# Sports equipment

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Object used for sport or exercise

Some sports equipment, from left to right, up to down: American football [helmet](/source/Football_helmet) and [ball](/source/Ball_(gridiron_football)), baseball equipment ([bat](/source/Baseball_bat), [ball](/source/Baseball_(ball)), [glove](/source/Baseball_glove) and [helmet](/source/Batting_helmet)), cricket equipment ([helmet](/source/Cricket_helmet), [bat](/source/Cricket_bat) and gloves), [field hockey stick](/source/Field_hockey_stick) and ball, [ice hockey equipment](/source/Ice_hockey_equipment) and [golf clubs](/source/Golf_club) and [ball](/source/Golf_ball)

**Sports equipment**, also called **sporting goods**, are the tools, materials, apparel, and gear that vary in shape, size, and usage in a particular sport. It includes balls, [nets](/source/Net_(device)), [rackets](/source/Racket_(sports_equipment)), [protective gears](/source/Protective_gear) like [helmets](/source/Helmet), [goggles](/source/Goggles), etc. Since the performer must use sports equipment,[1] it can also serve for protection.[2][a]

## History and development of sports

Historically, many sports players have developed their own sporting equipment over time. For instance, the use of a football dates back to [ancient China](/source/Ancient_China), between the [Warring States period](/source/Warring_States_period) (476–221 BC) and the [Han Dynasty](/source/Han_dynasty) (220 AD).[4][5] As football remains the most popular sport in the 21st century, the material of the ball has completely changed over the centuries; from being made out of animal skin, to being lined with multiple layers of polyester or cotton.[6][*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

As the sporting equipment industry improves, so do the athletes' performance. This is due to the fact that the equipment is more efficient, lighter and stronger, thus forming a biomechanical system that is interacting with the athlete.[7]

Since the massive adoption of wearable, new sport equipment tend to be electronics and connected to deliver data performances.

Standards and monitoring processes apply in certain industries aimed at the elimination of [child labour](/source/Child_labour) in the manufacturing of sports goods. One example would be the [Atlanta Agreement](/source/Atlanta_Agreement) of 1997 in relation to child labour in the football-making industry in Pakistan.[8]

There are well-developed international trade markets for sports equipment: for example, a steady increase in sports equipment trade within the European Union and between [EU member states](/source/EU_member_states) and the rest of the world was reported during the period from 2017 to 2020.[9]

## Game equipment

### Projectiles

In [ball sports](/source/Ball_sports), [balls](/source/Ball) are a key element—usually as part of the [scoring](/source/Score_(game)) mechanism. Sports balls are usually in the shape of a [sphere](/source/Sphere), though they may also be [spheroid](/source/Spheroid) or [ellipsoid](/source/Ellipsoid). Spherical balls include the [baseball](/source/Baseball_(ball)), [basketball](/source/Basketball_(ball)), [Gaelic ball](/source/Gaelic_ball), [cricket ball](/source/Cricket_ball), [golf ball](/source/Golf_ball), [lacrosse ball](/source/Lacrosse_ball), [tennis ball](/source/Tennis_ball), and the [ball used in association football](/source/Ball_(association_football)). Spheroid and ellipsoid balls include the [gridiron football](/source/Ball_(gridiron_football)) and [rugby ball](/source/Rugby_ball).

In [flying disc sports](/source/Flying_disc_games), [frisbees](/source/Frisbees) are used for various [games](/source/Flying_disc_games) such as [freestyle](/source/Flying_disc_freestyle), [disc golf](/source/Disc_golf) and [ultimate](/source/Ultimate_(sport)).[10][11]

In [ice hockey](/source/Ice_hockey) and [floor hockey](/source/Floor_hockey), a [puck](/source/Hockey_puck) is used.

### Goal

Main article: [Goal (sports)](/source/Goal_(sports))

In many games, goal posts are at each end of the playing field. In some games, such as [association football](/source/Association_football), [hockey](/source/Hockey) and [water polo](/source/Water_polo), the object is to pass the ball or puck between the posts below the crossbar. In basketball, the object is to pass the ball through the [basket](/source/Basket_(basketball)). In these sports, the goal usually has a [net](/source/Net_(device)). In other sports, such as those based on [rugby](/source/Rugby_football), the ball must pass over the crossbar.

### Nets

Main article: [Net and wall games](/source/Net_and_wall_games)

In [tennis](/source/Tennis), [badminton](/source/Badminton), and [volleyball](/source/Volleyball), players launch the projectile over a net which is supported by two posts.

### Paddles

In [canoeing](/source/Canoeing) and [kayaking](/source/Kayaking), a handheld tool used to propel a human-powered watercraft;

- [Paddle](/source/Paddle)

In [racket sports](/source/Racket_sport), such as [padel](/source/Padel), [pickleball](/source/Pickleball), and [table tennis](/source/Table_tennis), a flat-faced non-netted tool used for striking balls;

- [Pickleball paddle](/source/Pickleball_paddle)

- [Table tennis racket](/source/Table_tennis_racket)

### Rackets

[Rackets](/source/Racket_(sports_equipment)), a netted tool used for striking balls or shuttlecocks in sports such as [tennis](/source/Tennis), [squash](/source/Squash_(sport)) and [badminton](/source/Badminton).[12]

### Rods and tackle

[Fishing rods](/source/Fishing_rod) and [fishing tackle](/source/Fishing_tackle) are primarily used for fishing and [sport fishing](/source/Sport_fishing).

### Sticks, bats, and clubs

Sticks are used for sports such as [hockey](/source/Hockey_stick) and [lacrosse](/source/Lacrosse_stick). Bats are used for sports such as [baseball](/source/Baseball_bat), [cricket](/source/Cricket_bat), and [rounders](/source/Rounders). Clubs are used mainly for [golf](/source/Golf_club).

### Wickets and bases

[Wickets](/source/Wicket), [creases](/source/Popping_crease) and balls are used in [cricket](/source/Cricket), and [bases](/source/Base_(baseball)) are used in baseball.[13]

## Player equipment

### Footwear

[Air Jordan](/source/Air_Jordan) shoe by [Nike](/source/Nike%2C_Inc.) (left); football boots with metal cleats by [Adidas](/source/Adidas) (right)

In many sports, athletes wear [cleats](/source/Cleat_(shoe)). These include cricket spikes, [football boots](/source/Football_boot), [golf shoes](/source/Golf_shoes), and [track spikes](/source/Track_spikes).

Cyclists wear [cycling shoes](/source/Cycling_shoes), which may be designed for special interaction with [pedals](/source/Bicycle_pedal).

Wheeled shoes include [roller skates](/source/Roller_skates) and [inline skates](/source/Inline_skates).

Skiers wear [ski boots](/source/Ski_boot), which attach to [skis](/source/Skis) via [bindings](/source/Ski_binding). Similarly, snowboarders have [snowboard boots](/source/Snowboard_boots) and [bindings](/source/Snowboard_binding).

Athletes wear [ice skates](/source/Ice_skates) in most ice-based sports, although there are exceptions such as [broomball](/source/Broomball) and [curling](/source/Curling).

Athletes with limb differences (such as those in the [Paralympics](/source/Paralympics)) may use extremity [prostheses](/source/Prostheses), such as the [Flex-Foot Cheetah](/source/Flex-Foot_Cheetah) running blade.

### Protective equipment

Shoulder pads used in [gridiron football](/source/Gridiron_football) and [ice hockey](/source/Ice_hockey)

Protective equipment is often worn for sports including [motor sport](/source/Motor_sport) and [contact sports](/source/Contact_sport), where there is a danger of injury through collision of players or other objects.

In many sports, athletes wear helmets. These include:

- [Batting helmet](/source/Batting_helmet)

- [Bicycle helmet](/source/Bicycle_helmet)

- [Football helmet](/source/Football_helmet)

- [Hockey helmet](/source/Hockey_helmet)

- [Motorcycle helmet](/source/Motorcycle_helmet)

[Padding](/source/Padding) is used to protect various body parts, most often as [elbow pads](/source/Elbow_pad), [shin pads](/source/Shin_pad), and [shoulder pads](/source/Shoulder_pad_(sport)). Specialized equipment, such as the [jockstrap](/source/Jockstrap) and [mouthguard](/source/Mouthguard), is used to protect certain body parts. Ice hockey players may wear [neck guards](/source/Neck_guard). Some athletes wear [sports gloves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sports_gloves) to protect their hands.

### Clothing

Main article: [Sportswear](/source/Sportswear)

Many sports have a common set of clothing, usually called a uniform or kit, including the [association football kit](/source/Kit_(association_football)), [baseball uniform](/source/Baseball_uniform), [basketball uniform](/source/Basketball_uniform), [cricket whites](/source/Cricket_whites), and [cycling kit](/source/Cycling_kit). As part of the uniform, athletes may wear [jerseys](/source/Jersey_(sport)); they may also be called shirts, [sweaters](/source/Hockey_jersey) in ice hockey or [guernseys](/source/Guernsey_(Australian_rules_football)) in Australian rules football. These jerseys may [change color](/source/Away_colours) when the team is [on the road](/source/Road_(sports)).

### Training equipment

Examples of training equipment include [swiss balls](/source/Exercise_ball), [resistance bands](/source/Resistance_band), tennis balls, balance discs, cones, [weights](/source/Barbells), [chin-up bars](/source/Chin-up_bar), weight machines, and gym equipment. Also, protective equipment such as [weight lifting belts](/source/Weight_lifting_belt) and [bench shirts](/source/Bench_shirt) are used for weight training and [powerlifting](/source/Powerlifting).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Special sports equipment

Special sports equipment, is the equipment usually worn by the athletes according to their needs or desires.

- **Special equipment in sports branches:** - **Cycling**: - [Cycling jersey](/source/Cycling_jersey): a sleeved jersey covering the upper torso. - [Bib shorts](/source/Bib_shorts): the shorts worn by cyclists which come with [pads](/source/Cycling_pad) for added comfort. - [Socks](/source/Socks): typically mid-length socks. - [Cycling shoes](/source/Cycling_shoes): specialised shoes with stiff soles for more efficient energy transfer and cleats cliping into [clipless pedals](/source/Bicycle_pedal). - **Football**: - [Football leggings](/source/Leggings): Football leggings, mostly used in winter. It is used to prevent the body from getting cold and injury due to the cold weather after warm-up training in winter. - Football captain's tape: Football captain's tape, is a compulsory (required) piece of equipment. Football captains are chosen by the coach, the accessory provided must be worn by the captain. - Football shinguard: Football shinguard, is a special piece of equipment, that football players wear according to their specific wishes. - Football bracelet: Football bracelet, is a special need equipment and players write the name of a family member or loved one according to their wishes. - Football footband: Football footband, is worn by footballers in the ankle area between the crampons and the toe and is need or for pleasure. - [Football Visor](/source/Eyeshield): Football visor, is a piece of plastic attached to the facemask of the football helmet. It helps prevent damage to the eyes and face. - **Volleyball**: - Volleyball wristband: Volleyball wristband, is mostly used by volleyball players. Volleyball players use it for better grip of their hands. - Volleyball knee pads: Volleyball knee pads, is the equipment used by volleyball players to protect their knees, when they jump high, jump sideways and fall to the ground. - Volleyball leg pads: Volleyball leg pads, allows volleyball players to play safely. - **Basketball**: - [Basketball sleeve](/source/Basketball_sleeve): Basketball sleeve, is a piece of equipment that basketball players wear according to their wishes and tastes and is not mandatory. - Basketball armband: Basketball armband, is a piece of equipment that basketball players use according to their tastes or needs. - Basketball headband: Basketball headband, is a piece of equipment that basketball players wear according to their wishes and tastes and is not mandatory. - Basketball handband: Basketball handband, is like a need for basketball players to protect their hands and grip the ball more comfortably, but it is not mandatory. - Basketball bracelet: Basketball bracelet, is a piece of equipment, that is generally used only as an accessory by basketball players. - **Tennis**: - Tennis armband: It is a non-mandatory accessory worn by tennis players. - Tennis hairband: Tennis headband, is an accessory especially used by athletes according to their own color and taste. - Tennis hat: The tennis hat is often used by tennis athletes. Used as an accessory.

## Vehicles

Vehicles (sometimes specialized) are used as equipment for some sports, including [motor sport](/source/Motor_sport), cycling, [aeronautics](/source/Aeronautics), sailing and [hot air ballooning](/source/Hot_air_ballooning).

Small vehicles with [flatbeds](/source/Flatbed_truck) are often used to carry injured athletes off the field, most commonly in [American football](/source/American_football).

## Various sports

Budget Sport, a sports equipment store in [Tampere](/source/Tampere), [Finland](/source/Finland)

- [Category:Sports equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sports_equipment) (various sports)

- [Association football clothing and equipment](/source/Kit_(association_football))

- [Baseball clothing and equipment](/source/Baseball_clothing_and_equipment)

- [Climbing equipment](/source/Climbing_equipment)

- [Cricket clothing and equipment](/source/Cricket_clothing_and_equipment)

- [Cycling kit](/source/Cycling_kit)

- [Golf equipment](/source/Golf_equipment)

- [Gridiron football equipment](/source/Protective_equipment_in_gridiron_football)

- [Ice hockey equipment](/source/Ice_hockey_equipment)

- [Rugby shirt](/source/Rugby_shirt)

- [Snowboarding equipment](/source/Snowboarding_equipment)

- [Triathlon equipment](/source/Triathlon_equipment)

## See also

- [Equipment](/source/Equipment)

- [Equipment manager](/source/Equipment_manager)

- [Outdoor gym](/source/Outdoor_gym)

- [Protective equipment](/source/Protective_equipment)

- [Chin-up bar](/source/Chin-up_bar)

- [Athletic Equipment Managers Association](/source/Athletic_Equipment_Managers_Association)

- [Protective gear in sports](/source/Protective_gear_in_sports)

- [Ice sock](/source/Ice_sock)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Over time, sporting equipment has evolved because sports have started to require more protective gear to prevent injuries.[3]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu20201_1-0)** [Qiu 2020](#CITEREFQiu2020), p. 1.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShan20085_2-0)** [Shan 2008](#CITEREFShan2008), pp. 5.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Harvard Medical School (October 1, 2013), [*10 tips to prevent injuries when you exercise*](https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/10-tips-to-prevent-injuries-when-you-exercise), Harvard Health Publishing, [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221225102024/https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/10-tips-to-prevent-injuries-when-you-exercise) from the original on December 25, 2022, retrieved March 3, 2020

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [Cuju](/source/Cuju), an ancient Chinese ball game dating back to the Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 220), is the earliest known recorded game similar to soccer, described as a competitive exercise involving kicking a ball through a net without using hands.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Ancient Chinese Football"](https://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/25/content_46847.htm). *en.chinaculture.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230517052250/http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/25/content_46847.htm) from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Football Size, Shape and Design | The History Of The Football | Football-Stadiums.co.uk"](https://www.football-stadiums.co.uk/articles/football-size-and-history/). *www.football-stadiums.co.uk*. October 13, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230622082231/https://www.football-stadiums.co.uk/articles/football-size-and-history/) from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Stefanyshyn, Darren J.; Wannop, John W. (2015). "Biomechanics research and sport equipment development". *Sports Engineering*. **18** (4): 191–202. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s12283-015-0183-5](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12283-015-0183-5). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [109120639](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109120639).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Independent Monitoring Association for Child Labor, [Atlanta Agreement (a retyped copy)](http://www.imacpak.org/atlanta.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090618062031/http://www.imacpak.org/atlanta.htm) June 18, 2009, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), accessed October 29, 2022

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [Eurostat](/source/Eurostat), [EU International trade in sporting goods between 2017 and 2022](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=International_trade_in_sporting_goods#EU_International_trade_in_sporting_goods_between_2017_and_2022), *Statistics Explained*, published with June 2023 data, accessed on 16 August

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["The History and Evolution of Frisbee Games"](https://frizbowlplay.com/blogs/news/frisbee-games). *Frizbowl*. June 18, 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231230050530/https://frizbowlplay.com/blogs/news/frisbee-games) from the original on December 30, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["The History of Frisbee and Flying Disc Freestyle"](https://www.freestyledisc.org/freestyle-history/). *Freestyle Players Association*. May 11, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231211023033/https://www.freestyledisc.org/freestyle-history/) from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Sports Rackets Dimensions & Drawings | Dimensions.com"](https://www.dimensions.com/collection/sports-rackets). *www.dimensions.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231230050530/https://www.dimensions.com/collection/sports-rackets) from the original on December 30, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Cricket for Baseball Fans | Cheryl's Mewsings"](https://www.cheryl-morgan.com/?page_id=23). *www.cheryl-morgan.com*. September 11, 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231230050531/https://www.cheryl-morgan.com/?page_id=23) from the original on December 30, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.

### Works cited

- Shan, G. B. (May 19, 2008). ["Sport Equipment Evaluation and Optimization — A Review of the Relationship between Sport Science Research and Engineering"](https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1875399X00801010005). *The Open Sports Sciences Journal*. **1** (1): 5–11. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2174/1875399X00801010005](https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1875399X00801010005).

- Qiu, Zhenyu (June 1, 2020). ["The Influence of the Design and Manufacture of Sports Equipment on Sports"](https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F1549%2F3%2F032039). *Journal of Physics: Conference Series*. **1549** (3) 032039. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1088/1742-6596/1549/3/032039](https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F1549%2F3%2F032039). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1742-6588](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1742-6588).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Sports equipment](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sports_equipment).

v t e Sports equipment brands This list includes companies that produce sports equipment. List by sport include only current products manufactured Multi-sports Adidas Admiral AFA Anta Arc'teryx Asics Atletica BLK Burley-Sekem Castore Champion Charly Classic Diadora Erke Erreà EvoShield Fanatics FBT Fila Fischer 4F Garcis Givova Grand Sport Grays Head Hummel ISC Jako Joma Kappa Kelme Kookaburra Le Coq Sportif Legea Li-Ning Lotto Luanvi Lululemon Macron Majestic Mikasa Mills Mitchell & Ness Mitre Mizuno Molten NAAI New Balance New Era Nike Nivia O'Neills Oakley On Patagonia Peak Penalty Poker Pirma Pro-Specs Puma Reebok Reusch Russell Salomon Schutt Scott Signia Skins Slazenger Smith Optics Sportika Starter Topper Uhlsport Umbro Under Armour Vans Voit XBlades Xtep Warrior Warrix Sports Wilson World Balance Yonex 2XU Association football Athleta Bukta Capelli Finta Marathon Nanque Patrick Select Sport-Saller St Margaret's Australian football Cotton On Sherrin Baseball and softball DeMarini Louisville Slugger Marucci Nokona Rawlings Basketball AND1 First Ever Spalding Boxing Boxa Everlast Fairtex Lonsdale Sting Twins Special Cricket CA County Dukes Duncan Fearnley Gray-Nicolls Gunn & Moore Sanspareils Greenlands Sareen Stuart Surridge Cue sports Alcocks Aramith Brunswick Parris Cues Riley Cycling Bell Sports Castelli Fox Racing Giro Merida Northwave Rapha Santini SMS SIDI Specialized Troy Lee Designs Darts Winmau Golf Adams Ashworth Bettinardi Bridgestone Callaway Cleveland Cobra FootJoy Forgan John Letters MacGregor Maxfli OnCore PXG Penfold Ping Polara Srixon TaylorMade Titleist Top-Flite Wilson Staff Scotty Cameron Yamaha Golf Gridiron football Riddell Handball Select Ice hockey Bauer CCM Sher-Wood Vaughn Martial arts Fairtex Tapout Twins Special Venum Motorsport Acerbis AGV Alpinestars Arai Bell Sports Dainese Fox Racing Momo OMP Schuberth Shark Shoei SIDI Simpson Sparco Troy Lee Designs Rugby Canterbury FI-TA Gilbert LE St Margaret's Steeden Webb Ellis Running and hiking Altra Brooks Hoka Karhu Karrimor LA Gear Merrell Olympikus Saucony Skiing and snowboarding 4FRNT Alpina Alpine Pro Armada Atomic Black Crows Black Diamond Blizzard Burton Snowboards Descente Elan Faction K2 Kneissl Liberty Skis Line Skis Look Bindings Madshus Marker Moment Skis Nordica Peltonen Rossignol Rottefella Salomon Skigo Spyder Swix Völkl Surfing Billabong Haydenshapes Hurley Mambo Matuse Ocean Pacific O'Neill Oxbow Rip Curl Rusty Quiksilver Volcom Swimming Arena Speedo TYR Zoggs Table tennis Butterfly Kettler Killerspin Stiga Sports Tennis and racket sports Babolat Carlton Donnay Dunlop Ellesse Lacoste Prince ProKennex Sergio Tacchini Snauwaert Tecnifibre Victor Volley Water polo Delfina Sport KAP7 Category Commons

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Sports equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_equipment) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_equipment?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.