# Square Kilometre Array

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Square_Kilometre_Array
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Square_Kilometre_Array.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Kilometre_Array
> Source revision: 1349640403
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

International radio telescope project

Square Kilometre Array Artist's impression Alternative names SKA Location(s) Meerkat National Park, South Africa and Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory, Australia Coordinates 30°43′16″S 21°24′40″E / 30.72111°S 21.41111°E / -30.72111; 21.41111 and 26°41′49″S 116°37′52″E / 26.69694°S 116.63111°E / -26.69694; 116.63111 Built 2018– First light 2027 (projected) Collecting area 1 km2 (11,000,000 sq ft) Website www.skao.int Related media on Commons [edit on Wikidata]

The **Square Kilometre Array** (**SKA**) is an [intergovernmental](/source/Intergovernmental_organisation) international [radio telescope](/source/Radio_telescope) project being built in Australia (low-frequency) and South Africa (mid-frequency). The combining infrastructure, the Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO), and headquarters, are located at the [Jodrell Bank Observatory](/source/Jodrell_Bank_Observatory) in the United Kingdom. The SKA cores are being built in the [Southern Hemisphere](/source/Southern_Hemisphere), where the view of the [Milky Way](/source/Milky_Way) galaxy is the best and [radio interference](/source/Radio_interference) is at its least.

The name refers to the notional size of the telescope's collecting area, not to the extent of the entire telescope array, which is far larger. Conceived in the 1990s, and further developed and designed by the late-2010s, the intention is that when completed it will have a total collecting area of approximately one [square kilometre](/source/Square_kilometre) as originally conceived. The design of the first phase of SKA, scheduled as of 2025 for science operation in 2032, consists of 21,000 square metres (0.021 km2) of collecting area of dishes.[1] It will operate over a wide range of frequencies and its size will make it 50 times more sensitive than any other radio instrument. If built as planned, it should be able to [survey the sky](/source/Astronomical_survey) more than ten thousand times faster than before. With receiving stations extending out to a distance of at least 3,000 km (1,900 mi) from a concentrated central core, it will exploit [radio astronomy](/source/Radio_astronomy)'s ability to provide the highest-resolution images in all astronomy.

The SKAO consortium was founded in [Rome](/source/Rome) in March 2019 by seven initial member countries, with several others subsequently joining; as of 2021[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Square_Kilometre_Array&action=edit) there were 14 members of the consortium. This international organisation is tasked with building and operating the facility. The project has two phases of construction: the current SKA1, commonly just called SKA, and a possible later significantly enlarged phase sometimes called SKA2. The construction phase of the project began on 5 December 2022 in both South Africa and Australia.

## History

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) was originally conceived in 1991 with an international working group set up in 1993. This led to the signing of the first Memorandum of Agreement in 2000.[2]

In the early days of planning, China vied to host the SKA, proposing to build several large dishes in the natural limestone depressions ([karst](/source/Karst)) that dimple its southwestern provinces; China called their proposal [Kilometer-square Area Radio Synthesis Telescope](/source/KARST) (KARST).[3][4]

Australia's first [radio quiet zone](/source/Radio_quiet_zone) was established by the [Australian Communications & Media Authority](/source/Australian_Communications_%26_Media_Authority) on 11 April 2005 specifically to protect and maintain the current "radio-quietness" of the main Australian SKA site at the [Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory](/source/Murchison_Radio-astronomy_Observatory).[5]

The project has two phases of construction: the current SKA1, commonly just called SKA, and a possible later significantly enlarged phase sometimes called SKA2.[6] PrepSKA commenced in 2008, leading to a full SKA design in 2012. Construction of the SKA telescopes will take 8 years, beginning in July of 2021, with the first antennas for the SKA-Low array being placed in 2024 and the first SKA-Mid receiver being placed in 2025.[7]

The SKA headquarters at Jodrell Bank, with the [Lovell Telescope](/source/Lovell_Telescope) in the background

In April 2011, [Jodrell Bank Observatory](/source/Jodrell_Bank_Observatory) of the [University of Manchester](/source/University_of_Manchester), in [Cheshire](/source/Cheshire), England was announced as the location for the project headquarters.[8] In November 2011, the SKA Organisation was formed as an [intergovernmental organisation](/source/Intergovernmental_organisation)[9] and the project moved from a collaboration to an independent, not for profit, company.[10]

In February 2012, a former Australian SKA Committee[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] chairman raised concerns with South African media about risks at the Australian candidate site, particularly in terms of cost, mining interference and land agreements. SKA Australia stated that all points had been addressed in the site bid.[11] In March 2012 it was reported that the SKA Site Advisory Committee had made a confidential report in February that the South African bid was stronger.[12] However a scientific working group was set up to explore possible implementation options of the two candidate host regions,[13] and on 25 May 2012 it was announced that it had been determined that the SKA would be split over the South African and African sites, and the Australia and New Zealand sites.[14] While New Zealand remained a member of the SKA Organisation in 2014, it appeared that no SKA infrastructure was likely to be located in New Zealand.[15]

In April 2015, the headquarters of the SKA project were chosen to be located at the [Jodrell Bank Observatory](/source/Jodrell_Bank_Observatory) in England,[16][17] officially opened in July 2019.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Initial construction contracts began in 2018. Scientific observations with the fully completed array are not expected any earlier than 2027.[18][19]

On 12 March 2019, the Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO) was founded in Rome by seven initial member countries: Australia, China, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, South Africa and the United Kingdom. India and Sweden are expected to follow shortly, and eight other countries have expressed interest to join in the future. This international organisation was tasked with building and operating the facility, with the first construction contracts expected to be awarded in late 2020.[*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*][20]

By mid-2019, the start of scientific observations were expected to start no earlier than 2027.[18] In July 2019, New Zealand withdrew from the project.[18]

As of November 2020[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Square_Kilometre_Array&action=edit), five precursor facilities were already operating: [MeerKAT](/source/MeerKAT) and the [Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array](/source/Hydrogen_Epoch_of_Reionization_Array) (HERA) in South Africa, the [Australian SKA Pathfinder](/source/Australian_SKA_Pathfinder) (ASKAP) and [Murchison Widefield Array](/source/Murchison_Widefield_Array) (MWA) in [Western Australia](/source/Western_Australia) and the International LOFAR Telescope, spread across Europe with a core in the Netherlands.[21]

The construction phase of the project began on 5 December 2022 in Australia and South Africa, with delegations from each of the eight countries leading the project attending ceremonies to celebrate the event.[22] The Australian part of the project comprises 100,000 antennas built across 74 km (46 mi), also in the [Murchison region](/source/Murchison_region), in the [traditional lands](/source/Traditional_owners) of the [Wajarri](/source/Wajarri) Aboriginal people. [Bulldozers](/source/Bulldozer) were expected to start working on the site in early 2023,[*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] with the completion date estimated as 2028. The site has been named Inyarrimanha Ilgari Bundara, which means 'sharing sky and stars' in the [Wajarri language](/source/Wajarri_language).[23]

The [Department of Atomic Energy](/source/Department_of_Atomic_Energy) (DAE) in India 🇮🇳 and [UK Research and Innovation](/source/UK_Research_and_Innovation) (UKRI) are investigating the possibility of establishing [supercomputing](/source/Supercomputing) facilities to handle data from the Square Kilometre Array radio telescope. The UK and India are part of the team developing the computational processing for the SKA radio telescope.[24] On 3 January 2024, Indian government approved joining the SKA project accompanied by a financial commitment of ₹1,250 crore which marks the initial step towards ratification as a member state.[25]

## Description

Countries that participated in the preparatory phase of SKA[26]

Each of the two parts of the SKA (SKA-low in Australia and SKA-mid in Africa) will combine the signals received from thousands of small [antennas](/source/Antenna_(radio)) spread over a distance of up to 150 km to simulate a single giant radio telescope capable of extremely high sensitivity and angular resolution, using a technique called [aperture synthesis](/source/Aperture_synthesis).[27] In addition, each of the two parts of the SKA will link to other radio telescopes located up to thousands of km away, using the technique of [Very-long-baseline interferometry](/source/Very-long-baseline_interferometry), to provide extermely high resolution. Some of the sub-arrays of the SKA will also have a very large [field-of-view](/source/Field_of_view) (FOV), making it possible to survey very large areas of sky at once.[28] This will greatly increase the survey speed of the SKA and enable several users to observe different pieces of the sky simultaneously, which is useful for (e.g.) monitoring multiple pulsars. The combination of a very large FOV with high sensitivity means that the SKA will be able to compile extremely large surveys of the sky considerably faster than any other telescope.[29]

Artist's impression of a Low-Band SKA Sparse Aperture Array Station

Artist's impression of a SKA Dense Aperture Array Station

The two sub-arrays of the SKA are:

1. SKA-low array[30]: a phased array of low-frequency "Chistmas-tree" antennas[31] to cover the frequency range from 50 to 350 MHz. These will be grouped in 40 m diameter stations each containing 256 vertically oriented dual-polarisation dipole elements.[32] Stations will be arranged with 75% located within a 2 km diameter core and the remaining stations situated on three spiral arms, extending out to a radius of 50 km.[33] SKA-low produced its first image[34] using just 1,000 of the planned 131,000 antennas in March 2025, but completion is not expected until about 2030.

1. SKA-mid array[35]: an array of several thousand [dish antennas](/source/Parabolic_antenna) (around 200 to be built in Phase 1) to cover the frequency range 350 MHz to 14 GHz. It is expected that the antenna design will follow that of the [Allen Telescope Array](/source/Allen_Telescope_Array) using an offset Gregorian design having a height of 15 metres and a width of 12 metres.[36][37]

Early designs also called for an SKA-survey array: a compact array of parabolic dishes of 12–15 meters diameter each for the medium-frequency range, each equipped with a multi-beam, phased array feed with a large field of view and several receiving systems covering about 350 MHz – 4 GHz. The survey sub-array was removed from the SKA1 specification following a "rebaselining" exercise in 2015.[38]

The area covered by the SKA – extending out to ~3000 km – will comprise three regions:[27][39]

1. A central region containing about 5 km diameter cores of SKA-mid antennas (South Africa) and SKA-low dipoles (Western Australia). These central regions will contain approximately half of the total collecting area of the SKA arrays.

1. A mid region extending out to 180 km. This will contain dishes and pairs of SKA-mid and SKA-low stations. In each case they will be randomly placed within the area with the density of dishes and stations falling off towards the outer part of the region.

1. An outer region from 180 km to 3000 km. This will comprise five spiral arms, along which dishes of SKA-mid, grouped into stations of 20 dishes, will be located. The separation of the stations increases towards the outer ends of the spiral arms.

### Costs

The SKA was estimated to cost €1.8 billion in 2014, including €650 million for Phase 1, which represented about 10% of the planned capability of the entire telescope array.[40][41] There have been numerous delays and rising costs over the nearly 30-year history of the intergovernmental project.[18]

As of December 2022[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Square_Kilometre_Array&action=edit), the whole project was reported to be worth around A$3 billion.[23]

Square Kilometre Array Organisation (SKAO) membership map[*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*]

### Members

As per March 2025, the members of the SKAO consortium were:[10][42][43]

- Founding members: - Australia: [Department of Industry and Science](/source/Department_of_Industry_and_Science)[44] - China: National Remote Sensing Centre of the [Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China](/source/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(China)) *(中华人民共和国科学技术部 - Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Kēxué Jìshùbù)*[45] - Italy: [National Institute for Astrophysics](/source/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Astrofisica) *(Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica)*[46] - Portugal: [Portugal Space Agency](/source/Portugal_Space) *(Agência Espacial Portuguesa)*[47] - South Africa: South African Radio Astronomy Observatory of the [National Research Foundation](/source/National_Research_Foundation_of_South_Africa)[48] - The Netherlands: [ASTRON - Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy](/source/ASTRON) ( *(ASTRON - Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland*)[49] - United Kingdom: [Science and Technology Facilities Council](/source/Science_and_Technology_Facilities_Council)[50]

- Joined in 2022: - Switzerland: SKACH Consortium[51]

- Joined in 2023: - Spain: [Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia](/source/Institute_of_Astrophysics_of_Andalusia) *(Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía)*[52][53]

- Joined in 2024: - Canada: Radio Astronomy Directorate of the [National Research Council](/source/National_Research_Council_(Canada))[54] - Germany: Association for Data-Intensive Radio Astronomy *(Verein für datenintensive Radioastronomie e.V.)*[55] - India: [National Centre for Radio Astrophysics](/source/National_Centre_for_Radio_Astrophysics) *(राष्ट्रीय रेडियो खगोल भौतिकी केन्द्र - Raashtreey Rediyo Khagol Bhautikee Kendr)*[56][57][58]

- Observers: - France: [National Centre for Scientific Research](/source/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research) *(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)*[59] - Japan: [National Astronomical Observatory](/source/National_Astronomical_Observatory_of_Japan) *(国立天文台 - Kokuritsu Tenmondai)*[60] - Korea: [Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute](/source/Korea_Astronomy_and_Space_Science_Institute) *(한국천문연구원 - Hangugcheonmun-Yeonguwon)*[61] - Sweden: [Onsala Space Observatory](/source/Onsala_Space_Observatory) - [Chalmers University of Technology](/source/Chalmers_University_of_Technology) *(Onsala rymdobservatorium - Chalmers tekniska högskola)*[62]

- African Partners, involved in coordinated action to support the future expansion of the SKA project in Africa: - Botswana - Ghana - Kenya - Madagascar - Mauritius - Mozambique - Namibia - Zambia

## SKA locations

An automatic wideband radio scanner system was used to survey the radio frequency noise levels at the various candidate sites in South Africa.

The headquarters of the SKA are located at the [University of Manchester](/source/University_of_Manchester)'s [Jodrell Bank Observatory](/source/Jodrell_Bank_Observatory) in [Cheshire](/source/Cheshire), England,[63] while the telescopes are being constructed in Australia and South Africa.[64]

Suitable sites for the SKA telescope must be in unpopulated areas with guaranteed very low levels of man-made radio interference. Four sites were initially proposed in South Africa, Australia, Argentina and China.[65] After considerable site evaluation surveys, Argentina and China were dropped and the other two sites were shortlisted (with New Zealand joining the Australian bid, and 8 other African countries joining the South African bid):[66]

### Australia

The core site is located at the [Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory](/source/Murchison_Radio-astronomy_Observatory) (MRO) near [Boolardy](/source/Boolardy) in the state of [Western Australia](/source/Western_Australia), 315 km (196 mi) north-east of [Geraldton](/source/Geraldton)[67][68]

### South Africa

The core site is located at the [Meerkat National Park](/source/Meerkat_National_Park), at an elevation of about 1000 metres, in the [Karoo](/source/Karoo) area of the arid [Northern Cape](/source/Northern_Cape) Province. There are also distant stations in [Botswana](/source/Botswana), [Ghana](/source/Ghana), [Kenya](/source/Kenya), [Madagascar](/source/Madagascar), [Mauritius](/source/Mauritius), [Mozambique](/source/Mozambique), [Namibia](/source/Namibia) and [Zambia](/source/Zambia).[69]

## Precursors, pathfinders and design studies

Many groups are working globally to develop the technology and techniques required for the SKA. Their contributions to the international SKA project are classified as either: Precursors, Pathfinders or Design Studies.

- Precursor facility: A telescope on one of the two SKA candidate sites, carrying out SKA-related activity.

- Pathfinder: A telescope or programme carrying out SKA-related technology, science and operations activity.

- Design Study: A study of one or more major sub-systems of the SKA design, including the construction of prototypes

### Precursor facilities

[CSIRO](/source/CSIRO)'s [ASKAP](/source/ASKAP) antennas at the [MRO](/source/Murchison_Radio-astronomy_Observatory) in Western Australia

#### Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP)

Main article: [Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder](/source/Australian_Square_Kilometre_Array_Pathfinder)

The Australian SKA Pathfinder, or ASKAP, is an A$100 million project which built a telescope array of thirty-six, twelve-metre dishes. It employs advanced, innovative technologies such as [phased array feeds](/source/Focal-plane_array_(radio_astronomy)) to give a wide field of view (30 square degrees). ASKAP was built by [CSIRO](/source/CSIRO) at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory site, located near [Boolardy](/source/Boolardy) in the mid-west region of Western Australia. All 36 antennas and their technical systems were officially opened in October 2012.[70]

#### MeerKAT

MeerKAT telescopes in the [Meerkat National Park](/source/Meerkat_National_Park) in the Karoo

Main article: [MeerKAT](/source/MeerKAT)

MeerKAT is a South African project consisting of an array of sixty-four 13.5-metre diameter dishes as a world class science instrument, and was also built to help develop technology for the SKA.

[KAT-7](/source/KAT-7), a seven-dish engineering and science testbed instrument for MeerKAT, in the [Meerkat National Park](/source/Meerkat_National_Park) near [Carnarvon](/source/Carnarvon%2C_South_Africa) in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa was commissioned in 2012 and was up and running by May 2018 when all sixty-four 13.5-metre diameter (44.3 feet) dish antennae were completed, with verification tests then underway to ensure the instruments are functioning correctly.[71][*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] The dishes are equipped with a number of high performance single pixel feeds to cover frequencies from 580 MHz up to 14 GHz.[72]

#### Murchison Widefield Array (MWA)

Main article: [Murchison Widefield Array](/source/Murchison_Widefield_Array)

The Murchison Widefield Array[73] is a low-frequency [radio array](/source/Astronomical_interferometer) operating in the frequency range 80–300 MHz that began upgraded operation in 2018 at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory site in Western Australia.

#### Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA)

Main article: [Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array](/source/Hydrogen_Epoch_of_Reionization_Array)

The HERA array is located in South Africa's Meerkat National Park. It is designed to study highly redshifted [atomic hydrogen emission](/source/Hydrogen_line) emitted prior to, and during the epoch of reionization.

### Pathfinders

- [APERture Tile in Focus](/source/Westerbork_Synthesis_Radio_Telescope) (Apertif)[74]

- [Very Long Baseline Interferometry](/source/Very_Long_Baseline_Interferometry)[75][*[unreliable source?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources)*]

- [Electronic MultiBeam Radio Astronomy ConcEpt](/source/EMBRACE_(telescope))[76]

- [e-MERLIN](/source/E-MERLIN)[77]

- [Expanded Very Large Array](/source/Expanded_Very_Large_Array)[78]

- [Long Wavelength Array](/source/Long_Wavelength_Array)[79]

- [SKA Molonglo Prototype](/source/Molonglo_Observatory_Synthesis_Telescope#Square_Kilometre_Array_development) (SKAMP)[80]

- [NenuFAR](/source/NenuFAR)[81][82]

- [Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope](/source/Giant_Metrewave_Radio_Telescope)[83]

#### Allen Telescope Array

Main article: [Allen Telescope Array](/source/Allen_Telescope_Array)

The Allen Telescope Array in California uses innovative 6.1m offset Gregorian dishes equipped with wide band single feeds covering frequencies from 500 MHz to 11 GHz. The 42-element array in operation by 2017 is to be extended to 350 elements.[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] The dish design has explored methods of low-cost manufacture.[84]

#### LOFAR

Main article: [Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR)](/source/Low-Frequency_Array_(LOFAR))

The International LOFAR Telescope—a €150 million Dutch-led project—is a novel low-frequency phased aperture array spread over northern Europe. An all-electronic telescope covering low frequencies from 10 to 240 MHz, it came online from 2009 to 2011. LOFAR was in 2017 developing crucial processing techniques for the SKA.[85][*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*]. Because of its baselines of up to 2000 km, it can make images with sub-arcsecond angular resolution over a wide field of view. Such high-resolution imaging at low frequencies is unique and will be a factor of more than an order of magnitude better than SKA1-LOW.

### Design studies

Data challenges of SKA pathfinders Challenge Specifications[86] budgeted for ASKAP Requirements for the SKA itself are about 100 times greater. Large bandwidth from telescope to processor ~10 Tbit/s from antennas to correlator (< 6 km) 40 Gbit/s from correlator to processor (~ 600 km) Large processing power 750 Tflop/s expected/budgeted 1 Pflop desired Power consumption of processors 1 MW at site 10 MW for processor Pipeline processing essential including data validation, source extraction, cross-identification, etc. Storage and duration of data 70 PB/yr if all products are kept 5 PB/yr with current funding 8 h to write 12 h of data to disk at 10 GB/s Retrieval of data by users all data in public domain accessed using VO tools & services Data-intensive research data mining, stacking, cross-correlation, etc.

- [Aperture Array Verification Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aperture_Array_Verification_Programme&action=edit&redlink=1)[87]

- [Canadian SKA Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_SKA_Program&action=edit&redlink=1)[88]

- [Preparatory Study for the SKA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preparatory_Study_for_the_SKA&action=edit&redlink=1)[89]

- [Square Kilometre Array Design Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Square_Kilometre_Array_Design_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1) (SKADS)[90] - [Electronic MultiBeam Radio Astronomy ConcEpt](/source/EMBRACE_(telescope)) (EMBRACE)[91] - [BEST](/source/Medicina_Radio_Observatory#Square_Kilometre_Array_pathfinder)

#### Data challenges

The amount of sensory data collected poses a huge storage problem, and will require real-time [signal processing](/source/Signal_processing) to reduce the raw data to relevant derived information. In mid 2011 it was estimated the array could generate an [exabyte](/source/Exabyte) a day of raw data, which could be compressed to around 10 [petabytes](/source/Petabyte).[92] China, a founding member of the project, has designed and constructed the first prototype of the regional data processing centre. An Tao, head of the SKA group of the [Shanghai Astronomical Observatory](/source/Shanghai_Astronomical_Observatory), stated, "It will generate data streams far beyond the total Internet traffic worldwide." The [Tianhe-2](/source/Tianhe-2) supercomputer was used in 2016 to train the software. The processing of the project will be performed on Chinese-designed and -manufactured[93][94] Virtex-7 processors by [Xilinx](/source/Xilinx), integrated into platforms by the [CSIRO](/source/CSIRO).[95] China has pushed for a unified [beamforming](/source/Beamforming) design that has led other major countries to drop out of the project.[96] Canada continues to use Altera Stratix-10 processors (by [Intel](/source/Intel)).[97] It is illegal for any US company to export high end Intel [FPGAs](/source/Field-programmable_gate_array) or any related CSP design details or firmware to China[98] amid the US-embargo[99][100][101][102] which will severely limit cooperation.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

#### Technology Development Project (TDP)

The Technology Development Project, or TDP, is a US$12 million project to specifically develop dish and feed technology for the SKA. It is operated by a consortium of universities[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] and was completed in 2012.[103]

## Project risks and opposition

Potential risks for priority astronomical sites in South Africa are protected by the Astronomy Geographic Advantage Act of 2007.[104] Put in place to specifically support the South African SKA bid, it outlaws all activities that could endanger scientific operation of core astronomical instruments. In 2010, concerns were raised over the will to enforce this law when [Royal Dutch Shell](/source/Royal_Dutch_Shell) applied to explore the [Karoo](/source/Karoo) for [shale gas](/source/Shale_gas) using [hydraulic fracturing](/source/Hydraulic_fracturing), an activity that would have the potential to increase [radio interference](/source/Radio_interference) at the site.[105]

An identified remote station location for the southern African array in [Mozambique](/source/Mozambique) was subject to flooding and excluded from the project,[106] despite the SKA Site Selection Committee technical analysis reporting that all African remote stations could implement flood mitigation solutions.[107]

During 2014, South Africa experienced a month-long strike action by the [National Union of Metalworkers](/source/National_Union_of_Metalworkers_of_South_Africa) (NUMSA), which added to the delays of the installation of dishes.[108]

The largest risk to the overall project is probably its budget, which up until 2014 had not been committed.[109]

There has been opposition to the project from farmers, businesses, and individuals in South Africa since the project's inception.[110] The advocacy group called Save the Karoo has stated that the [radio quiet zone](/source/Radio_quiet_zone) would create further unemployment in the South African region where unemployment is already above 32%.[111] Farmers had stated that the agriculture-based economy in the Karoo would collapse if they were forced to sell their land.[112][113]

## Key projects

This section needs more citations. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Artist's impression of the Offset Gregorian Antennas

Schematic of the SKA Central Region

The capabilities of the SKA will be designed to address a wide range of questions in [astrophysics](/source/Astrophysics), [fundamental physics](/source/Fundamental_physics), [cosmology](/source/Physical_cosmology) and [particle astrophysics](/source/Particle_astrophysics) as well as extending the range of the [observable universe](/source/Observable_universe). A number of key science projects that have been selected for implementation via the SKA are listed below.

### Extreme tests of general relativity

Main article: [Tests of general relativity](/source/Tests_of_general_relativity)

For almost one hundred years, [Albert Einstein](/source/Albert_Einstein)'s [general theory of relativity](/source/General_theory_of_relativity) has precisely predicted the outcome of every experiment made to test it. Most of these tests, including the most stringent ones, have been carried out using radio astronomical measurements. By using [pulsars](/source/Pulsars) as cosmic [gravitational wave](/source/Gravitational_wave) detectors, or timing pulsars found orbiting [black holes](/source/Black_holes), astronomers will be able to examine the limits of general relativity such as the behaviour of [spacetime](/source/Spacetime) in regions of extremely curved space. The goal is to reveal whether Einstein was correct in his description of space, time and gravity, or whether [alternatives to general relativity](/source/Alternatives_to_general_relativity) are needed to account for these phenomena.[114][115]

### Galaxies, cosmology, dark matter and dark energy

Main articles: [Galaxy formation and evolution](/source/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution) and [Dark matter](/source/Dark_matter)

The sensitivity of the SKA in the [21 cm hydrogen line](/source/Hydrogen_line) will map a billion galaxies out to the edge of the observable Universe. The [large-scale structure of the cosmos](/source/Large-scale_structure_of_the_cosmos) thus revealed will give constraints to determine the processes resulting in [galaxy formation and evolution](/source/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution). Imaging [hydrogen](/source/Hydrogen) throughout the Universe will provide a [three-dimensional](/source/Three-dimensional_space) picture of the first ripples of structure that formed individual galaxies and clusters. This may also allow the measurement of effects [hypothetically](/source/Hypothesis) caused by [dark energy](/source/Dark_energy) and causing the increasing [rate of expansion of the universe](/source/Hubble's_law).[116]

The cosmological measurements enabled by SKA galaxy surveys include testing models of dark energy,[117] gravity,[118] the primordial universe,[119] and fundamental cosmology,[120] and they are summarised in a series of papers available online.[121][122][123][124]

### Epoch of re-ionization

The SKA is intended to provide observational data from the so-called [Dark Ages](/source/Timeline_of_the_Big_Bang#Dark_Ages) (between 300,000 years after the [Big Bang](/source/Big_Bang) when the universe became cool enough for hydrogen to become neutral and decouple from radiation) and the time of [First Light](/source/First_light_(cosmology)) (a billion years later when young galaxies are seen to form for the first time and hydrogen becomes ionized again). By observing the primordial distribution of gas, the SKA should be able to see how the Universe gradually lit up as its stars and galaxies formed and then evolved. This period of the Dark Ages, culminating in First Light, is considered the first chapter in the cosmic story of creation, and the resolving power required to see this event is the reason for the Square Kilometre Array's design. To see back to First Light requires a telescope 100 times more powerful than the biggest radio telescopes currently in the world, taking up 1 million square metres of collecting area, or one square kilometre.[125]

### Cosmic magnetism

It is still not possible to answer basic questions about the origin and evolution of [cosmic magnetic fields](/source/Magnetism), but it is clear that they are an important component of interstellar and intergalactic space. By mapping the effects of magnetism on the radiation from very distant galaxies, the SKA will investigate the form of cosmic magnetism and the role it has played in the evolving Universe.

### Search for extraterrestrial life

This key science program, called "Cradle of Life", will focus on three objectives: observing [protoplanetary discs](/source/Protoplanetary_disc) in [habitable zones](/source/Circumstellar_habitable_zone), searching for prebiotic chemistry, and contributing to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence ([SETI](/source/SETI)).[126]

- The SKA will be able to probe the [habitable zone](/source/Circumstellar_habitable_zone) of Sun-like [protostars](/source/Protostar), where [Earth-like planets](/source/Earth_analog) or moons are most likely to have environments favourable for the [development of life](/source/Abiogenesis).[127] The signatures of forming Earth-like planets imprinted on circumstellar dust may be the most conspicuous evidence of their presence and evolution,[127] and may even detect [planets capable of supporting life](/source/Planetary_habitability).[127][128]

- [Astrobiologists](/source/Astrobiology) will also use the SKA to search for complex [organic compounds](/source/Organic_compound) (carbon-containing chemicals) in outer space, including [amino acids](/source/Amino_acid), by identifying spectral lines at specific frequencies.[127]

- The SKA will be capable of detecting extremely weak radio emission "leakage" from nearby [extraterrestrial](/source/Extraterrestrial_life) civilizations, if they exist.[127]

## See also

- [Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope](/source/Five-hundred-meter_Aperture_Spherical_Telescope)

- [KARST](/source/KARST) – a 1990s Chinese proposal to host the SKA

- [List of radio telescopes](/source/List_of_radio_telescopes)

- [LOFAR](/source/Low-Frequency_Array_(LOFAR))

- [Mills Cross Telescope](/source/Mills_Cross_Telescope) – related to the SKA development

- [Simon Ratcliffe](/source/Simon_Ratcliffe_(astronomer))

- [Project Cyclops](/source/Project_Cyclops)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Sridhar, Sarrvesh. ["A Year in the Life of the SKA"](https://www.skao.int/en/science-users/646/year-life-ska). SKA Observatory. Retrieved 5 November 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["SKA Timeline - SKA UK"](https://unitedkingdom.skatelescope.org/ska-project/ska-timeline/). *SKA UK*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Nan, R.; et al. (16 June 2002). ["Kilometer-square Area Radio Synthesis Telescope—KARST"](https://www.skatelescope.org/uploaded/8481_17_memo_Nan.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161005144909/https://www.skatelescope.org/uploaded/8481_17_memo_Nan.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 5 October 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Su, Yan; et al. (February 2003). ["An Optimal Design of Array Configuration of KARST for SKA"](http://zmtt.bao.ac.cn/xian/proceedings/SuY/fin/SuY.pdf) (PDF). *Acta Astronomica Sinica*. **44**: 31. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2003AcASn..44S..31S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AcASn..44S..31S). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234850/http://zmtt.bao.ac.cn/xian/proceedings/SuY/fin/SuY.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Planning for the radio astronomy service"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070909092701/http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD//pc=PC_100628). Archived from [the original](http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_100628) on 9 September 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-SKAO_2022_6-0)** ["SKA Telescope specifications"](https://www.skao.int/en/science-users/118/ska-telescope-specifications). *SKAO*. 28 June 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["SKAO construction history"](https://www.skao.int/en/explore/construction-journey). *SKAO*. Retrieved 18 April 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BBC2011-04-02_8-0)** ["Jodrell Bank chosen as base for largest radio telescope"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12947435). *BBC News*. 2 April 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110403035639/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12947435) from the original on 3 April 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["First country has approved participation in constructing the largest telescope the world has ever known"](https://www.universal-sci.com/headlines/2019/8/20/first-country-has-approved-participation-in-constructing-the-largest-telescope-the-world-has-ever-known). 20 August 2019.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-SKAorg_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-SKAorg_10-1) ["The organisation"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120904115214/http://www.skatelescope.org/the-organisation/). SKA Organisation. Archived from [the original](http://www.skatelescope.org/the-organisation/) on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Carpenter, Avery (22 February 2012). ["Oz telescope body under microscope after ex-chairman raises difficult questions"](http://www.iol.co.za/the-star/oz-telescope-body-under-microscope-after-ex-chairman-raises-difficult-questions-1.1239657). *[The Star](/source/The_Star_(South_Africa))*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140329065823/http://www.iol.co.za/the-star/oz-telescope-body-under-microscope-after-ex-chairman-raises-difficult-questions-1.1239657) from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-age_20120309_12-0)** Flitton, Daniel (10 March 2012). ["Australia on the outer for largest space telescope"](http://www.theage.com.au/national/australia-on-the-outer-for-largest-space-telescope-20120309-1upwr.html). *[The Age](/source/The_Age)*. Retrieved 9 March 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Further delays signalled in super-telescope plan"](http://www.theaustralian.com.au/australian-it/further-delays-signalled-in-super-telescope-plan/story-e6frgakx-1226319328674). *[The Australian](/source/The_Australian)*. AFP. 5 April 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120410043337/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/australian-it/further-delays-signalled-in-super-telescope-plan/story-e6frgakx-1226319328674) from the original on 10 April 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bbc1_14-0)** Amos, Jonathan (25 May 2012). ["Africa and Australasia to share Square Kilometre Array"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18194984). BBC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180820140222/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18194984) from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Australia_15-0)** ["Australia - SKA Telescope"](https://www.skatelescope.org/location/australia/). SKA. 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140615002233/https://www.skatelescope.org/location/australia/) from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ska20141028_16-0)** ["The SKA Organisation"](https://www.skatelescope.org/ska-organisation/). SKA Organisation. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150223142143/https://www.skatelescope.org/ska-organisation/) from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bbc20150429_17-0)** [UK to be giant telescope's HQ](https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-32523768) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181002221937/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-32523768) 2 October 2018 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Jonathan Amos, *BBC News*. 29 April 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-physicsworld201907_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-physicsworld201907_18-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-physicsworld201907_18-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-physicsworld201907_18-3) ["New Zealand pulls out of the Square Kilometre Array after benefits questioned"](https://physicsworld.com/a/new-zealand-pulls-out-of-the-square-kilometre-array-after-benefits-questioned). *Physics World*. IOP Publishing. 4 July 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190704174649/https://physicsworld.com/a/new-zealand-pulls-out-of-the-square-kilometre-array-after-benefits-questioned/) from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** [Technical information: the operational model](https://www.skatelescope.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/16231-Factsheets-operational-model-v4.pdf) (SKA, 2 August 2018)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-skao-founding_20-0)** ["Founding Members Sign SKA Observatory Treaty"](https://www.skatelescope.org/news/founding-members-sign-ska-observatory-treaty/) (Press release). Square Kilometre Array Organisation. 12 March 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190330054801/https://www.skatelescope.org/news/founding-members-sign-ska-observatory-treaty/) from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Precursors and Pathfinders"](https://www.skatelescope.org/precursors-pathfinders-design-studies/). *Square Kilometre Array*. Retrieved 22 November 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Amos, Jonathan (5 December 2022). ["SKA: Construction to begin on world's biggest telescope"](https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-63836496). *[BBC News](/source/BBC_News)*. Retrieved 5 December 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-firstoz2022_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-firstoz2022_23-1) Clifford, Rachael (5 December 2022). ["Square Kilometre Array Telescope construction begins in West Australian outback"](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-12-05/square-kilometre-array-telescope-construction-begins-in-wa/101733396). [ABC News](/source/ABC_News_(Australia)). Retrieved 6 December 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["UK, India Scientists To Collaborate In Astronomy, Bio-Imaging"](https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/uk-india-scientists-to-collaborate-in-astronomy-bio-imaging-4492943). *NDTV.com*. 18 October 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Marar, Anjali (3 January 2024). ["Another eye in sky, on ground: India is now part of world's largest radio telescope project"](https://indianexpress.com/article/india/another-eye-in-sky-on-ground-india-is-now-part-of-worlds-largest-radio-telescope-project-9092577/). *The Indian Express*. Retrieved 3 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-SKAorghist_26-0)** ["Participating countries"](http://www.skatelescope.org/the-organisation/history-of-the-organisation/participating-countries/). SKA Organisation.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-skalayout_27-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-skalayout_27-1) ["The SKA Layout"](https://www.skatelescope.org/layout/). *SKA Telescope*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150921001143/https://www.skatelescope.org/layout/) from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["The World's Largest Radio Telescope Takes A Major Step Towards Construction"](https://www.skatelescope.org/news/worlds-largest-radio-telescope-near-construction/). *SKA Science*. 9 March 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160108044154/https://www.skatelescope.org/news/worlds-largest-radio-telescope-near-construction/) from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["How will SKA1 be better than today's best radio telescopes? \[image\]"](https://www.skatelescope.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/SKA-3-aspects-Infographic_OP-rgb.jpg). *SKA Telescope*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085949/https://www.skatelescope.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/SKA-3-aspects-Infographic_OP-rgb.jpg) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** ["SKA-Low | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/explore/telescopes/ska-low). *www.skao.int*. Retrieved 26 March 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Thorn</a>, <a href="/authors/athorn" title="View all articles from Adam Thorn">Adam; Thorn, Adam (9 March 2024). ["First 'Christmas tree' antennas installed on SKA-Low telescope"](https://www.spaceconnectonline.com.au/discovery/6154-first-christmas-tree-antennas-installed-on-ska-low-telescope). *www.spaceconnectonline.com.au*. Retrieved 26 March 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["Developing technologies for SKA-Low"](https://research.csiro.au/ska/technology/). Retrieved 22 October 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["Low-Frequency Aperture Array"](https://www.skatelescope.org/lfaa/). Retrieved 22 October 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** CSIRO. ["'Beyond what we'd hoped': SKA-Low's first glimpse of the Universe"](https://www.csiro.au/en/news/All/News/2025/March/SKA-Low-first-image). *www.csiro.au*. Retrieved 26 March 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** ["SKA-Mid | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/explore/telescopes/ska-mid). *www.skao.int*. Retrieved 26 March 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ska1_36-0)** ["SKA1"](http://astronomers.skatelescope.org/ska1/). *SKA Science*. 21 February 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160108044154/http://astronomers.skatelescope.org/ska1/) from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["Square Kilometre Array Project - Rau's IAS"](https://compass.rauias.com/current-affairs/square-kilometre-array-project/). *compass.rauias.com*. 3 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** McPherson, A. ["REPORT AND OPTIONS FOR RE-BASELINING OF SKA-1"](https://www.skatelescope.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/SKA-TEL-SKO-0000229_Report-and-Options-for-Re-Baselining-of-SKA-1-Word_Amm-signed.pdf) (PDF). *SKA Telescope*. SKAO. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151006071718/https://www.skatelescope.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/SKA-TEL-SKO-0000229_Report-and-Options-for-Re-Baselining-of-SKA-1-Word_Amm-signed.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Dewdney, P. E. ["SKA Baseline Design"](https://www.skatelescope.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/SKA-TEL-SKO-DD-001-1_BaselineDesign1.pdf) (PDF). *SKA Telescope*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160602160221/http://www.skatelescope.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/SKA-TEL-SKO-DD-001-1_BaselineDesign1.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** ["The project timeline"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120805230658/http://www.skatelescope.org/about/project/). SKA Organisation. Archived from [the original](http://www.skatelescope.org/about/project/) on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["SKA site bid outcome"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140626022118/http://ska.ac.za/about/bid.php). SKA Africa. Archived from [the original](http://www.ska.ac.za/about/bid.php) on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** ["SKAO Council | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/about-us/governance/100/skao-council).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** ["SKAO Members | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/partners/skao-members).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["Australia | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/partners/skao-members/133/australia).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** ["China | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/partners/skao-members/372/china).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** ["Italy | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/partners/skao-members/292/italy).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** ["Portugal | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/partners/skao-members/389/portugal).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** ["South Africa | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/partners/skao-members/397/south-africa).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** ["The Netherlands | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/partners/skao-members/163/netherlands).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** ["United Kingdom | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/partners/skao-members/396/united-kingdom).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** ["Switzerland | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/partners/skao-members/302/switzerland).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** ["Spain joins the SKA Organisation - SKA Telescope"](https://www.skatelescope.org/news/spain-joins-skao/). *SKA Telescope*. 19 June 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180619213907/https://www.skatelescope.org/news/spain-joins-skao/) from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** ["Spain | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/partners/skao-members/398/spain).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** ["Canada | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/partners/skao-members/388/canada).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** ["Germany | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/partners/skao-members/399/germany).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** ["India's National Centre for Radio Astrophysics becomes the 11th full SKA Organisation member"](https://www.skatelescope.org/news/indias-ncra-becomes-11th-full-skao-member/). SKA Organisation. 11 August 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160108044154/https://www.skatelescope.org/news/indias-ncra-becomes-11th-full-skao-member/) from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** ["Explained | Square Kilometre Array project, world's largest radio telescope, and India's role in it"](https://www.deccanherald.com/science/space/explained-square-kilometre-array-project-worlds-largest-radio-telescope-and-indias-role-in-it-2833808). *Deccan Herald*. Retrieved 4 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** ["India | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/partners/skao-members/393/india).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** ["France | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/partners/prospective-members/188/france).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** xhttps://www.skao.int/en/partners/prospective-members/191/japan

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** ["South Korea | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/partners/prospective-members/193/south-korea).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** ["Sweden | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/partners/prospective-members/186/sweden).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-63)** ["Construction starts on SKA Organisation headquarters"](http://www.skatelescope.org/news/construction-starts-ska-organisation-headquarters/). SKA Organisation. 18 April 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120519072853/http://www.skatelescope.org/news/construction-starts-ska-organisation-headquarters/) from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-64)** [Co-hosting the SKA](http://www.ska.gov.au/About/Pages/CohostingTheSKA.aspx) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180411031202/http://www.ska.gov.au/About/Pages/CohostingTheSKA.aspx) 11 April 2018 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). SKA

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** Koenig, Robert (18 August 2006). "Radio Astronomy: Candidate Sites for World's Largest Telescope Face First Big Hurdle". *[Science](/source/Science_(journal))*. **313** (5789). [AAAS](/source/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science): 910–912. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1126/science.313.5789.910](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.313.5789.910). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [16917038](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16917038). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [42969567](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42969567).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-66)** ["SA's bid to host Square Kilometre Array (SKA) Radio Telescope: briefing by Department & SKA Project Team"](https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/11284/). *pmg.org.za*. Retrieved 4 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bbc_67-0)** Amos, J. [Nations vie for giant telescope](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5388690.stm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060929070255/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5388690.stm) 29 September 2006 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), [BBC News](/source/BBC_News), 28 September 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-68)** [Science Network WA](http://www.sciencewa.net.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=635&Itemid=587,), 16 February 2007 [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010540/http://www.sciencewa.net.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=635&Itemid=587) 27 April 2014 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** ["The Square Kilometre Array (SKA)"](https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC127429). *[Quest](/source/Quest_(journal))*. **8** (3): 3 – via Sabinet.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-70)** Osborne, Darren (5 October 2012). ["Outback observatory open for business - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)"](http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-10-05/outback-observatory-open-for-business/4298094). *ABC News*. Abc.net.au. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121007084631/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-10-05/outback-observatory-open-for-business/4298094) from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-71)** Tshangela, Lebo (16 May 2018). ["MeerKAT telescope is complete"](http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/meerkat-telescope-is-complete/). *SABC News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180519064052/http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/meerkat-telescope-is-complete/) from the original on 19 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-72)** ["SKA SA – Square Kilometre Array radio telescope (SKA) South Africa"](http://www.ska.ac.za). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170114122619/http://www.ska.ac.za/) from the original on 14 January 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-73)** ["MWA - Home"](http://www.mwatelescope.org/). *www.mwatelescope.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170131053124/http://www.mwatelescope.org/) from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-74)** Tom Osterloo; Marc Verheijen & Wim van Cappellen (10–14 June 2010). [*The latest on Apertif*](http://pos.sissa.it/archive/conferences/112/043/ISKAF2010_043.pdf) (PDF). ISKAF2010 Science Meeting. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1007.5141](https://arxiv.org/abs/1007.5141). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2010iska.meetE..43O](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010iska.meetE..43O). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141206045454/http://pos.sissa.it/archive/conferences/112/043/ISKAF2010_043.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-75)** [Aerospace-Technology.com](http://www.aerospace-technology.com/features/featuresquare-kilometre-array-africa-australia-astronomy-telescope/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120615215656/http://www.aerospace-technology.com/features/featuresquare-kilometre-array-africa-australia-astronomy-telescope) 15 June 2012 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-76)** ["Electronic Multi Beam Radio Astronomy ConcEpt"](http://www.skads-eu.org/p/embraceConcept.php). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160512195218/http://www.skads-eu.org/p/embraceConcept.php) from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-77)** Beswick, Rob. ["e-MERLIN / VLBI National Radio Astronomy Facility - e-MERLIN"](http://www.e-merlin.ac.uk/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170101203916/http://www.e-merlin.ac.uk/) from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-78)** ["Expanded VLA"](http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/evla). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161022143316/http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/evla/) from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-79)** ["Long Wavelength Array"](http://lwa.phys.unm.edu/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161117123028/http://lwa.phys.unm.edu//) from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-80)** Gaensler, Bryan. ["Sydney Institute for Astronomy - The University of Sydney"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170218230743/http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/sifa/Main/SKAMP). Archived from [the original](http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/sifa/Main/SKAMP) on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-81)** ["NENUFAR website"](http://nenufar.obs-nancay.fr). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160527195520/http://nenufar.obs-nancay.fr/) from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-82)** ["French NenuFAR telescope granted SKA Pathfinder status - SKA Telescope"](https://www.skatelescope.org/news/french-nenufar-telescope-granted-ska-pathfinder-status/). 5 September 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160108044154/https://www.skatelescope.org/news/french-nenufar-telescope-granted-ska-pathfinder-status/) from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-83)** ["India's GMRT telescope granted SKA pathfinder status"](https://www.skatelescope.org/news/indias-gmrt-telescope-becomes-ska-pathfinder/). *SKA Telescope Public Website*. 6 February 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-84)** ["The Allen Telescope Array - SETI Institute"](http://www.seti.org/ata). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110704063659/http://www.seti.org/ata) from the original on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-85)** ["LOFAR - LOFAR"](http://www.lofar.org/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170131053112/http://www.lofar.org/) from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-86)** Ray P. Norris (7 January 2011). *2010 Sixth IEEE International Conference on e-Science Workshops: Data Challenges for Next-generation Radio Telescopes*. p. 21. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1101.1355](https://arxiv.org/abs/1101.1355). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1109/eScienceW.2010.13](https://doi.org/10.1109%2FeScienceW.2010.13). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4244-8988-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-8988-6). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [34645164](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34645164).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-87)** ["The Square Kilometre Array - SKA-AAVP"](http://www.ska-aavp.eu/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170202145456/http://www.ska-aavp.eu/) from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-88)** ["Home - SKA"](http://www.skatelescope.ca/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170223134627/http://skatelescope.ca/) from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-89)** ["PrepSKA"](http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/prepska). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160428172155/http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/prepska/) from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-90)** ["SKADS Technology"](http://www.skads-eu.org/p/technology.php). SKADS. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222507/http://www.skads-eu.org/p/technology.php) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-91)** ["EMBRACE"](https://web.archive.org/web/20171226020648/http://www.astron.nl/r-d-laboratory/ska/embrace/embrace). ASTRON. Archived from [the original](http://www.astron.nl/r-d-laboratory/ska/embrace/embrace) on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ttgmd_92-0)** ["SKA telescope to generate more data than entire Internet in 2020"](http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/392735/ska_telescope_generate_more_data_than_entire_internet_2020/). *Computerworld*. IDG Communications. 7 July 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091345/http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/392735/ska_telescope_generate_more_data_than_entire_internet_2020/) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-93)** ["Taiwan's TSMC says chip shipments to Huawei not affected by U.S. ban"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-huawei-tech-usa-tsmc/taiwans-tsmc-says-chip-shipments-to-huawei-not-affected-by-u-s-ban-idUSKCN1ST08O). Reuters. 23 May 2019. China's Huawei Technologies Co Ltd are not affected by U.S. action aimed at curbing the telecom equipment maker's access to American technology.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-94)** ["Xilinx Powers Huawei FPGA Accelerated Cloud Server"](https://www.xilinx.com/news/press/2017/xilinx-powers-huawei-fpga-accelerated-cloud-server.html). 6 September 2017. Huawei has chosen high performance Virtex® UltraScale+™ FPGAs to power their first FP1 instance as part of a new accelerated cloud service.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-95)** Kooistra, E.; Hampson, G. A.; Gunst, A. W.; Bunton, J. D.; Schoonderbeek, G. W.; Brown, A. (2017). ["Gemini FPGA Hardware Platform for the SKA Low Correlator and Beamformer"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316324649). *2017 XXXIInd General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI GASS)*. pp. 1–4. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.23919/URSIGASS.2017.8104976](https://doi.org/10.23919%2FURSIGASS.2017.8104976). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-825987-0-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-825987-0-4). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [35235341](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35235341).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-96)** John Bunton (10 February 2017). ["The SKA LOW correlator design challenge"](https://irasr.aut.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/68085/John-Bunton-C4SKA_LowAimsHighpptx.pdf) (PDF). CSIRO. p. 30. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190122025720/https://irasr.aut.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/68085/John-Bunton-C4SKA_LowAimsHighpptx.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-97)** McNamara, Dan (15 May 2018). ["Intel FPGAs: Accelerating the Future"](https://newsroom.intel.com/editorials/intel-fpgas-accelerating-future/#gs.yv2lyq). Intel. Canada's NRC is helping to build the next-generation Square Kilometre Array (SKA) radio telescope...NRC's design embeds Intel® Stratix® 10 SX FPGAs

1. **[^](#cite_ref-98)** ["Electronic Code of Federal Regulations: PART 121—THE UNITED STATES MUNITIONS LIST"](https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=86008bdffd1fb2e79cc5df41a180750a&node=22:1.0.1.13.58&rgn=div5). 22 August 2019. 16) Hybrid (combined analogue/digital) computers specially designed for modeling, simulation, or design integration of systems enumerated in paragraphs (a)(1), (d)(1), (d)(2), (h)(1), (h)(2), (h)(4), (h)(8), and (h)(9) of USML Category IV or paragraphs (a)(5), (a)(6), or (a)(13) of USML Category VIII (MT if for rockets, SLVs, missiles, drones, or UAVs capable of delivering a payload of at least 500 kg to a range of at least 300 km or their subsystems. See note 2 to paragraph (a)(3)(xxix) of this category);""Analog-to-digital converters, usable in the system in Item 1, having either of the following characteristics: (1) Analog-to-digital converter "microcircuits", which are "radiation hardened" or have all of the following characteristics: (i) Having a resolution of 8 bits or more;" "Item 1—Category I Complete rocket systems (including ballistic missile systems, space launch vehicles, and sounding rockets (see §121.1, Cat. IV(a) and (b))) and unmanned air vehicle systems (including cruise missile systems, see §121.1, Cat. VIII (a), target drones and reconnaissance drones (see §121.1, Cat. VIII (a))) capable of delivering at least a 500 kg payload to a range of at least 300 km.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-99)** ["Overview of Cryptography and the Defence Trade Controls Act 2012"](http://www.defence.gov.au/ExportControls/Cryptography.asp). Department of Defense(Australia). Retrieved 26 August 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-100)** ["Australian Export Controls and ICT"](http://www.defence.gov.au/ExportControls/ICT.asp). Department of Defense(Australia). Retrieved 26 August 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-101)** ["Politics, not security, behind Huawei, ZTE allegations, say analysts"](https://www.computerworld.com/article/2492071/politics--not-security--behind-huawei--zte-allegations--say-analysts.html). 8 October 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-102)** Kan, Michael (9 April 2015). ["U.S. stops Intel from selling Xeon chips to Chinese supercomputer projects"](https://www.computerworld.com/article/2908371/us-stops-intel-from-selling-xeon-chips-to-chinese-supercomputer-projects.html). *Computerworld*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-103)** Chatterjee, Shami. ["Welcome to the SKA TDP Website"](https://skatdp.astro.cornell.edu/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161002002934/http://skatdp.astro.cornell.edu/) from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-104)** ["Astronomy Geographic Advantage Act"](https://www.sarao.ac.za/about/astronomy-geographic-advantage-act/). *South African Radio Astronomy Observatory - SARAO*. Retrieved 4 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-105)** Nordling, Linda (22 March 2011). ["Mining plans pose threat to South African astronomy site"](http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110322/full/news.2011.174.html?s=news_rss). *[Nature](/source/Nature_(journal))*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121105100331/http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110322/full/news.2011.174.html?s=news_rss) from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-106)** ["Mozambique: Exact Location of SKA Telescope Sought"](http://allafrica.com/stories/201206270018.html). *[AllAfrica](/source/AllAfrica)*. 26 June 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120823115512/http://allafrica.com/stories/201206270018.html) from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-107)** ["Report and Recommendation of the SKA Site Advisory Committee (SSAC)"](http://www.skatelescope.org/uploaded/34228_120216_SSAC.Report_web.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160108044154/http://www.skatelescope.org/uploaded/34228_120216_SSAC.Report_web.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Strike_action_108-0)** Butoi, Mario (7 November 2014). ["October 2014 - Strike delays SKA Dish Installations"](http://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-30-strike-delays-ska-dish-installations). *[Mail & Guardian](/source/Mail_%26_Guardian)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141101062028/http://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-30-strike-delays-ska-dish-installations) from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-SKA_Project_109-0)** ["SKA Project"](https://www.skatelescope.org/project/). SKA Organisation. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140701120111/https://www.skatelescope.org/project/) from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-110)** ["Astronomers and sheep farmers butt heads over the Square Kilometer Array"](https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21713855-radio-telescope-project-encounters-nimbyism-remote-part-south). *The Economist*. 5 January 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170331114212/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21713855-radio-telescope-project-encounters-nimbyism-remote-part-south) from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-111)** ["Save the Karoo"](http://savethekaroo.com/). *savethekaroo.com/*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170331032940/http://savethekaroo.com/) from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-112)** Sarah, Wild (22 June 2016). ["In South Africa, Opposition Flares against Giant SKA Radio Telescope"](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/in-south-africa-opposition-flares-against-giant-ska-radio-telescope/). *Scientific American*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171204224443/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/in-south-africa-opposition-flares-against-giant-ska-radio-telescope/) from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-113)** Wild, Sarah (23 June 2016). ["Giant SKA telescope rattles South African community"](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F534444a). *Nature*. **534** (7608): 444–446. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2016Natur.534..444W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.534..444W). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/534444a](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F534444a). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [27337317](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27337317). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [4451534](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4451534).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-114)** ["Challenging Einstein | SKAO"](https://www.skao.int/en/explore/science-goals/129/challenging-einstein). *www.skao.int*. SKA Observatory.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-115)** Bull, Philip (20 January 2016). ["Extending Cosmological Tests of General Relativity with the Square Kilometre Array"](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F0004-637X%2F817%2F1%2F26). *The Astrophysical Journal*. **817** (1): 26. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1509.07562](https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.07562). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2016ApJ...817...26B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...817...26B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3847/0004-637X/817/1/26](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F0004-637X%2F817%2F1%2F26).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-116)** ["Galaxy Evolution, Cosmology And Dark Energy – Further Information"](http://www.skatelescope.org/the-science/ska-key-science-projects/ska-key-science-projects/galaxy-evolution/). Skatelescope.org. 25 May 2012.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-117)** Bull, Phil; Camera, Stefano; Raccanelli, Alvise; Blake, Chris; Ferreira, Pedro; Santos, Mario; Schwarz, Dominik J. (2015). "Measuring baryon acoustic oscillations with future SKA surveys". *Proceedings of Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array — PoS(AASKA14)*. p. 024. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1501.04088](https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.04088). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2015aska.confE..24B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015aska.confE..24B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.22323/1.215.0024](https://doi.org/10.22323%2F1.215.0024). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [55195638](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55195638).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-118)** Raccanelli, Alvise; Bull, Phil; Camera, Stefano; Blake, Chris; Ferreira, Pedro; Maartens, Roy; Santos, Mario; Bull, Philip; Bacon, D. J.; Doré, Olivier; Ferreira, Pedro; Santos, Mario G.; Viel, Matteo; Zhao, Gong-Bo (2015). "Measuring redshift-space distortion with future SKA surveys". *Proceedings of Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array — PoS(AASKA14)*. p. 31. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1501.03821](https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.03821). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2015aska.confE..31R](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015aska.confE..31R). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.22323/1.215.0031](https://doi.org/10.22323%2F1.215.0031). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2318/1790152](https://hdl.handle.net/2318%2F1790152). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [54072202](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54072202).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-119)** Camera, Stefano; Raccanelli, Alvise; Bull, Phil; Bertacca, Daniele; Chen, Xuelei; Ferreira, Pedro; Kunz, Martin; Maartens, Roy; Mao, Yi; Santos, Mario; Shapiro, Paul R.; Viel, Matteo; Xu, Yidong (2015). "Cosmology on the Largest Scales with the SKA". *Proceedings of Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array — PoS(AASKA14)*. p. 025. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1501.03851](https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.03851). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.22323/1.215.0025](https://doi.org/10.22323%2F1.215.0025). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [59136297](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59136297).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-120)** Schwarz, Dominik J.; Bacon, D. J.; Chen, Song; Clarkson, Chris; Huterer, Dragan; Kunz, Martin; Maartens, Roy; Raccanelli, Alvise; Rubart, Matthias; Starck, Jean-Luc (2015). "Testing foundations of modern cosmology with SKA all-sky surveys". *Proceedings of Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array — PoS(AASKA14)*. p. 32. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1501.03820](https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.03820). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2015aska.confE..32S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015aska.confE..32S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.22323/1.215.0032](https://doi.org/10.22323%2F1.215.0032). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [17895596](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17895596).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-121)** Maartens, Roy; Abdalla, Filipe B.; Jarvis, Matt; Santos, Mario G. (2015). "Cosmology with the SKA -- overview". [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1501.04076](https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.04076) [[astro-ph.CO](https://arxiv.org/archive/astro-ph.CO)].

1. **[^](#cite_ref-122)** Santos, Mario; Bull, Phil; Alonso, David; Camera, Stefano; Ferreira, Pedro; Bernardi, Gianni; Maartens, Roy; Viel, Matteo; Villaescusa-Navarro, Francisco; Abdalla, Filipe Batoni; Jarvis, Matt; Metcalf, R. Benton; Pourtsidou, Alkistis; Wolz, Laura (2015). "Cosmology from a SKA HI intensity mapping survey". *Proceedings of Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array — PoS(AASKA14)*. Vol. 14. p. 19. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1501.03989](https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.03989). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2015aska.confE..19S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015aska.confE..19S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.22323/1.215.0019](https://doi.org/10.22323%2F1.215.0019). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [55246221](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55246221).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-123)** Abdalla, Filipe Batoni; Bull, Philip; Camera, Stefano; Benoit Levy, Aurelien; Joachimi, Benjamin; Kirk, Donnacha; Kloeckner, Hans Rainer; Maartens, Roy; Raccanelli, Alvise; Santos, Mario G.; Zhao, Gong-Bo (2015). "Cosmology from HI galaxy surveys with the SKA". *Proceedings of Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array — PoS(AASKA14)*. p. 17. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1501.04035](https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.04035). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2015aska.confE..17A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015aska.confE..17A). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.22323/1.215.0017](https://doi.org/10.22323%2F1.215.0017). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [29623186](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29623186).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-124)** Jarvis, Matt; Bacon, D. J.; Blake, Chris; Brown, Michael L.; Lindsay, Sam; Raccanelli, Alvise; Santos, Mario; Schwarz, Dominik J. (2015). "Cosmology with SKA Radio Continuum Surveys". *Proceedings of Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array — PoS(AASKA14)*. p. 18. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1501.03825](https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.03825). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2015aska.confE..18J](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015aska.confE..18J). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.22323/1.215.0018](https://doi.org/10.22323%2F1.215.0018). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [55630081](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55630081).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-125)** RiAus (2011). ["Radio Astronomy: Something Kinda Awesome, (SKA)""](https://web.archive.org/web/20141211074804/http://vimeo.com/23460933). Archived from [the original](https://vimeo.com/23460933/) on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-126)** [The Square Kilometre Array Project Description for Astro 2010](https://science.nrao.edu/science/Decadal%20Survey/rfi/SKA.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180724224543/https://science.nrao.edu/science/Decadal%20Survey/rfi/SKA.pdf) 24 July 2018 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) -Response to Program Prioritization Panels. James Cordes. 1 April 2009.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Life_127-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Life_127-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Life_127-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Life_127-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Life_127-4) [SKA - Cradle Of Life](https://www.skatelescope.org/cradle-life/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002407/https://www.skatelescope.org/cradle-life/) 15 March 2015 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). T.J.W. Lazio, J.C. Tarter, D.J. Wilner. 2004.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-128)** [Curtin Institute of Radio Astronomy](http://astronomy.curtin.edu.au/research/ska.cfm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150226205518/http://astronomy.curtin.edu.au/research/ska.cfm) 26 February 2015 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) - Cradle of Life. April 2015.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Square Kilometre Array](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Square_Kilometre_Array).

**International**

- [SKA website](http://www.skatelescope.org/)

- [SKA on Scholarpedia](http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Square_kilometre_array&editsenior=1/)

**Australia/NZ**

- [SKA Australia web site](http://www.ska.gov.au)

- ["Inside the Square Kilometre Array"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120404100722/http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/5201), *Cosmos* magazine online, January 2012

- ["The Square Kilometre Array Category"](http://theconversation.edu.au/pages/square-kilometre-array), *The Conversation*, 2011/12

- ["Australian SKA Planning Office Newsletter"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120512034007/http://www.ska.gov.au/Pages/default.aspx). *CSIRO*. 10 April 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.atnf.csiro.au/news/aspo-newsletter/ASPO_newsletter_10.pdf) (PDF) on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2007.

- [Boolardy Station and the Murchison Radio-Astronomy Observatory (MRO)](http://www.astro.uwa.edu.au/ska/mro) – University of Western Australia

- [Photographs from the Boolardy site, June 2010](https://web.archive.org/web/20100918221820/http://local.wasp.uwa.edu.au/data/Boolardy/)

- [A Trojan Affair](http://www.ska-at-carnarvon.com) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181123161221/http://www.ska-at-carnarvon.com/) 23 November 2018 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) - Novel about the SKA

**Canada**

- [Canadian SKA Consortium web site](https://web.archive.org/web/20140506012419/http://www.skatelescope.ca/)

**Europe**

- [SKA Design Studies web site](http://www.skads-eu.org/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111230231313/http://www.skads-eu.org/) 30 December 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

**South Africa**

- [SKA South Africa web site](http://www.ska.ac.za)

**Other**

- Merrifield, Michael; Crowther, Paul. ["Where to Build The Square Kilometre Array?"](http://www.deepskyvideos.com/videos/other/SKA_decision.html). *Deep Space Videos*. [Brady Haran](/source/Brady_Haran).

- Media related to [Square Kilometre Array](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Square_Kilometre_Array) at Wikimedia Commons

v t e Radio astronomy Concepts Units (watt and jansky) Radio telescope (Radio window) Astronomical interferometer (History) Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) Astronomical radio source Radio telescopes (List) Individual telescopes 500 meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST, China) Arecibo Telescope (Puerto Rico, US) Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO, US) Effelsberg Telescope (Germany) Galenki RT-70 (Russia) Green Bank Telescope (West Virginia, US) Greenland Telescope (Greenland, Denmark) Large Millimeter Telescope (Mexico) Lovell Telescope (UK) Ooty Telescope (India) Qitai Radio Telescope (China) RATAN-600 Radio Telescope (Russia) Sardinia Radio Telescope (Italy) Suffa RT-70 (Uzbekistan) Usuda Telescope (Japan) UTR-2 decameter radio telescope (Ukraine) Yevpatoria RT-70 (Ukraine) Southern Hemisphere HartRAO (South Africa) Parkes Observatory (Australia) Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory (NZ) Interferometers Allen Telescope Array (ATA, California, US) Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA, Chile) Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA, Australia) Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP, Australia) Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME, Canada) Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA, California, US) European VLBI Network (Europe) Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT, India) Green Bank Interferometer (GBI, West Virginia, US) Korean VLBI Network (KVN, South Korea) Large Latin American Millimeter Array (LLAMA, Argentina/Brazil) Long Wavelength Array (LWA, New Mexico, US) Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR, Netherlands) MeerKAT (South Africa) Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST, Australia) Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN, UK) Murchison Widefield Array (MWA, Australia) Northern Cross Radio Telescope (Italy) Northern Extended Millimeter Array (France) One-Mile Telescope (UK) Primeval Structure Telescope (PaST, China) Square Kilometre Array (SKA, Australia, South Africa) Submillimeter Array (SMA, US) Very Large Array (VLA, New Mexico, US) Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA, US) Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT, Netherlands) Space-based HALCA (Japan) Spektr-R (Russia) Observatories Algonquin Radio Observatory (Canada) Arecibo Observatory (Puerto Rico, US) Green Bank Observatory (US) Haystack Observatory (US) Jodrell Bank Observatory (UK) Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory (UK) National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US) Nançay Radio Observatory (France) Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden) Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory (PRAO ASC LPI, Russia) Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science (SAORAS, Russia) Vermilion River Observatory (US) Multi-use DRAO (Canada) ESA New Norcia (Australia) PARL (Canada) People Elizabeth Alexander John G. Bolton Edward George Bowen Ronald Bracewell Jocelyn Bell Burnell Arthur Covington Nan Dieter-Conklin Frank Drake Cyril Hazard Antony Hewish Sebastian von Hoerner Karl Guthe Jansky Kenneth Kellermann Frank J. Kerr John D. Kraus Bernard Lovell Christiaan Alexander Muller Jan Oort Joseph Lade Pawsey Ruby Payne-Scott Arno Penzias Grote Reber Martin Ryle Govind Swarup Gart Westerhout Paul Wild Robert Wilson Astronomy by EM methods Submillimetre astronomy Infrared astronomy Optical astronomy High-energy astronomy Gravitational-wave astronomy Related articles Aperture synthesis Cosmic microwave background radiation Interferometry Odd radio circle Pulsar timing array Radio propagation SETI Wow! signal HD 164595 signal Solar radio emission Category Commons

v t e National Key Points in South Africa Water supply sites Zwartkopjies Zuikerbosch Vereeniging Mapleton Barrage Palmiet Eikenhof Vaal Dam Mokolo Dam Pump Station Electricity generation and transmission sites Grassridge Transmission Station Perseus Transmission Station Lethabo Power Station Hydra Transmission Station Apollo Transmission Station Minerva Transmission Station Grootvlei Power Station Impala Transmission Station Klaarwater Distribution Station Pegasus Transmission Station Drakensberg Power Station Durban South Distribution Station Durban North Distribution Station Athene Transmission Station Lotus Park Distribution station Camden Power Station Hendrina Power Station Kriel Power Station Arnot Power Station Sol Transmission Station Matla Power Station Duvha Power Station Tutuka Power Station Kendal Power Station Komati Power Station Majuba Power Station Matimba Power Station Muldersvlei Transmission Station Acasia Transmission Station Droeriver Transmission Station Koeberg Nuclear Power Station Gourikwa Power Station Ankerlig Power Station Centlec Crude oil, fuel depot and processing sites OilTanking Grindrod Calulo Natref Refinery Bethlehem Pump Station Coalbrook Pump Station Sasol Pump Station Kroonstad Pump Station Magdala TPL Depot Wilge TPL Depot Shell Depot Alrode Chevron Alrode Sasol Depot Alrode Total Depot Alrode Alrode Chevron Texaco Airport e-Natis Facility Tarlton Distribution Depot Klerksdorp Depot Langlaagte Depot Meyerton Depot Rustenburg Depot Sasol Secunda Jericho Pump Station Rieftontein Pump Station Grootfontein Pump Station Vygeboom Pump Station Bosloop Water Pump Station Nooitgedact Pump Station Transnet Pipeline Witbank Depot Khutala Pump Station Zaaihoek Pump Station Chevron Refinery PetroSA Voorbaai PetroSA GTL Refinery FA Production Platform ORCA Presidential residential sites Nelson Mandela Qunu Village residence Mahlamba Ndlopfu Presidential Residence Sefako Makgatho Presidential Residence President of South Africa Residence Nkandla JL Dube House Presidential Residence (Genadendal) Government sites Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature Free State Legislature Northern Cape Provincial Legislature Pretoria Union Buildings North West Provincial Legislature KwaZulu-Natal Legislature Government Building Nelspruit Limpopo Legislature Houses of Parliament, Cape Town 120 Plein Street, Cape Town Western Cape Provincial Parliament SARB Port Elizabeth SARB East London SARB Bloemfontein SARB Port Elizabeth SARB Pretoria SARB Johannesburg South African Bank Note Company Space, science and technology sites Square Kilometre Array Onderstepoort Biological Products SSA Communication Centre CSIR Wind Tunnel Denel Land Systems Denel Dynamics Main Telephone Exchange (PPR) ArcelorMittal African Explosives Denel Aviation BAE Systems Land Systems South Africa Hartebeeshoek Earth Station NECSA South African National Space Agency Rheinmetall Denel Munition South Africa Airports O. R. Tambo International Airport King Shaka International Airport Cape Town International Airport

[Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals):
- [Radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Radio)
- [Physics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics)
- [Astronomy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Astronomy)
- [Stars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Stars)
- [Outer space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Outer_space)
- [Solar System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Solar_System)
- [Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Science)

Authority control databases ISNI

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Square Kilometre Array](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Kilometre_Array) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Kilometre_Array?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.