# Sparidae

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Family of fishes

Sparidae Temporal range: Early Eocene to present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Gilt-head bream (Sparus auratus) Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Acanthuriformes Family: Sparidae Rafinesque, 1810[1] Genera see text Synonyms[2][1] Centracanthidae Gill, 1893 Denticidae

**Sparidae,** the **seabreams** and **porgies,** is a [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) of [ray-finned fishes](/source/Ray-finned_fish) belonging to the [order](/source/Order_(biology)) [Acanthuriformes](/source/Acanthuriformes), although they were previously classified in the order [Perciformes](/source/Perciformes). The over 150 species are found in shallow and deep marine waters in temperate through tropical regions around the world. Most species are [demersal](/source/Demersal_fish) carnivores.

## Taxonomy

Sparidae was first proposed as a family in 1818 by the French [polymath](/source/Polymath) and [naturalist](/source/Naturalist) [Constantine Samuel Rafinesque](/source/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque).[1] Traditionally the taxa within the Spariformes were classified within the [Perciformes](/source/Perciformes), with some authorities using the term "Sparoid lineage" for the families Centracanthidae, Nemipteridae, Lethrinidae and Sparidae.[3] Since then the use of [molecular phylogenetics](/source/Molecular_phylogenetics) in more modern classifications has meant that the Spariformes is recognised as a valid order within the [Percomorpha](/source/Percomorpha) containing six families, with Callanthidae, Sillaginidae and Lobotidae included.[2] Other workers have found that the Centracanthidae is [synonymous](/source/Synonym_(taxonomy)) with Sparidae and that the Spariformes contains only the remaining three families of the "Sparoid lineage".[4]

In the past workers recognised six [subfamilies](/source/Subfamilies) within the Sparidae. These were Boopsinae, Denticinae, Diplodinae, Pagellinae, Pagrinae, and Sparinae. However, these taxa did not resolve as monophyletic in all the analyses undertaken. These analyses support Sparidae as a monophyletic family if *[Spicara](/source/Spicara)*, a genus formerly in the family Centracanthidae, was included. This meant that *Spicara* and *[Centracanthus](/source/Centracanthus)* were both now classified within Sparidae, so that Centracanthidae is a [junior synonym](/source/Synonym_(taxonomy)) of Sparidae.[2]

## Etymology

Sparidae takes its name from its [type genus](/source/Type_genus), *Sparus*, that name coming from the Greek for its only species the [gilt-head bream](/source/Gilt-head_bream) (*Sparus aurata*).[5]

## Genera

*[Pagrus major](/source/Pagrus_major)*, or *madai*, is an important food fish in [Japan](/source/Japan)

*[Dentex fourmanoiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dentex_fourmanoiri&action=edit&redlink=1)*

*[Chrysophrys auratus](/source/Chrysophrys_auratus)*

The family Sparidae contains about 155 species in 38 genera:[6]

- *[Acanthopagrus](/source/Acanthopagrus)* [Peters](/source/Wilhelm_Peters), 1855
- *[Amamiichthys](/source/Amamiichthys)* [F. Tanaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fumiya_Tanaka_(zoologist)&action=edit&redlink=1) & [Iwatsuki](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yukio_Iwatsuki&action=edit&redlink=1), 2015 [7]
- *[Archosargus](/source/Archosargus)* [Gill](/source/Theodore_Gill), 1865
- *[Argyrops](/source/Argyrops)* [Swainson](/source/William_Swainson), 1839
- *[Argyrozona](/source/Argyrozona)* [J. L. B. Smith](/source/J._L._B._Smith), 1938
- *[Boops](/source/Boops)* [Cuvier](/source/Georges_Cuvier), 1814
- *[Boopsoidea](/source/Boopsoidea)* [Castelnau](/source/Fran%C3%A7ois-Louis_Laporte%2C_comte_de_Castelnau), 1861
- *[Calamus](/source/Calamus_(fish))* Swainson, 1839
- *[Centracanthus](/source/Centracanthus)* Rafinesque, 1810
- *[Cheimerius](/source/Cheimerius)* J. L. B. Smith, 1938
- *[Chrysoblephus](/source/Chrysoblephus)* Swainson, 1839
- *[Chrysophrys](/source/Chrysophrys)* [Quoy](/source/Jean_Ren%C3%A9_Constant_Quoy) & [Gaimard](/source/Joseph_Paul_Gaimard), 1824
- *[Crenidens](/source/Crenidens)* [Valenciennes](/source/Achille_Valenciennes), 1830
- *[Cymatoceps](/source/Cymatoceps)* J. L. B. Smith, 1938
- *[Dentex](/source/Dentex)* Cuvier, 1814
- *[Diplodus](/source/Diplodus)* Rafinesque, 1810
- *[Evynnis](/source/Evynnis)* [D. S. Jordan](/source/David_Starr_Jordan) & [W. F. Thompson](/source/William_Francis_Thompson_(biologist)), 1912
- *[Gymnocrotaphus](/source/Gymnocrotaphus)* [Günther](/source/Albert_G%C3%BCnther), 1859
- *[Lagodon](/source/Lagodon)* [Holbrook](/source/John_Edwards_Holbrook), 1855
- *[Lithognathus](/source/Lithognathus)* Swainson, 1839
- *[Oblada](/source/Oblada)* Cuvier, 1829
- *[Pachymetopon](/source/Pachymetopon)* Günther, 1859
- *[Pagellus](/source/Pagellus)* Valenciennes, 1830
- *[Pagrus](/source/Pagrus)* Cuvier, 1816
- *[Parargyrops](/source/Parargyrops)* [S. Tanaka](/source/Shigeho_Tanaka), 1916
- [*Petrus*](/source/Petrus_(fish)) J. L. B. Smith, 1938
- *[Polyamblyodon](/source/Polyamblyodon)* [Norman](/source/John_Roxborough_Norman), 1935
- *[Polysteganus](/source/Polysteganus)* [Klunzinger](/source/Carl_Benjamin_Klunzinger), 1870
- *[Porcostoma](/source/Porcostoma)* J. L. B. Smith, 1938
- *[Pterogymnus](/source/Pterogymnus)* J. L. B. Smith, 1938
- *[Rhabdosargus](/source/Rhabdosargus)* [Fowler](/source/Henry_Weed_Fowler), 1933
- [*Sarpa*](/source/Sarpa_(fish)) [Bonaparte](/source/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte), 1831
- *[Sparidentex](/source/Sparidentex)* [Munro](/source/Ian_Stafford_Ross_Munro), 1948
- *[Sparodon](/source/Sparodon)* J. L. B. Smith, 1938
- *[Sparus](/source/Sparus)* [Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus), 1758
- *[Spicara](/source/Spicara)* Rafinesque, 1810
- *[Spondyliosoma](/source/Spondyliosoma)* [Cantor](/source/Theodore_Cantor), 1849
- *[Stenotomus](/source/Stenotomus)* Gill, 1865
- *[Virididentex](/source/Virididentex)* [Poll](/source/Max_Poll), 1971

*[Sparnodus](/source/Sparnodus)*, a fossil seabream from the early [Eocene](/source/Eocene) of Italy

*[Ctenodentex](/source/Ctenodentex)*, a fossil seabream from the middle Eocene of Belgium

Fossil genera include:[8][9][10]

- †*[Abromasta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abromasta&action=edit&redlink=1)* Day, 2003 ([Early Eocene](/source/Ypresian) of Italy)

- †*[Burtinia](/source/Burtinia)* [van Beneden](/source/Pierre-Joseph_van_Beneden), 1873 ([Middle Eocene](/source/Middle_Eocene) of [Belgium](/source/Belgium))[11]

- †*[Crommyodus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crommyodus&action=edit&redlink=1)* [Cope](/source/Edward_Drinker_Cope), 1875 ([Early Miocene](/source/Early_Miocene) of New Jersey, US)

- †*[Ctenodentex](/source/Ctenodentex)* Storms, 1896 (Middle Eocene of Belgium)

- †*[Ellaserrata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellaserrata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Day, 2003 (Early Eocene of Italy)

- †*[Kreyenhagenius](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kreyenhagenius&action=edit&redlink=1)* David, 1946 ([Late Eocene](/source/Late_Eocene)/[Early Oligocene](/source/Rupelian) of California, US) [scale][12]

- †*[Naslavcea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naslavcea_fundata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Bannikov, 2006 ([Middle Miocene](/source/Middle_Miocene) of [Moldova](/source/Moldova))[13]

- †*[Paracalamus](/source/Paracalamus)* [Arambourg](/source/Camille_Arambourg), 1927 ([Late Miocene](/source/Late_Miocene) of [Algeria](/source/Algeria))

- †*[Plectrites](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plectrites&action=edit&redlink=1)* Jordan & Gilbert, 1920 (Late Miocene of California, US)

- †*[Podocephalus](/source/Podocephalus)* Casier, 1966 (Early Eocene of England)[14]

- †*[Pseudosparnodus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudosparnodus&action=edit&redlink=1)* Day, 2003 (Early Eocene of Italy)

- †*[Pshekharus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pshekharus&action=edit&redlink=1)* Bannikov & Kotylar, 2015 (Middle Miocene of [North Caucasus](/source/North_Caucasus), Russia)[15]

- †*[Rhythmias](/source/Rhythmias)* Jordan & Gilbert, 1920 (Late Miocene of California, US)

- †*[Sciaenurus](/source/Sciaenurus)* [Agassiz](/source/Louis_Agassiz), 1845 (Early Eocene of England and Virginia, US)

- †*[Sparnodus](/source/Sparnodus)* Agassiz, 1838 (Early Eocene of Italy)

## Characteristics

Sparidae breams have oblong, moderately deep and compressed bodies. The head is large, with a characteristic steep dorsal slant. There are no scales on the snout but there are scales on the cheeks. The [preoperculum](/source/Preoperculum) may or may not have scales and has no spines or serrations on its margin. The [operculum](/source/Operculum_(fish)) is scaled and also has no spines. The mouth is slightly oblique and can be protruded a little. The upper jaw never extends back past a vertical line through the centre of the eye. There are teeth in the jaws which vary from conical or flattened but there are no teeth on the roof of the mouth. There is one [dorsal fin](/source/Dorsal_fin) which is supported by between 10 and 13 spines and 9 and 17 soft rays, with the ultimate ray being split into 2, and no incision separated the spines from the soft rays. The rearmost spines in the dorsal fin may be elongated or filamentous. The [anal fin](/source/Anal_fin) is supported by 3 robust spines and between 7 and 15 soft rays. The [caudal fin](/source/Caudal_fin) varies from moderately deeply emarginate to forked. The [pectoral fins](/source/Pectoral_fin) are typically long and pointed and the [pelvic fins](/source/Pelvic_fin) are under or immediately to the rear of the bases of the pectoral fins, supported a single spine and 5 soft rays, with a scale in the [axilla](/source/Axilla), referred to as the axillary pelvic process. The scales are typically smooth, [cycloid](/source/Cycloid), or slightly rough to the touch, weakly [ctenoid](/source/Ctenoid), The lateral line is single and continuous and reached the base of the caudal fin. They are very variable in colour and may be pinkish or reddish to yellowish or greyish, frequently with tints of silver or gold and dark or coloured spots, stripes or bars.[16] The two largest species of Sparid are the [white steenbras](/source/White_steenbras) (*Lithognathus lithognathus*) and the red steenbras (*[Petrus rupestris](/source/Petrus_rupestris)*), both of which have a maximum published [total length](/source/Total_length) of 200 cm (79 in), while the smallest species is the cherry seabream (*[Polysteganus cerasinus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polysteganus_cerasinus&action=edit&redlink=1)*).[17]

## Distribution and habitat

Sparidae breams are found in tropical and temperate coastal waters around the world.[2] They are [demersal fishes](/source/Demersal_fish) on the [continental shelf](/source/Continental_shelf) and [slope](/source/Continental_margin).[16] A few species are found in [brackish water](/source/Brackish_water), and a few of these will enter fresh water.[2]

## Biology

Sparidae breams are predatory with most feeding on benthic invertebrates.[17] Smaller species in the family usually gather in schools, as do the juveniles of the larger species. The larger adult fishes are normally solitary or, at least, are less sociable and prefer deeper waters. The juveniles and subadults are often markedly different in shape and colour patterns, and may be much more colourful. Many sparids are [hermaphroditic](/source/Hermaphrodite) and some have both male and female sex organs at the same time. Others [change sex as they grow](/source/Sequential_hermaphroditism), either from male to female or from female to male.[18]

## Fisheries

Sparids are highly regarded as food fish and are important target species for commercial fisheries wherever they occur. Between 1990 and 1995, the FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics reported that the annual weight of landings was between 2,170 and 4,020 t (2,140 and 3,960 long tons; 2,390 and 4,430 short tons) of sparids in the Western Central Pacific.[16]

## Culinary use

The most celebrated of the breams for culinary use are the [gilt-head bream](/source/Gilt-head_bream) and the [common dentex](/source/Common_dentex).[19]

## See also

- [Porgie fishing](/source/Porgie_fishing)

## References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Sparidae](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sparidae).

Look up ***[porgy](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/porgy)*** in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-VDLEF_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-VDLEF_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-VDLEF_1-2) Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). ["Family-group names of recent fishes"](https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3882.1.1/10480). *Zootaxa*. **3882** (2): 1–230. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1](https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3882.1.1). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [25543675](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25543675).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Nelson5_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Nelson5_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Nelson5_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Nelson5_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Nelson5_2-4) [Nelson, J.S.](/source/Joseph_S._Nelson); Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). *Fishes of the World* (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: [John Wiley & Sons](/source/John_Wiley_%26_Sons). pp. 502–506. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/9781119174844](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119174844). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-118-34233-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34233-6). [LCCN](/source/LCCN_(identifier)) [2015037522](https://lccn.loc.gov/2015037522). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [951899884](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/951899884). [OL](/source/OL_(identifier)) [25909650M](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25909650M).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-C&J_3-0)** [Kent E. Carpenter](/source/Kent_E._Carpenter) and [G. David Johnson](/source/G._David_Johnson) (2002). "A phylogeny of sparoid fishes (Perciformes, Percoidei) based on morphology". *Ichthyological Research*. **49** (2): 114–127. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s102280200015](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs102280200015).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Deepfin_4-0)** Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017). ["Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5501477). *BMC Evolutionary Biology*. **17** (162): 162. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2017BMCEE..17..162B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BMCEE..17..162B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12862-017-0958-3). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5501477](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5501477). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [28683774](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28683774).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ETYFish_5-0)** ["Order SPARIFORMES: Families LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE"](https://web.archive.org/web/20231030165034/https://etyfish.org/spariformes/). *The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database*. Christopher Scharpf. 17 October 2022. Archived from [the original](https://etyfish.org/spariformes/) on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CofF_6-0)** Fricke, Ron; [Eschmeyer, William N.](/source/William_N._Eschmeyer) & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). ["Genera in the family Sparidae"](http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=genus&family=Sparidae). *[Catalog of Fishes](/source/Catalog_of_Fishes)*. [California Academy of Sciences](/source/California_Academy_of_Sciences). Retrieved 6 September 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Tanaka2015_7-0)** Tanaka, F.; Iwatsuki, Y. (2015). "*Amamiichthys*, a new genus for the sparid fish *Cheimerius matsubarai* Akazaki 1962, and redescription of the species, with designation of a neotype". *Zootaxa*. **4007** (2): 195–206. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.11646/zootaxa.4007.2.3](https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4007.2.3). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [26623801](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26623801).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["PBDB Taxon"](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=361369). *paleobiodb.org*. Retrieved 2024-04-03.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0_9-0)** Carnevale, G.; Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Marramà, G.; Tyler, James C.; Zorzin., R. (2014). ["The Bolca Fossil-Lagerstätte: A window into the Eocene World. 5. The Pesciara- Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 2. Fishes and other vertebrates. Excursion guide"](https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/149338/1/Carnevale%20et%20al%202014%20The%20Pesciara%20F-L.%20Fishes%20and%20other%20vertebrates2.pdf) (PDF). *Rendiconti della Società Paleontologica Italiana*. **4** (1): i–xxvii. [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10088/25678](https://hdl.handle.net/10088%2F25678).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Day, Julia J. (2002). ["Evolutionary relationships of the Sparidae (Teleostei: Percoidei): integrating fossil and Recent data"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/abs/evolutionary-relationships-of-the-sparidae-teleostei-percoidei-integrating-fossil-and-recent-data/6DCC5E669647CC5DE9A36860CDE24D18). *Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh*. **93** (4): 333–353. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0263593300000468](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0263593300000468). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1473-7116](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1473-7116).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Dobbels, Leon (1994). ["Soortenlijst van fossiele vissen uit het Eoceen van België"](https://natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/566640/AFZ1994015004010.pdf) (PDF). *Afzettingen WTKG*. **15** (4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** David, Lorre R. (1946). ["Some Typical Upper Eogene Fish Scales from California"](https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/v03cm-86s21). *Contributions to Paleontology*. **IV**.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Bannikov, A. F. (2006-01-01). ["On the miocene centracanthidae (Teleostei, Perciformes) from the eastern Paratethys"](https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030106010114). *Paleontological Journal*. **40** (1): 100–102. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1134/S0031030106010114](https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0031030106010114). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1555-6174](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1555-6174).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Friedman, Matt; Beckett, Hermione T.; Close, Roger A.; Johanson, Zerina (2016). ["The English Chalk and London Clay: two remarkable British bony fish Lagerstätten"](https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/full/10.1144/SP430.18). *Geological Society, London, Special Publications*. **430** (1): 165–200. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1144/SP430.18](https://doi.org/10.1144%2FSP430.18).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Bannikov, A. F.; Kotlyar, A. N. (2015-11-01). ["A new genus and species of early Sarmatian porgies (Perciformes, Sparidae) from the Krasnodar Region"](https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030115060052). *Paleontological Journal*. **49** (6): 627–635. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1134/S0031030115060052](https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0031030115060052). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1555-6174](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1555-6174).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FAO_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FAO_16-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FAO_16-2) K.E. Carpenter (2001). "Sparidae". In Carpenter, K.E. and Niem, V.H. (eds.). [*FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 5. Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae)*](https://www.fao.org/3/y0770e/y0770e23.pdf) (PDF). FAO Rome. p. 2990.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Fishbase_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Fishbase_17-1) [Froese, Rainer](/source/Rainer_Froese); [Pauly, Daniel](/source/Daniel_Pauly) (eds.). ["Family Sparidae"](https://www.fishbase.org/summary/FamilySummary.php?family=Sparidae). *[FishBase](/source/FishBase)*. October 2023 version.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Heemstra_18-0)** Yukio Iwatsuki and Phillip C Heemstra (2022). "Family Sparidae". In [Phillip C Heemstra](/source/Phil_Heemstra); Elaine Heemstra; David A Ebert; Wouter Holleman; and [John E Randall](/source/John_Ernest_Randall) (eds.). [*Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean*](https://saiab.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1._wiof_volume_3_text.pdf) (PDF). Vol. 3. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. pp. 284–315. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-990951-32-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-990951-32-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** [Davidson, A.](/source/Alan_Davidson_(food_writer)) *Mediterranean Seafood*, Penguin, 1972. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-14-046174-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-046174-4), pp. 86–108.

Taxon identifiers Sparidae Wikidata: Q239590 Wikispecies: Sparidae ADW: Sparidae AFD: Sparidae BOLD: 1742 CoL: KVSZW EoL: 5203 EPPO: 1SPRUF GBIF: 5068 iNaturalist: 49238 IRMNG: 114065 ITIS: 169180 NBN: NBNSYS0000161019 NCBI: 8169 NZOR: 8e225615-90c5-4fad-bae4-08aa86290e98 Open Tree of Life: 186486 Paleobiology Database: 210659 Plazi: FD1087D9-FFAA-4A59-FF67-A1474C76FEA7 WoRMS: 125564

Authority control databases National Israel Other Yale LUX

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