# Spent shale

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{{Short description|Solid residue from the shale oil extraction process}}
{{Redirect|Semi-coke|a fuel made from coal|Coke (fuel)|a solid residue derived from distillation of crude oil|Petroleum coke}}
right|thumb|Mounds of spent shale|alt=A photograph of dark gray/silver piles of spent shale lumps.
'''Spent shale''' or '''spent oil shale''' (also known as '''retorted shale''') is a solid residue from the [shale-oil extraction](/source/shale_oil_extraction) process of producing synthetic [shale oil](/source/shale_oil) from [oil shale](/source/oil_shale). It consists of [inorganic compound](/source/inorganic_compound)s ([mineral](/source/mineral)s) and remaining [organic matter](/source/organic_matter) known as [char](/source/Char_(chemistry))&mdash;a [carbonaceous](/source/carbonaceous) residue formed from [kerogen](/source/kerogen). Depending on the extraction process and the amount of remaining organic matter, spent shale may be classified as oil shale coke, semi-coke, or coke-ash residue, known also as oil shale ash.<ref name=veski2>
{{Cite journal
 | last = Veski | first = R. 
 | title = The Volumes of Spent Oil Shale from Estonian Oil-Shale Processing Units for the Period of 1921–2002
 | journal = Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal 
 | publisher = Estonian Academy Publishers 
 | volume = 22
 | issue = 3
 | pages = 345–357
 | year = 2005
 | url = http://www.kirj.ee/public/oilshale/oil-2005-3-veski.pdf
 | format = PDF 
 | issn = 0208-189X 
 | accessdate = 2008-10-25
}}</ref><ref name=habicht>
{{Cite conference
 | last1 = Habicht | first1 = Jaan
 | last2 = Orupõld | first2 = Kaja
 | title = Retorted Oil Shale In Estonia: An Environmental Audit
 | publisher = [Colorado School of Mines](/source/Colorado_School_of_Mines)
 | conference = 27th Oil Shale Symposium
 | location = [Golden, Colorado](/source/Golden%2C_Colorado) 
 | url= http://www.ceri-mines.org/documents/27symposium/presentations/av08-1habicht.pdf
 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141204213109/http://www.ceri-mines.org/documents/27symposium/presentations/av08-1habicht.pdf
 | url-status= usurped
 | archive-date= December 4, 2014
 | format = PDF
 | date = 2007-10-15
 | accessdate =2014-11-27}}
</ref> According to the European Union waste list, all these types of spent shale are classified as [hazardous waste](/source/hazardous_waste).<ref name=habicht/>

Oil shale coke is created by chamber ovens which were used for [oil shale gas](/source/oil_shale_gas) production.<ref name=veski2/>  Vertical retorts create mainly semi-coke. Most solid heat-carrier processes create coke-ash residue, as the semi-coke created during the process is combusted for the process's energy needs.<ref name=motlep>
{{Cite journal
 | last1 = Mõtlep | first1 = R.
 | last2 = Kirsimäe | first2 = K.
 | last3 = Talviste | first3 = P.
 | last4 = Puura | first4 = E.
 | last5 = Jürgenson | first5 = J.
 | title = Mineral composition of Estonian oil shale semi-coke sediments 
 | journal = Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal 
 | publisher = Estonian Academy Publishers 
 | volume = 24
 | issue = 3
 | pages = 405–422
 | year = 2007
 | url = http://www.kirj.ee/public/oilshale/oil-2007-3-2.pdf
 | format = PDF 
 | issn = 0208-189X 
 | accessdate = 2014-11-27
}}</ref>  

Spent shale can be used as ingredients in cement or brick manufacture.<ref name=veski2/><ref name=koel>
{{Cite journal
 |last=Koel|first=Mihkel
 | title=Estonian oil shale
 | journal =[Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal](/source/Oil_Shale_(journal))
 | publisher=Estonian Academy Publishers
 | issue=Extra
 | year=1999
 | url=http://www.kirj.ee/public/oilshale/Est-OS.htm
 | issn=0208-189X
 | accessdate=2007-07-21}}
</ref><ref name=qian3>
{{Cite conference
 | last1 =Qian | first1 =Jialin
 | last2 =Wang | first2 =Jianqiu
 | last3 =Li | first3 =Shuyuan
 | title = One Year's Progress in the Chinese Oil Shale Business
 | publisher = [Colorado School of Mines](/source/Colorado_School_of_Mines)
 | conference = 27th Oil Shale Symposium
 | location = [Golden, Colorado](/source/Golden%2C_Colorado)
 | url= http://www.ceri-mines.org/documents/27symposium/presentations/av02-1qian.pdf
 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110912031140/http://www.ceri-mines.org/documents/27symposium/presentations/av02-1qian.pdf
 | url-status= usurped
 | archive-date= September 12, 2011
 | format = PDF
 | date = 2007-10-15
 | accessdate =2011-05-06}}
</ref>  In [Jordan](/source/Jordan), usage of spent shale for the production of [sodium carbonate](/source/sodium_carbonate), [ammonium sulfate](/source/ammonium_sulfate), and [potassium sulfate](/source/potassium_sulfate) has been studied.<ref name=resheidat>
{{Cite conference
 | last1 = Resheidat | first1 = Musa
 | last2 = Al-Shyoukh | first2 = Ali
 | last3 = Khair Al-Nawasrah | first3 = Mohammad 
 | conference = 27th Oil Shale Symposium
 | title = On the Use of Oil Shale beyond the Production of Oil and Gas 
 | location = [Golden, Colorado](/source/Golden%2C_Colorado)
 | url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242367135_On_the_Use_of_Oil_Shale_beyond_the_Production_of_Oil_and_Gas
 | format = PDF
 | date = 2007-10-15
 | accessdate =2022-04-11}}
</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

Category:Oil shale
Category:Hazardous waste

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Spent shale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spent_shale) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spent_shale?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.