# Stanhopea

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Genus of orchids

Stanhopea Stanhopea insignis Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Epidendroideae Tribe: Cymbidieae Subtribe: Stanhopeinae Genus: Stanhopea J. Frost ex Hook. 1829 Type species Stanhopea insignis J.Frost ex Hook. Synonyms[1] Ceratochilus Lindl. ex G.Lodd 1829, illegitimate homonym not Blume 1825 Stanhopeastrum Rchb.f. Gerlachia Szlach. Tadeastrum Szlach.

***Stanhopea*** is a genus of the orchid family ([Orchidaceae](/source/Orchidaceae)) from [Central](/source/Central_America) and [South America](/source/South_America).[2] The abbreviation used in horticultural trade is *Stan.* The genus is named for [Philip Henry Stanhope, 4th Earl Stanhope](/source/Philip_Henry_Stanhope%2C_4th_Earl_Stanhope) (1781–1855), who was the president of the [Medico-Botanical Society of London](/source/Medico-Botanical_Society_of_London) in 1829–1837. It comprises 55 species and 5 natural hybrids. The orchids in the genus are mostly [epiphytic](/source/Epiphyte) (growing on other plants), but occasionally [terrestrial](/source/Terrestrial_plant). They can be found in damp forests from [Mexico](/source/Mexico) to [Trinidad](/source/Trinidad) to northwestern [Argentina](/source/Argentina).[1][3][4][5] Their ovate [pseudobulbs](/source/Pseudobulb) carry from the top one long, plicate, elliptic [leaf](/source/Leaf).

*Stanhopea* is noted for its complex and usually fragrant [flowers](/source/Flower) that are generally spectacular and short-lived. Their pendant [inflorescences](/source/Inflorescence) are noted for flowering out of the bottom of the containers in which they grow, lending themselves to culture in baskets that have enough open space for the inflorescence to push through. They are sometimes called upside-down orchids.

The majority of species are robust plants that grow readily in cultivation. For relatives of *Stanhopea* see [Stanhopeinae](/source/Stanhopeinae) and the closely related sister subtribe [Coeliopsidinae](/source/Coeliopsidinae).

## Description

Most *Stanhopea* flowers flash prominent, elegant horns on the epichile. The exception are the species; *[S. annulata](/source/Stanhopea_annulata)*, *[S. avicula](/source/Stanhopea_avicula)*, *[S. cirrhata](/source/Stanhopea_cirrhata)*, *[S. ecornuta](/source/Stanhopea_ecornuta)* and *[S. pulla](/source/Stanhopea_pulla)*. A second group have short or truncated horns, they include the species; *[S. candida](/source/Stanhopea_candida)*, *[S. grandiflora](/source/Stanhopea_grandiflora)*, *[S. reichenbachiana](/source/Stanhopea_reichenbachiana)*, *[S. tricornis](/source/Stanhopea_tricornis)* and the natural hybrid *[S. x herrenhusana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_x_herrenhusana&action=edit&redlink=1)*. The structure of the labellum of this group is in general, not as complex as other members of the genus.

With most *Stanhopea* flowers lasting three days or less, the flowers must attract pollinators very quickly. These chemical attractants are generated in the hypochile, attracting the male [euglossine](/source/Euglossini) bees to the flower. These male euglossine bees are known to be important pollinators of *Stanhopea* flowers, collecting fragrances at these flowers over their lifetime and storing them in their hind tibia. Bees in the Euglossini tribe, including *[Eulaema meriana](/source/Eulaema_meriana)*, are known to pollinate these flowers supposedly because the orchids can deceptively mimic the form of a female and her sex pheromone.[6] When the bee touches down on the flower, a great effort is made to collect chemical scent - he eventually slides on the waxy surface of the hypochile, gliding down on the slippery lip to exit the flower. The long [column](/source/Column_(botany)) is touched in the process, resulting in the bee taking up [pollinia](/source/Pollinium) at the very tip of the column. When the bee slides down another flower, the pollinia are deposited on the sticky surface of the [stigma](/source/Carpel).

## Species

*Stanhopea tigrina*

*Stanhopea oculata*

*Stanhopea ruckeri*

- *[Stanhopea aliceae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_aliceae&action=edit&redlink=1)* Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)

- *[Stanhopea anfracta](/source/Stanhopea_anfracta)* Rolfe (SE. Ecuador to Bolivia)

- *[Stanhopea annulata](/source/Stanhopea_annulata)* Mansf. (S. Colombia to Ecuador)

- *[Stanhopea avicula](/source/Stanhopea_avicula)* Dressler (Panama)

- *[Stanhopea bueraremensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_bueraremensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Campacci & Marçal (E. Brazil)

- *[Stanhopea candida](/source/Stanhopea_candida)* Barb.Rodr. (S. Trop. America)

- *[Stanhopea cephalopodaa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_cephalopodaa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)

- *[Stanhopea chironii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_chironii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Archila, Pérez-García & Szlach. (Guatemala)

- *[Stanhopea cirrhata](/source/Stanhopea_cirrhata)* Lindl. (C. America)

- *[Stanhopea confusa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_confusa&action=edit&redlink=1)* G.Gerlach & Beeche (C. America)

- *[Stanhopea connata](/source/Stanhopea_connata)* Klotzsch (Colombia to Peru)

- *[Stanhopea costaricensis](/source/Stanhopea_costaricensis)* Rchb.f. (C. America)

- *[Stanhopea deltoidea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_deltoidea&action=edit&redlink=1)* Lem. (Peru to Bolivia)

- *[Stanhopea dodsoniana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_dodsoniana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Salazar & Soto Arenas (NC. & S. Mexico to Guatemala)

- *[Stanhopea ecornuta](/source/Stanhopea_ecornuta)* Lem. (C. America)

- *[Stanhopea embreei](/source/Stanhopea_embreei)* Dodson (Ecuador)

- *[Stanhopea florida](/source/Stanhopea_florida)* Rchb.f. (Ecuador to Peru)

- *[Stanhopea fonsecae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_fonsecae&action=edit&redlink=1)* Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)

- *[Stanhopea frymirei](/source/Stanhopea_frymirei)* Dodson (Ecuador)

- *[Stanhopea gibbosa](/source/Stanhopea_gibbosa)* Rchb.f. (= S. carchiensis, = S. impressa; S Colombia to Ecuador)

- *[Stanhopea grandiflora](/source/Stanhopea_grandiflora)* Lindl. (Trinidad to S. Trop. America)

- *[Stanhopea graveolens](/source/Stanhopea_graveolens)* Lindl.(Mexico to C. America, Brazil to NW. Argentina)

- *[Stanhopea greeri](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_greeri&action=edit&redlink=1)* Jenny (Peru)

- *[Stanhopea guttulata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_guttulata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Lindl. (SE. Brazil)

- *[Stanhopea haseloffiana](/source/Stanhopea_haseloffiana)* Rchb.f. (N. Peru)

- *[Stanhopea hernandezii](/source/Stanhopea_hernandezii)* (Kunth) Schltr. (C. & SW. Mexico)

- *[Stanhopea insignis](/source/Stanhopea_insignis)* J.Frost ex Hook. (SE. & S. Brazil)

- *[Stanhopea intermedia](/source/Stanhopea_intermedia)* Klinge (SW. Mexico)

- *[Stanhopea javieri](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_javieri&action=edit&redlink=1)* Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)

- *[Stanhopea jenischiana](/source/Stanhopea_jenischiana)* F.Kramer ex Rchb.f.(Colombia to NW. Venezuela and S. Ecuador)

- *[Stanhopea lietzei](/source/Stanhopea_lietzei)* (Regel) Schltr. (E. & S. Brazil)

- *[Stanhopea macrocornata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_macrocornata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)

- *[Stanhopea maculosa](/source/Stanhopea_maculosa)* Knowles & Westc. (W. Mexico)

- *[Stanhopea madouxiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_madouxiana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Cogn. (Colombia)

- *[Stanhopea maduroi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_maduroi&action=edit&redlink=1)* Dodson & Dressler (Panama to N.Colombia)

- *[Stanhopea manriqueii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_manriqueii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Jenny & Nauray (Peru)

- *[Stanhopea marizana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_marizana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Jenny (Peru)

- *[Stanhopea martiana](/source/Stanhopea_martiana)* Bateman ex Lindl. (SW. Mexico)

- *[Stanhopea marylenae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_marylenae&action=edit&redlink=1)* Archila, Chiron & Pérez-García (Guatemala)

- *[Stanhopea moliana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_moliana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Rolfe (Peru)

- *[Stanhopea napoensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_napoensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Dodson (Ecuador)

- *[Stanhopea naurayi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_naurayi&action=edit&redlink=1)* Jenny (Peru)

- *[Stanhopea nicaraguensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_nicaraguensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* G.Gerlach (Nicaragua)

- *[Stanhopea nigripes](/source/Stanhopea_nigripes)* Rolfe (Peru)

- *[Stanhopea novogaliciana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_novogaliciana&action=edit&redlink=1)* S.Rosillo (Mexico - Nayarit, Jalisco)

- *[Stanhopea oculata](/source/Stanhopea_oculata)* (Lodd.)Lindl. (Mexico to Colombia, SE. Brazil)

- *[Stanhopea oscarrodrigoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_oscarrodrigoi&action=edit&redlink=1)* Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)

- *[Stanhopea ospinae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_ospinae&action=edit&redlink=1)* Dodson (Colombia)

- *[Stanhopea panamensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_panamensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* N.H.Williams & W.M.Whitten (Panama)

- *[Stanhopea peruviana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_peruviana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Rolfe (Peru)

- *[Stanhopea platyceras](/source/Stanhopea_platyceras)* Rchb.f. (Colombia)

- *[Stanhopea posadae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_posadae&action=edit&redlink=1)* Jenny et Braem (Colombia)

- *[Stanhopea pozoi](/source/Stanhopea_pozoi)* Dodson & D.E.Benn. (S. Ecuador)

- *[Stanhopea pseudoradiosa](/source/Stanhopea_pseudoradiosa)* Jenny & R.Gonzalez (SW. Mexico)

- *[Stanhopea pulla](/source/Stanhopea_pulla)* Rchb.f. (Costa Rica to N. Colombia)

- *[Stanhopea radiosa](/source/Stanhopea_radiosa)* Lem. (W. Mexico)

- *[Stanhopea reichenbachiana](/source/Stanhopea_reichenbachiana)* Roezl ex Rchb.f. (Colombia)

- *[Stanhopea rubroatrata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_rubroatrata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)

- *[Stanhopea rubromaculata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_rubromaculata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)

- *[Stanhopea ruckeri](/source/Stanhopea_ruckeri)* Lindl. (= S. inodora; Mexico to C. America)

- *[Stanhopea saccata](/source/Stanhopea_saccata)* Bateman (Mexico - Chiapas to C. America)

- *[Stanhopea saintexuperyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_saintexuperyi&action=edit&redlink=1)* Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)

- *[Stanhopea schilleriana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_schilleriana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Rchb.f. (Colombia)

- *[Stanhopea shuttleworthii](/source/Stanhopea_shuttleworthii)* Rchb.f. (Colombia)

- *[Stanhopea stevensonii](/source/Stanhopea_stevensonii)* A.Mejia & R.Escobar ex Jenny (Colombia)

- *[Stanhopea szlachetkoana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_szlachetkoana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Archila, Pérez-García & Chiron (Guatemala)

- *[Stanhopea tigrina](/source/Stanhopea_tigrina)* Bateman ex Lindl. (Mexico)

- *[Stanhopea tolimensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_tolimensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* G.Gerlach (Colombia)

- *[Stanhopea tricornis](/source/Stanhopea_tricornis)* Lindl. (W. South America)

- *[Stanhopea victoriana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_victoriana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)

- *[Stanhopea wardii](/source/Stanhopea_wardii)* Lodd. ex Lindl. (Nicaragua to Venezuela)

- *[Stanhopea warszewicziana](/source/Stanhopea_warszewicziana)* Klotzsch (Costa Rica)

- *[Stanhopea whittenii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_whittenii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Soto Arenas, Salazar & G.Gerlach (Mexico to Guatemala)

- *[Stanhopea xanthoviridea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_xanthoviridea&action=edit&redlink=1)* Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)

- *[Stanhopea xytriophora](/source/Stanhopea_xytriophora)* Rchb.f. (S. Peru to Bolivia)

[7]

## Natural hybrids

- *[Stanhopea × fowlieana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_%C3%97_fowlieana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Jenny (*S. costaricensis* × *S. ecornuta*) (Costa Rica)

- *[Stanhopea × herrenhusana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_%C3%97_herrenhusana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Jenny (*S. reichenbachiana* × *S. tricornis*) (Colombia)

- *[Stanhopea × horichiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_%C3%97_horichiana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Jenny (*S. ecornuta* × *S. wardii*) (Costa Rica)

- *[Stanhopea × lewisae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_%C3%97_lewisae&action=edit&redlink=1)* Ames & Correll (*S. ecornuta* × *S. inodora*) (Guatemala)

- *[Stanhopea × quadricornis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_%C3%97_quadricornis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Lindl. (*S. grandflora* × *S. wardii*) (Colombia)

- *[Stanhopea × thienii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea_%C3%97_thienii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Dodson (*S. annulata* × *S. impressa*) (Ecuador)

[7]

## Intergeneric hybrids

- × *Aciopea* (*Acineta* × *Stanhopea*). *Aciopea Guillermo* Gaviria (*Acineta erythroxantha* × *Stanhopea wardii*) was registered Nov-Dec 2004 by Guillermo Gaviria-Correa (Colombia). - × *Aciopea* is abbreviated Aip.

- × *Cirrhopea* (*Cirrhaea* × *Stanhopea*)

- × *Coryhopea* (*Coryanthes* × *Stanhopea*)

- × *Stangora* (*Gongora* × *Stanhopea*)

- × *Stanhocycnis* (*Polycycnis* × *Stanhopea*)

## Gallery

### Species

		- *Stanhopea anfracta*

		- *Stanhopea annulata*

		- *Stanhopea candida*

		- *Stanhopea cirrhata*

		- *Stanhopea connata*

		- *Stanhopea costaricensis*

		- *Stanhopea ecornuta*

		- *Stanhopea embreei*

		- *Stanhopea grandiflora*

### Natural hybrids

		- *Stanhopea × horichiana*

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-WCSP_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-WCSP_1-1) [Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families](http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=196061)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.C. & Rasmussen, F.N. (2009). Epidendroideae (Part two). Genera Orchidacearum 5: 1–585. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Forzza, R. C. 2010. Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil [http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010](http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** McLeish, I.; Pearce, N.R.; Adams, B.R. (1995). *Native Orchids of Belize*. Routledge. pp. 1–278. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789054106098](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789054106098).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., R. D. C. Ortiz, R. Callejas Posada & M. Merello. (eds.) 2011. Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 9–939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Schiestl, F. P.; Roubik, D. W. (2003-01-01). "Odor Compound Detection in Male Euglossine Bees". *Journal of Chemical Ecology*. **29** (1): 253–257. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1023/A:1021932131526](https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1021932131526). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[20.500.11850/57276](https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F57276). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0098-0331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0098-0331). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12647866](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12647866). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [2845587](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2845587).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-kewspp_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-kewspp_7-1) ["Search term=Stanhopea"](http://wcsp.science.kew.org/qsearch.do). *World Checklist of Selected Plant Families*. the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 18 February 2018.

- Gerlach, G. & Beeche, J. 2004: Stanhopeinae Mesoamericanae III (Orchidaceae). Reestablecimiento de Stanhopea ruckeri y una especie nueva: Stanhopea confusa. Lankesteriana 4(3): 213–222.

- Gerlach, G. 2010: Stanhopeinae Mesoamericanae V: El aroma floral de las Stanhopeas de Mexico. Lankesteriana 9(3): 431–442.

- Rudolf Jenny (December 1993) "The Genus *Stanhopea*," in: Orchids 62(12):1270-1277

- Rudolf Jenny (December 2003) "The Genus *Stanhopea*. Part 1: *S. anfracta* to *S. napoensis*," in: Caesiana no. 21, Supplement. 200 color photos, 160 p.

- Jenny, R. (2004) "The genus *Stanhopea*: 2nd part, *S. nigripes* to *S. xytriophora*" Caesiana no. 22: 146–291.

- Gerlach, G. (2004). "Die Subtribus Stanhopeinae. 6. Stanhopea". *J. Orchideenfreund*. **11** (1): 53–76. (in German)

## External links

- Media related to [*Stanhopea*](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Stanhopea) at Wikimedia Commons

- Data related to [*Stanhopea*](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Stanhopea) at Wikispecies

- [Photo collections of *Stanhopea* from Botanical Garden Munich.](http://www.orchidsrepbiol.de/cgi-bin/img_db/img_display.pl?db=vwStanhopea)

- [The *Stanhopea* Pages website by Nina Rach](http://www.autrevie.com/Stanhopea)

- [The *Stanhopea* website by Dick Hartley](http://www.foxdale-orchids.co.uk/speciespics.html)

Taxon identifiers Stanhopea Wikidata: Q2719974 Wikispecies: Stanhopea BOLD: 326006 CoL: 8W3RQ EoL: 29136 EPPO: 1SNHG FNA: 131188 GBIF: 2801506 GRIN: 11471 iNaturalist: 206219 IPNI: 30715-1 IRMNG: 1033617 ITIS: 894603 NCBI: 38216 Open Tree of Life: 767484 PLANTS: STANH2 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30715-1 Tropicos: 40004390 WFO: wfo-4000036277

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Stanhopea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanhopea) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanhopea?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.