Statues* by Gay Robins (4 March 2008) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0747805202](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0747805202) page 28

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** *Famous Firsts in the Ancient Greek and Roman World* by David Matz (Jun 2000) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0786405996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786405996) page 87

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** *The Art of Rome c.753 B.C.-A.D. 337* by Jerome Jordan Pollitt (30 June 1983) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [052127365X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/052127365X) page 19

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** *Samnium and the Samnites* by E. T. Salmon (2 September 1967) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0521061857](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521061857) page 181

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Byz_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Byz_16-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Byz_16-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Byz_16-3) *Byzantine Art* by Charles Bayet (1 October 2009) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1844846202](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1844846202) page 54

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Bradshaw203_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Bradshaw203_17-1) Bradshaw, Paul F. (2013). *New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship*. SCM Press. p. 294. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-334-04932-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04932-6). Lutheran churches retained the use of vestments for clergy, an altar with crucifix or cross and candles as well as paintings or statues, and liturgical texts chanted by the ministers, choir and congregation.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Giedion-Welcker, Carola, ‘’Contemporary Sculpture: An Evolution in Volume and Space, A revised and Enlarged Edition’’, Faber and Faber, London, 1961 pp. X to XX

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Barbara Mikkelson (2 August 2007). ["Statue of Limitations"](http://www.snopes.com/military/statue.htm). *Snopes.com*. Retrieved 9 June 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Cecil Adams (6 October 1989). ["In statues, does the number of feet the horse has off the ground indicate the fate of the rider?"](http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a5_074.html). *The Straight Dope*. Chicago Reader. Retrieved 9 June 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Spicer2016_21-0)** Spicer, Andrew (5 December 2016). *Lutheran Churches in Early Modern Europe*. Routledge. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-351-92116-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-92116-9). It was this apparent visual concordance between a Lutheran and Catholic Church...After attending a service at St Mary's church in Copenhagen one commented that 'they retain a great deal of the outward worship and ostentation of the Papists'

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Martinus1999_22-0)** Martinus, F. F. (1999). *A Guide to Buddhist Temples*. Asian Educational Services. p. 10. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-81-206-1215-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1215-0).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Statues](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Statues).

- [UK Public Monument and Sculpture Association](https://web.archive.org/web/20070217001941/http://pmsa.cch.kcl.ac.uk/index.htm) (archived 2007)

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v t e Colossal Buddhist statues Buddha Amaravathi Dhyana Buddha Avukana Buddha statue Bingling Temple Buddha Dordenma statue Buddha Park Buddhas of Bamiyan Buddha of Ibiraçu Buduruvagala Fo Guang Shan Buddha Gal Vihara Gifu Great Buddha Grand Buddha at Ling Shan Great Buddha (Bodh Gaya) Great Buddha of Thailand Hyderabad Buddha Kamagaya Great Buddha Koh Samui Big Buddha Kamakura Buddha Laykyun Sekkya Leshan Giant Buddha Luangpho Yai Luang Pho To Maitreya Project Maligawila Buddha statue Mengshan Giant Buddha Phuket Big Buddha Buddha Park of Ravangla Rongxian Giant Buddha Sala Keoku Spring Temple Buddha Tian Tan Buddha Tōdai-ji Ushiku Daibutsu Statue of Gautama Buddha Guanyin Guanyin of Mount Xiqiao Guanyin of Nanshan Guishan Guanyin Hokkaido Kannon Naritasan Kurume Bunin Sendai Daikannon Tsz Shan Monastery

v t e Sculpture Types of sculpture Architectural sculpture Assemblage Bas relief Bust Chalk carving Effigy Gas sculpture Earth art Environmental sculpture Figurine Installation art Kinetic sculpture Mobile Monumental Pedimental Rock relief Soap carving Soft sculpture Statue Stele Stone sculpture Styles of sculpture Baroque Classical Detonography Jain sculpture Modern sculpture Relief Renaissance Elements in sculpture Mass Negative space Pedestal Space Volume Traditional materials Wood Marble Limestone Granite Porphyry Diorite Jade Ivory Clay Terracotta Bronze Gold Silver Butter Soapstone Modern materials Steel Ice Jesmonite Acrylic Concrete Plastic Fiberglass Glass Aluminium Fabric Paper Found object Notable sculptures Venus of Hohle Fels (c. 40–42,000 BP) Lion-man (c. 35–41,000 BP) Venus of Willendorf ( c. 24–26,000 BP) Great Sphinx of Giza (c. 2558–2532 BCE) Nefertiti Bust (c. 1345 BCE) Mask of Tutankhamun (c. 1323 BCE) Abu Simbel temples (c. 1264 BCE) Discobolus (c. 450 BCE) Pediments, metopes and frieze of the Parthenon (438 BCE) Colossus of Rhodes (c. 292 BCE) Lion Capital of Ashoka (c. 250 BCE) Terracotta Army (246–210 BCE) Winged Victory of Samothrace (c. 2nd century BCE) Laocoön and His Sons (c. 200 BCE – 70 CE) Venus de Milo (130–100 BCE) Augustus of Prima Porta (c. 1st century CE) Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius (175 CE) Buddhas of Bamiyan (507–554 CE) Great Buddha of Nara (752 CE) Borobudur (c. 780–833 CE) Bayon (c. 12th or 13th century CE) Angkor Wat (1150 CE) Chartres Cathedral (c. 1194–1250 CE) Konark Sun Temple (1250 CE) Moai, Easter Island (1250–1500 CE) Pietà (1498–1499) David (1501–1504) Aztec sun stone (1502–1520) Ecstasy of Saint Teresa (1647–1652) Veiled Christ (1753) Jadeite Cabbage (19th century) Nelson's Column (1843) Lion of Belfort (1880) The Kiss (1882) Liberty Enlightening the World, Statue of Liberty (1886) The Gates of Hell (1890–1917) The Thinker (1904) Abraham Lincoln (1920) Mount Rushmore Shrine of Democracy (1927–1941) Christ the Redeemer (1927–1931) The Motherland Calls (1967) Fallen Astronaut (1971) Mother Ukraine (1981) Equestrian statue of Genghis Khan (2008) Statue of Unity (2018) Category Outline

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Statue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.