# Stannide

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Stannide
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Stannide.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stannide
> Source revision: 1335546043
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

{{Short description|Intermetallic compound made with tin and other metals}}
A '''stannide''' can refer to an [intermetallic](/source/intermetallic) compound containing [tin](/source/tin) combined with one or more other metals; an anion consisting solely of tin atoms or a compound containing such an anion, or, in the field of organometallic chemistry an ionic compound containing an organotin anion<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Flacke | first1 = F. | last2 = Jacobs | first2 = H. | year = 1997 | title = [Li(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>] [Sn(SnPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>].C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, Crystal structure of a stannide with trigonal pyramidal tin skeleton | journal = European Journal of Solid State and Inorganic Chemistry | volume = 34 | issue = 5| pages = 495–501 }}</ref>. An alternative name for such  a compound is stannanide.

==Binary alkali and alkaline earth stannides==
When tin is combined with an [alkali](/source/alkali) or [alkaline earth](/source/alkaline_earth) metal some of the compounds formed have ionic structures containing monatomic or polyatomic tin anions ([Zintl ions](/source/Zintl_ions)), such as Sn<sup>4−</sup> in Mg<sub>2</sub>Sn<ref name = "Kauzlarich">S.M. Kauzlarich,(1994), Zintl Compounds, Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & sons, {{ISBN|0-471-93620-0}}</ref> or {{chem|Sn|9|4−}} in K<sub>4</sub>Sn<sub>9</sub>.<ref name = "Hoch">{{cite journal | last1 = Hoch | first1 = C. | last2 = Wendorff | first2 = M. | last3 = Röhr | first3 = C. | year = 2002 | title = Tetrapotassium nonastannide, K<sub>4</sub>Sn<sub>9</sub> | journal = Acta Crystallogr C | volume = 58 | issue = 4| pages = i45–i46 | doi = 10.1107/S0108270102002032 | pmid = 11932511 | bibcode = 2002AcCrC..58I..45H }}</ref>
Even with these metals not all of the compounds formed can be considered to be ionic with localised bonding, for example  Sr<sub>3</sub>Sn<sub>5</sub>, a metallic compound, contains {Sn<sub>5</sub>} square pyramidal units.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Klem | first1 = M. T. | last2 = Vaughey | first2 = J. T. | last3 = Harp | first3 = J G. | last4 = Corbett | first4 = J D. | year = 2001 | title = A<sub>3</sub>Tt<sub>5</sub> Phases Sr<sub>3</sub>Sn<sub>5</sub>, Ba<sub>3</sub>Pb<sub>5</sub>, and La<sub>3</sub>Sn<sub>5</sub>. Structure and Bonding in a Series of Isotypic Metallic Compounds with Increased Electron Count and Their Comparison with the Nominal Zintl Phase La<sub>3</sub>In<sub>5</sub> | journal = Inorg. Chem. | volume = 40 | issue = 27| pages = 7020–7026 | doi = 10.1021/ic010804v | pmid = 11754285 }}</ref>

==Ternary alkali and alkaline earth stannides==
Ternary (where there is an alkali or alkaline earth metal, a transition metal as well as tin e.g. LiRh<sub>3</sub>Sn<sub>5</sub><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sreeraj | first1 = P | last2 = Johrendt | first2 = D. | last3 = Müller | first3 = H. | last4 = Hoffmann | first4 = R.-D. | last5 = Wu | first5 = Zhiyun | last6 = Pöttgen | first6 = R. | year = 2005 | title = The stannide LiRh<sub>3</sub>Sn<sub>5</sub>: Synthesis, structure, and chemical bonding | journal = Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B | volume = 60 | issue = 9| pages = 933–939 | doi = 10.1515/znb-2005-0904 | s2cid = 197000256 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and MgRuSn<sub>4</sub><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schlüter | first1 = M. | last2 = Kunst | first2 = A. | last3 = Pöttgen | first3 = R. | year = 2002| title = The Ternary Stannides MgRuSn<sub>4</sub> and Mg<sub>''x''</sub>Rh<sub>3</sub>Sn<sub>7−''x''</sub> (''x'' = 0.98–1.55) | journal = Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie | volume = 628 | issue = 12| pages = 2641–2646 | doi =  10.1002/1521-3749(200212)628:12<2641::aid-zaac2641>3.0.co;2-y}}</ref>) have been investigated.

==Other metal stannides==
Binary (involving one other metal) and ternary (involving two other metals) intermetallic stannides have been investigated. [Niobium stannide](/source/niobium-tin), Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn is perhaps the best known superconducting tin intermetallics. This is more commonly called "niobium-tin".

There are multiple [rare earth](/source/rare_earth_elements) stannides, including [with dysprosium](/source/dysprosium_stannides) and [yttrium](/source/yttrium_stannides).

==Stannide ions, {{chem|Sn|''x''|''y''−}}==
Some examples of stannide Zintl ions are listed below. Some of them contain 2-centre 2-electron bonds (2c-2e), others are "electron deficient" and bonding sometimes can be described using [polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory](/source/polyhedral_skeletal_electron_pair_theory) (Wade's rules) where the number of valence electrons contributed by each tin atom is considered to be 2 (the s electrons do not contribute).<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw}}</ref> There are some examples of [silicide](/source/silicide) and [plumbide](/source/plumbide) ions with similar structures, for example tetrahedral {{chem|Si|4|4−}}, the chain anion (Si<sup>2−</sup>)<sub>''n''</sub>, {{chem|Pb|4|4−}} and {{chem|Pb|9|4−}}.<ref name = "Kauzlarich"/><ref>
{{cite journal
  | last = Yong
  | first = Li
  |author2=Stephan D. Hoffmann |author3=Thomas F. Fässler
  | title = A low-dimensional arrangement of [Pb<sub>9</sub>]<sup>4−</sup> clusters in [K(18-crown-6)]<sub>2</sub>K<sub>2</sub>Pb<sub>9</sub>·(en)<sub>1.5</sub>
  | journal = Inorganica Chimica Acta
  | volume = 359
  | issue = 15
  | pages = 4774–4778
  | publisher = Elsevier
  | date = 1 December 2006
  | doi = 10.1016/j.ica.2006.04.017
  }}
</ref>
*Sn<sup>4−</sup> found for example in Mg<sub>2</sub>Sn.<ref name = "Kauzlarich"/>
*{{chem|Sn|4|4−}}, tetrahedral with 2c-2e bonds e.g. in CsSn.<ref name = "Kauzlarich"/>
*{{chem|Sn|4|2−}}, tetrahedral ''closo''-cluster with  10 electrons (2''n'' + 2).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Critchlow | first1 = S. C. | last2 = Corbett | first2 = J. D. | year = 1981| title = Stable homopolyatomic anions: the tetrastannide (2–) and tetragermanide(2–) anions, {{chem|Sn|4|2−}} and {{chem|Ge|4|2−}} X-ray crystal structure of {{chem|[K+(crypt)]|2|Sn|4|2−}}. ethylenediamine | journal = J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.| volume = 1981 | issue = 5| pages = 236–237 | doi = 10.1039/C39810000236 }}</ref>
*(Sn<sup>2−</sup>)<sub>''n''</sub> zig-zag chain polymeric anion with 2c-2e bonds found for example in BaSn.<ref name = "Kauzlarich"/>
*{{chem|Sn|5|2−}} ''closo''-cluster, 12 electrons (2''n'' + 2), (i.e. trigonal bipyramidal) in (2,2,2-crypt-Na)<sub>2</sub>Sn<sub>5</sub>.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Edwards | first1 = P. A. | last2 = Corbett | first2 = J. D. | year = 1977 | title = Stable homopolyatomic anions. Synthesis and crystal structures of salts containing the pentaplumbide(2−) and pentastannide(2−) anions | journal = Inorg. Chem. | volume = 16 | issue = 4| pages = 903–907 | doi = 10.1021/ic50170a036 }}</ref>
*{{chem|(Sn|8|4−|)|''n''}} polymeric two-dimensional anion in NaSn<sub>2</sub>.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Dubois | first1 = F. | last2 = Schreyer | first2 = M. | last3 = Fässler | first3 = T. F. | year = 2005 | title = NaSn<sub>2</sub>: A Novel Binary Zintl Phase with 2D Polyanions of Realgar-Type Units [Sn<sub>8</sub>]<sup>4−</sup> | journal = Inorg. Chem. | volume = 44 | issue = 3| pages = 477–479 | doi = 10.1021/ic048770p | pmid = 15679372 }}</ref>
*{{chem|Sn|9|4−}} ''nido''-cluster 22 electrons (2''n'' + 4), capped square antiprismatic with  as per [polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory](/source/polyhedral_skeletal_electron_pair_theory), in the intermetallic K<sub>4</sub>Sn<sub>9</sub>,<ref name = "Hoch"/> and a distorted ion in the salt Na<sub>4</sub>Sn<sub>9</sub>·7&nbsp;[en](/source/ethylenediamine).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Diehl | first1 = L. | last2 = Khodadadeh | first2 = K. | last3 = Kummer | first3 = D. | last4 = Strähle | first4 = J. | year = 1976 | title = Anorganische Polyederverbindungen, III. Zintl's Polyanionige Salze: Darstellung und Eigenschaften der kristallinen Verbindungen [Na<sub>4</sub>·7 en]Sn<sub>9</sub>, [Na<sub>4</sub>·5 en]Ge<sub>9</sub> und [Na<sub>3</sub>·4 en]Sb<sub>7</sub> und ihrer Lösungen Die Kristallstruktur von [Na<sub>4</sub>·7 en]Sn<sub>9</sub> | journal = Chemische Berichte | volume = 109 | issue = 100| pages = 3404–3418 | doi = 10.1002/cber.19761091018 }}</ref>
*{{chem|Sn|9|3−}} a paramagnetic, 21 electrons, ''closo''- cluster anion (D<sub>3h</sub> symmetry), 1 more electron than the 20 (2''n'' + 2) predicted by [polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory](/source/polyhedral_skeletal_electron_pair_theory).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Critchlow | first1 = S. C. | last2 = Corbett | first2 = J. D. | year = 1983 | title = Homopolyatomic anions. The synthesis and characterization of the novel paramagnetic nonastannide(3−) anion {{chem|Sn|9|3−}}, a D<sub>3h</sub> cluster with 21 skeletal electrons | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 105 | issue = 17| pages = 5715–5716 | doi = 10.1021/ja00355a045 }}</ref>
*{{chem|(Sn|12|7−|)|''n''}} polymeric two-dimensional anion in Na<sub>7</sub>Sn<sub>12</sub><ref>.{{cite journal | last1 = Fässler | first1 = T.F. | last2 = Hoffmann | first2 = S. | year = 2003 | title = Na<sub>7</sub>Sn<sub>12</sub>: A Binary Zintl Phase with a Two-Dimensional Covalently Bonded Tin Framework | journal = Inorg. Chem. | volume = 42 | issue = 18| pages = 5474–5476 | doi = 10.1021/ic030148u | pmid = 12950190 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Monatomic anion compounds}}

Category:Tin
Category:Intermetallics
Category:Anions
Category:Cluster chemistry

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Stannide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stannide) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stannide?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.