# Spanish Americans

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Americans of Spanish birth or descent

This article is about United States citizens of Spanish ancestry. For information on worldwide communities of Spanish descent, see [Spanish diaspora](/source/Spanish_diaspora).

Ethnic group

Spanish Americans Españoles estadounidenses (Spanish) Total population Self-identified as "Spaniard" 978,978 (2020)[1] Self-identified as "Spanish American" 50,966 (2020)[2] Self-identified as "Spanish" 866,356 (2020)[3] Regions with significant populations California Louisiana Texas New Mexico Colorado Florida New York Montana Arizona Nevada Idaho Washington Languages English Spanish Languages of Spain (Catalan, Galician, Basque, Occitan, Aragonese and Asturian) Religion Christianity (Predominantly Roman Catholicism, minority Protestantism); non-religious Related ethnic groups Spaniards Hispanic and Latino Americans Portuguese Americans Hispanos Isleño other European Americans

Part of a series on the Spanish people Regional groups Andalusians Aragonese Asturians (including Vaqueiros de Alzada) Balearics Basques Canary Islanders (incl. Isleños) Cantabrians Castilians Catalans Criollos Extremadurans Galicians Leonese Valencians Other groups Berbers Erromintxela Gitanos Mercheros Maghrebis Occitans Sephardim (including Iberian Jews and Xuetes) Significant Spanish diaspora Andorra Argentina Belgium Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic France Germany Guatemala Honduras Italy Mexico Netherlands Peru Philippines Puerto Rico Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Languages Spanish (AKA Castilian) Basque Catalan Galician Other languages Aragonese Astur-Leonese Caló Catalan Sign Erromintxela Extremaduran Fala Judaeo-Spanish Occitan (AKA Aranese) Portuguese Spanish Sign Valencian Sign Category • Spain portal v t e

Part of a series on Hispanic and Latino Americans Origins and Communities National origins Argentine Americans Bolivian Americans Brazilian Americans Chilean Americans Colombian Americans Costa Rican Americans Cuban Americans Dominican Americans Ecuadorian Americans Guatemalan Americans Honduran Americans Mexican Americans Nicaraguan Americans Panamanian Americans Paraguayan Americans Peruvian Americans Puerto Rican Americans Salvadoran Americans Spanish Americans Uruguayan Americans Venezuelan Americans US Ethnic Groups Californio Chicano Blaxican Punjabi Chicanos Floridanos Isleño Nuevomexicano Tejano Racial Groups Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans Black Hispanic and Latino Americans White Hispanic and Latino Americans History Americans by ancestry Cuban Hispanic Isleños of Louisiana Mexican Puerto Ricans Political movements Chicano Movement Latino American politics Organizations Association of Hispanic Arts Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference LULAC MALDEF MEChA NALEO NALFO National Council of La Raza National Hispanic Institute RNHA SHPE UFW USHCC Culture Literature Music Poetry Religion Studies Languages English Spanish Cuban Isleño Mexican New Mexican Puerto Rican United States Spanish Spanglish Portuguese Portuglish Indigenous languages of Latin America Lists Communities with Latino majority Latino Americans Puerto Rico v t e

**Spanish Americans** ([Spanish](/source/Spanish_language): *españoles estadounidenses*, *hispanoestadounidenses*, or *hispanonorteamericanos*) are [Americans](/source/Americans) whose [ancestry](/source/Spaniards) originates wholly or partly from [Spain](/source/Spain).[4] They are the longest-established [European American](/source/European_Americans) group in the modern [United States](/source/United_States), with a very small group descending from those explorations leaving from [Spain](/source/Spain) and the [Viceroyalty of New Spain](/source/New_Spain) (modern [Mexico](/source/Mexico)), and starting in the early 1500s, of 42 of the future U.S. states from [California](/source/California) to [Florida](/source/Florida); and beginning a continuous presence in Florida since 1565 and [New Mexico](/source/New_Mexico) since 1598.[5] In the [2020 United States census](/source/2020_United_States_census), 978,978 self-identified as "Spaniard" representing (0.4%) of the white alone or in combination population who responded to the question. Other results include 866,356 (0.4%) identifying as "Spanish" and 50,966 who identified with "Spanish American".[6][7]

Many [Hispanic and Latino Americans](/source/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans) (the [Hispanos of New Mexico](/source/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico) being the oldest group) living in the United States have some [Spanish ancestral](/source/Spanish_diaspora) roots due to up to four centuries of Spanish colonial settlement and significant immigration of Spaniards after independence. In terms of ancestry, these groups, and especially [white Hispanic and Latino Americans](/source/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans) 12,579,626 (white alone, 20.3% of all Hispanics) could be called "Spanish Americans", with the caveat that they can also include European origins other than Spanish, and often [Amerindian](/source/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) or [African](/source/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans) ancestry. A number of communities descended from European Spanish immigrants are elided by the “Hispanic and Latino” ethnic category; [*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] these include the descendants of [Basques](/source/Basque_Americans) in the western states, [Isleños](/source/Isle%C3%B1os_(Louisiana)) in the gulf coast states, and [Asturians](/source/Asturians) in states like [West Virginia](/source/West_Virginia), among others.

The term "Spanish American" is used mostly to refer to Americans whose self-identified ancestry originates directly from [Spain](/source/Spain) in the 19th and 20th centuries.

## History

See also: [New Spain](/source/New_Spain) and [Spanish colonization of the Americas](/source/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas)

[Juan Ponce de León](/source/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n) was the first Spaniard to explore what is now the United States. He explored the area of Florida. The first Native American tribe he encountered were the [Calusa](/source/Calusa).[8] The Spanish enslaved Native Americans and drastically reduced their population by transmitting diseases like smallpox, measles, whooping cough, and influenza.[9]

## Immigration waves

See also: [History of Hispanic and Latino Americans](/source/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans)

Throughout the colonial times, there were a number of European settlements of Spanish populations in the present-day [United States of America](/source/United_States_of_America) with governments answerable to Madrid. The first settlement on modern-day U.S. soil was [San Juan, Puerto Rico](/source/San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico), in 1521, followed by [St. Augustine](/source/St._Augustine%2C_Florida), [Florida](/source/Florida) (the oldest in the continental United States), in 1565, followed by others in [New Mexico](/source/New_Mexico), [California](/source/California), [Arizona](/source/Arizona), and [Texas](/source/Texas). In 1598, [San Juan de los Caballeros](/source/San_Juan_de_los_Caballeros) was established, near present-day [Santa Fe, New Mexico](/source/Santa_Fe%2C_New_Mexico), by [Juan de Oñate](/source/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate) and about 1,000 other Spaniards from the [Viceroyalty of New Spain](/source/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain).

Statue of [Pedro Menéndez de Avilés](/source/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s), the founder of St. Augustine, Florida.

Spanish immigrants also established settlements in [San Diego](/source/San_Diego), California (1602), [San Antonio, Texas](/source/San_Antonio%2C_Texas) (1691) and [Tucson, Arizona](/source/Tucson%2C_Arizona) (1699). By the mid-1600s the Spanish in America numbered more than 400,000.[10]

After the establishment of the American colonies, an additional 250,000 immigrants arrived either directly from Spain, the Canary Islands or, after a relatively short sojourn, from present-day central [Mexico](/source/Mexico). These Spanish settlers expanded European influence in the [New World](/source/New_World). The Canary Islanders settled in [bayou](/source/Bayou) areas surrounding [New Orleans](/source/New_Orleans) in [Louisiana](/source/Louisiana) from 1778 to 1783 and in San Antonio de Bejar, San Antonio, Texas, in 1731.[11]

The earliest known Spanish settlements in the then northern Mexico were the result of the same forces that later led the English to come to North America. Exploration had been fueled in part by imperial hopes for the discovery of wealthy civilizations. In addition, like those aboard the [Mayflower](/source/Mayflower), most Spaniards came to the New World seeking land to farm, or occasionally, as historians have recently established, freedom from religious persecution.[12][13] A smaller percentage of new Spanish settlers were descendants of [Spanish Jewish](/source/Sephardi_Jews) [converts](/source/Converso) and [Spanish Muslim](/source/Moors) converts.

[Basques](/source/Basques) stood out in the exploration of the Americas, both as soldiers and members of the crews that sailed for the Spanish.[14] Prominent in the civil service and colonial administration, they were accustomed to overseas travel and residence. Many of them were also wealthy and prosperous merchants, constituting much of the upper class in [Spanish colonial society](/source/Casta).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Another reason for their emigration besides the restrictive inheritance laws in the [Basque Country](/source/Basque_Country_(historical_territory)), was the devastation from the [Napoleonic Wars](/source/Napoleonic_Wars) in the first half of the nineteenth century, which was followed by defeats in the two [Carlist civil wars](/source/Carlist_Wars). (For more information about the Basque, and immigrants to the United States from this region, see [Basque Americans](/source/Basque_Americans).)

### 19th and 20th centuries

Spanish immigration to the U.S. 1820–2000[15][16] Period Arrivals Period Arrivals Period Arrivals 1820–1830 2,616 1891–1900 8,731 1961–1970 44,659 1831–1840 2,125 1901–1910 27,935 1971–1980 39,141 1841–1850 2,209 1911–1920 68,611 1981–1990 20,433 1851–1860 9,298 1921–1930 28,958 1991–2000 17,157 1861–1870 6,697 1931–1940 3,258 2001–2010 - 1871–1880 5,266 1941–1950 2,898 2011-2020 - 1881–1890 4,419 1951–1960 7,894 - - Total arrivals: 302,305

Immigration to the United States from Spain was controversially minimal but steady during the first half of the nineteenth century, with an increase during the 1850s and 1860s resulting from the bloody warfare of the Carlist civil wars during the years of 1833–1876. Much larger numbers of Spanish immigrants entered the country in the first quarter of the twentieth century—27,000 in the first decade and 68,000 in the second—due to the same circumstances of rural poverty and urban congestion that led other Europeans to emigrate in that period, as well as unpopular wars-in this first wave of Spanish immigration. The Spanish presence in the United States declined sharply between 1930 and 1940 from a total of 110,000 to 85,000, because many immigrants returned to Spain after finishing their farmwork.

Beginning with the coup d'état against the [Second Spanish Republic](/source/Second_Spanish_Republic) in 1936 and the devastating [civil war](/source/Spanish_Civil_War) that ensued, General [Francisco Franco](/source/Francisco_Franco) established a [dictatorship](/source/Spain_under_Franco) for 37 years. At the time of his takeover, a small but prominent group of liberal intellectuals fled to the United States. After the civil war the country endured a period of [autarky](/source/Autarky), as Franco believed that post-[World War II](/source/World_War_II) Spain could survive or continue its activities without any European assistance.[17]

In the mid-1960s, 44,000 Spaniards immigrated to the United States, as part of a second wave of Spanish immigration. In the 1960s and 1970s the economic situation improved in Spain, and Spanish immigration to the United States declined to about 3,000 per year. In the 1980s, as Europe enjoyed an economic boom, Spanish immigrants to the United States dropped to only 15,000. The 1990 U.S. census recorded 76,000 foreign-born Spaniards in the country. As from the rest of Europe, 21st century immigrants from Spain are few, only 10,000 per decade at most.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Much as with [French Americans](/source/French_Americans), who are of French descent but mostly by way of [Canada](/source/French_Canadians), the majority of the 41 million massively strong Spanish-speaking population have come by way of [Latin America](/source/Latin_America), especially [Mexico](/source/Mexico),[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] but also [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico), the [Dominican Republic](/source/Dominican_Republic), and other areas that the Spanish themselves colonized. Many of the [Hispanic and Latino Americans](/source/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans) bring their Spanish-speaking culture into the country. [*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Main areas of settlement

‹ The [template](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Template) *[Historical populations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Historical_populations)* is being [considered for merging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2026_June_24#Template:Infobox_demographics). ›

Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1850 3,113 — 1860 4,244 +36.3% 1870 3,764 −11.3% 1880 5,121 +36.1% 1890 6,185 +20.8% 1900 7,050 +14.0% 1910 22,108 +213.6% 1920 49,535 +124.1% 1950 59,362 +19.8% 1960 44,999 −24.2% 1970 57,488 +27.8% 1980 73,735 +28.3% 1990 76,415 +3.6% 2000 82,858 +8.4% 2010 83,242 +0.5% 2020 TBD — Source: Spanish-born[18]

Spanish Americans in the [United States](/source/United_States) are found in large concentrations in five major states from 1940 through the early twenty-first century. In 1940, the highest concentration of Spaniards were in New York (primarily [New York City](/source/New_York_City)), followed by [California](/source/California), [Florida](/source/Florida), [New Jersey](/source/New_Jersey) and [Pennsylvania](/source/Pennsylvania). The [1950 U.S. census](/source/1950_United_States_census) indicated little change—New York with 14,705 residents from Spain and California with 10,890 topped the list. Spaniards followed into New Jersey with 3,382, followed by Florida (3,382) and Pennsylvania (1,790).[19] By 1990 and 2000, there was relatively little change except in the order of the states and the addition of [Texas](/source/Texas). In 1990, Florida ranked first with 78,656 Spanish immigrants followed by:[19] California 74,784, New York (42,309), Texas (32,226), New Jersey (28,666). The [2000 U.S. census](/source/2000_United_States_census) saw a significant decline in Spanish-origin immigrants.[19] California now ranked highest (22,459), followed by, Florida (14,110 arriving from Spain), New York (13,017), New Jersey (9,183), Texas (7,202).

Communities in the United States, in keeping with their strong regional identification in Spain, have established ethnic organizations for [Basques](/source/Basques), [Galicians](/source/Galicians), [Asturians](/source/Asturians), [Andalusians](/source/Andalusians), and other such communities.

These figures show that there was never the mass emigration from [Iberia](/source/Iberian_Peninsula) that there was from [Latin America](/source/Latin_America). It is evident in the figures that Spanish immigration peaked in the 1910s and 1920s. The majority settled in Florida and New York, although there was also a sizable Spanish influx to [West Virginia](/source/West_Virginia) at the turn of the 20th century, mostly from Asturias. These Asturian immigrants worked in the U.S. zinc industry after having worked in the smelters of Real Compañía Asturiana de Minas in Arnao, on the north coast near [Avilés](/source/Avil%C3%A9s).[20]

[Spanish Creole](/source/Criollo_people) family portrait in New Orleans, [Spanish Louisiana](/source/Louisiana_(New_Spain)), 1790, painted by [José Francisco de Salazar](/source/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_Xavier_de_Salazar_y_Mendoza).

It is likely that more Spaniards settled in Latin America than in the United States, due to [common language](/source/Spanish_language), [shared religion](/source/Catholic_Church), and [cultural ties](/source/Spanish_Empire).

Some of the first ancestors of Spanish Americans were [Spanish Jews](/source/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews) [*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] who spoke [Ladino](/source/Judaeo-Spanish), a language derived from [Castilian Spanish](/source/Castilian_Spanish) and [Hebrew](/source/Hebrew_language).

In the 1930s and 1940s, Spanish immigration mostly consisted of refugees fleeing from the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and from the Franco military regime in Spain, which lasted until his death in 1975. [*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The majority of these refugees were businessmen and intellectuals, as well as union activists, and held strong liberal [anti-authoritarian](/source/Authoritarianism) feelings.

### California

See also: [Californio](/source/Californio)

Spanish [Mission Santa Barbara](/source/Mission_Santa_Barbara) in California, founded in 1786.

A Californio is a Spanish term for a descendant of a person of [Spanish](/source/Spanish_people) and [Mexican](/source/Mexicans) ancestry who was born in [Alta California](/source/Alta_California). "Alta California" refers to the time of the first [Spanish](/source/New_Spain) presence established by the [Portolá expedition](/source/Portol%C3%A1_expedition) in 1769 until the region's cession to the [United States of America](/source/United_States_of_America) in 1848.

Since 1945, others sometimes referred to as Californios (many appear in the "Notable Californios" section below) include: Early Alta California immigrants who settled down and made new [lives](/source/Personal_life) in the province, regardless of where they were born. This group is distinct from [indigenous peoples of California](/source/Indigenous_peoples_of_California). Descendants of Californios, especially those who married other Californios.

The military, religious and civil components of pre-1848 Californio society were embodied in the thinly-populated [presidios](/source/Presidio), missions, pueblos and [ranchos](/source/Ranchos_of_California).[21] Until they were [secularized](/source/Mexican_secularization_act_of_1833) in the 1830s, the twenty-one [Spanish missions of California](/source/Spanish_missions_of_California), with their thousands of more-or-less captive [native converts](/source/Spanish_Missions_of_California#Mission_period_(1769–1833)), controlled the most (about 1,000,000 acres (4,000 km2) per mission) and best land, had large numbers of workers, grew the most crops and had the most sheep, cattle and horses. After secularization, the Mexican authorities divided most of the mission lands into new ranchos and granted them to Mexican citizens (already present Californios) resident in California.

The Spanish colonial and later Mexican national governments encouraged settlers from the northern and western provinces of Mexico, whom Californios called "Sonorans." Small groups of people from other parts of [Latin America](/source/Latin_America) (most notably [Peru](/source/Peru) and [Chile](/source/Chile)) also settled in California. However, only a few official colonization efforts (from [New Spain](/source/New_Spain)) were ever undertaken—notably the second expeditions of [Gaspar de Portolá](/source/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A1) (1770) and of [Juan Bautista de Anza](/source/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza) (1775–1776). Children of those few early settlers and retired soldiers became the first Californios. One genealogist estimated that, in 2004, between 300,000 and 500,000 Californians were descendants of Californios.[22]

### Florida

See also: [Floridanos](/source/Floridanos)

[El Centro Español de Tampa](/source/El_Centro_Espa%C3%B1ol_de_Tampa) is a cultural house built in 1912 in the [Ybor City](/source/Ybor_City) neighborhood of [Tampa](/source/Tampa), Florida.

[Juan Ponce de León](/source/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n), a Spanish [conquistador](/source/Conquistador), named Florida in honor of his discovery of the land on April 2, 1513, during [Pascua Florida](/source/Pascua_Florida), a Spanish term for the [Easter season](/source/Easter_season). [Pedro Menéndez de Avilés](/source/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s) founded the city of [St. Augustine](/source/St_Augustine%2C_Florida) in 1565; the first European-founded city in what is now the continental United States.

The [El Centro Español de Tampa](/source/El_Centro_Espa%C3%B1ol_de_Tampa) remains one of the few surviving structures specific to Spanish immigration to the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries,[23] a legacy that garnered the Centro Español building recognition as a [U.S. National Historic Landmark](/source/National_Historic_Landmark) (NHL) on June 3, 1988.[24]

Postcard for Ybor City, often referred to as a "bit of old Spain".

In the early 1880s, [Tampa](/source/Tampa) was an isolated village with a population of less than 1000 and a struggling economy.[25] However, its combination of a good port, [Henry Plant's](/source/Henry_Plant) new railroad line, and humid climate attracted the attention of [Vicente Martinez Ybor](/source/Vicente_Martinez_Ybor), a prominent Spanish-born [cigar](/source/Cigar) manufacturer; the neighborhood of [Ybor City](/source/Ybor_City) was named after him.[26]

### Hawaii

Main article: [Spanish immigration to Hawaii](/source/Spanish_immigration_to_Hawaii)

Spanish children from the *[SS Heliopolis](/source/SS_Heliopolis_(1907))* after arriving in [Hawaii](/source/Hawaii) in 1907

Spanish immigration to Hawaii began when the Hawaiian government and the [Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association](/source/Hawaiian_Sugar_Planters'_Association) (HSPA) decided to supplement their ongoing importation of Portuguese workers to Hawaii with workers recruited from Spain. Importation of Spanish laborers, along with their families, continued until 1913, at which time more than 9,000 Spanish immigrants had been brought in, most recruited to work primarily on the Hawaiian sugar plantations.

The importation of Spanish laborers to Hawaii began in 1907, when the British steamship SS *Heliopolis* arrived in Honolulu Harbor with 2,246 immigrants from the [Málaga](/source/M%C3%A1laga) province of [Spain](/source/Spain).[27] However, rumored poor accommodations and food on the voyage created political complications that delayed the next Spanish importation until 1911, when the SS *Orteric* arrived with a mixed contingent of 960 Spanish and 565 Portuguese immigrants, the Spanish having boarded at [Gibraltar](/source/Gibraltar), and the Portuguese at [Porto](/source/Porto) and [Lisbon](/source/Lisbon). Although Portuguese immigration to Hawaii effectively ended after the arrival of the *Orteric*, the importation of Spanish laborers and their families continued until 1913, ultimately bringing to Hawaii a total of 9,262 Spanish immigrants.[27]

Six ships between 1907 and 1913 brought over 9,000 Spanish immigrants from the Spanish mainland to Hawaii. Although many of the Portuguese immigrants who preceded them to Hawaii arrived on small wooden [sailing ships](/source/Sailing_ship) of less than a thousand [gross tonnage](/source/Gross_tonnage) capacity, all of the ships involved in the Spanish immigration were large, steel-hulled, passenger [steamships](/source/Steamship).

### Louisiana

See also: [Canarian Americans](/source/Canarian_Americans) and [Isleño (Louisiana)](/source/Isle%C3%B1o_(Louisiana))

[Albert Estopinal](/source/Albert_Estopinal), Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana

Ballet dancer [Royes Fernandez](/source/Royes_Fernandez) was born in [New Orleans](/source/New_Orleans).

The majority of them descend from [Canarian settlers](/source/Canary_Islanders) who arrived in Louisiana between 1778 and 1783. Its members are descendants of colonists from the [Canary Islands](/source/Canary_Islands), which is part of Spain off the coast of Africa. They settled in [Spanish Louisiana](/source/Spanish_Louisiana) between and intermarried with other communities such as [French](/source/French_people), [Acadians](/source/Acadians), [Creoles](/source/Louisiana_Creole_people), and other groups, mainly through the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Isleños originally settled in four communities including [Galveztown](/source/Galveztown%2C_Louisiana), [Valenzuela](/source/Isle%C3%B1os_in_Louisiana#Valenzuela), [Barataria](/source/Barataria%2C_Louisiana), and [San Bernardo](/source/St._Bernard_Parish%2C_Louisiana).[28]

Los Isleños Museum Complex in [Saint Bernard](/source/Saint_Bernard%2C_Louisiana).

Following significant flooding of the Mississippi River in 1782, the Barataria settlement was abandoned and the survivors were relocated to San Bernardo and Valenzuela with some settling in [West Florida](/source/West_Florida).[29][30]

### New Mexico

See also: [Hispanos of New Mexico](/source/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico)

This article needs more citations. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Spanish Americans" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

[Hispanos](/source/Hispano) of New Mexico (less commonly referred to as *Neomexicanos* or *Nuevomexicanos*) are descendants of Spanish and Mexican colonists who settled the area of [New Mexico](/source/New_Mexico) and Southern Colorado. Most made the journey from [New Spain](/source/New_Spain), now principally modern Mexico.[31][32][33] The vast majority of these settlers married and mixed with the local indigenous people of New Mexico. Like the *[Californios](/source/Californio)* and *[Tejano](/source/Tejano)*s, the descendants of these early settlers still retain a community of thousands of people in this state and that of southern Colorado.

New Mexico belonged to Spain for most of its modern history (16th century – 1821) and later to Mexico (1821–1848). The original name of the region was [Santa Fé de Nuevo Mexico](/source/Santa_F%C3%A9_de_Nuevo_Mexico). The descendants of the settlers still retain a community of thousands of people in this state. Also, there is a community of Nuevomexicanos in Southern [Colorado](/source/Colorado), due to shared colonial history. Currently, the majority of the Nuevomexicano population is distributed between New Mexico and Southern [Colorado](/source/Colorado). Most of the Nuevomexicanos that live in New Mexico live in the northern half of the state. There are hundreds of thousands of Nuevomexicanos living in New Mexico. Those who claim to be descendants of the first Hispanic settlers in this state currently account as the first predominant ancestry in the state.

There is also a community of people in Southern Colorado descended from Nuevomexicanos that migrated there in the 19th century. The stories and language of the Nuevomexicanos from Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado were studied by Nuevomexicano ethnographer, linguist, and folklorist [Juan Bautista Rael](/source/Juan_Bautista_Rael) and [Aurelio Espinosa](/source/Aurelio_Macedonio_Espinosa_Jr.).

### New York

See also: [Little Spain](/source/Little_Spain)

Actress [Rita Hayworth](/source/Rita_Hayworth), whose father was Spanish.[34]

"Little Spain" was a Spanish American neighborhood in the [New York City](/source/New_York_City) [borough](/source/Borough_(New_York_City)) of [Manhattan](/source/Manhattan) during the 20th century.[35][36]

Little Spain was on [14th Street](/source/14th_Street_(Manhattan)), between [Seventh](/source/Seventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)) and [Eighth](/source/Eighth_Avenue_(Manhattan)) Avenues.[37] A very different section of [Chelsea](/source/Chelsea%2C_Manhattan) existed on a stretch of 14th Street often referred to by residents as "Calle Catorce," or "Little Spain".[38] The Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe (No. 299) was founded in 1902, when Spaniards started to settle in the area.[39] Although the Spanish businesses have given way to such nightclubs as Nell's and Oh Johnny on the block between Seventh and Eighth Avenues, the Spanish food and gift emporium known as Casa Moneo was at 210 West 14th from 1929 until the 1980s.[40]

In 2010 the documentary *Little Spain*, directed and written by [Artur Balder](/source/Artur_Balder), was filmed in New York City. The documentary pulled together for first time an archive that reveals the untold history of the Spanish-American presence in Manhattan. They present the history of the streets of Little Spain in New York City throughout the 20th Century.[41] The archive contains more than 450 photographs and 150 documents that have never been publicly displayed.[42][43][44][45][46][47][48]

Other important commerces and Spanish business of Little Spain were restaurants like La Bilbaína, Trocadero Valencia, Bar Coruña, Little Spain Bar, Café Madrid, Mesón Flamenco, or [El Faro Restaurant](/source/El_Faro_Restaurant), established 1927, and still today open at 823 Greenwich St. The Iberia was a famous Spanish dress shop.

The [Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe](/source/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_(Manhattan)) in [Little Spain](/source/Little_Spain), important nucleus for many decades.[49]

The heart of the [Spanish](/source/Spain) [American](/source/United_States) community in that area were the two landmarks: the [Spanish Benevolent Society](/source/Spanish_Benevolent_Society) and the Roman Catholic [Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe](/source/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_(New_York_City)), founded at the turn of the 19th century, being the first parish in [Manhattan](/source/Manhattan) with mass in Latin and [Spanish](/source/Spain).

Another area of influence is the [Unanue family](/source/Unanue_family) of [Goya Foods](/source/Goya_Foods). Its founder, Prudencio Unanue Ortiz, migrated from [Spain](/source/Spain) in the 20th century and established Goya Foods, the largest [Hispanic](/source/Hispanic)-owned food company in the United States.[50] The family's members include [Joseph A. Unanue](/source/Joseph_A._Unanue) and [Andy Unanue](/source/Andy_Unanue). Goya Foods is the 377th largest private American company.[51]

### West Virginia

In the early 1900s, thousands of Spaniards (mainly from [Asturias](/source/Asturias)) migrated to West Virginia. The Asturian diaspora in West Virginia was mainly connected to region's zinc refining industry in towns such as Ziesling ([Spelter](/source/Spelter)) and [Moundsville, WV](/source/Moundsville%2C_WV).[52] Asturians that immigrated to the state typically came from the [Gozón](/source/Goz%C3%B3n) and [Piedras Blancas](/source/Piedras_Blancas) regions of [Asturias](/source/Asturias) and the surrounding communities, like [Luanco](/source/Luanco), [Avilés](/source/Avil%C3%A9s), and [Castrillón](/source/Castrill%C3%B3n). Most had ties to the zinc production in Arnao and the Royal Asturian Mining Company.[53] In the Asturian-American towns in West Virginia, the Spanish families retained their language and culture, making Spanish [chorizo](/source/Chorizo) in backyards and speaking [Bable](/source/Asturian_language) and Spanish to each other.[54][55]

## Culture

See also: [Hispanic Heritage Site](/source/Hispanic_Heritage_Site)

[Santa Barbara, California](/source/Santa_Barbara%2C_California)’s annual *Old Spanish Days* fiesta celebration

Many Spanish Americans still retain aspects of their [culture](/source/Culture). This includes [Spanish food](/source/Spanish_food), drink, art, annual fiestas. Spaniards have contributed to a vast number of areas in the United States of America. [Flamenco](/source/Flamenco) is popular in New Mexico.[56]

Jake Ferguson with the Dallas Cowboys.

### Sports

- Some Spanish-American athletes include: - American football: [Jake Ferguson](/source/Jake_Ferguson), tight end for the Dallas Cowboys in the National Football League (NFL), who has Spanish ancestry through his family from Asturias, Spain.[57] - American football: [Alejandro Villanueva](/source/Alejandro_Villanueva_(American_football)), former offensive tackle in the NFL who played for the Pittsburgh Steelers and Baltimore Ravens, born in Mississippi to Spanish parents while his father, a Spanish Navy officer, was stationed there with NATO.[58] - Baseball: [Keith Hernandez](/source/Keith_Hernandez), former Major League Baseball first baseman and five-time All-Star, whose paternal family line traces back to Málaga, Spain through his Spanish grandfather.[59] - Baseball: [Pete Alonso](/source/Pete_Alonso), first baseman for the New York Mets, whose paternal grandfather was a Spanish refugee from Barcelona who emigrated to New York City during the [Spanish Civil War](/source/Spanish_Civil_War).[60] - Soccer: [Luca de la Torre](/source/Luca_de_la_Torre), professional soccer player born in San Diego, California, to a Spanish father from Spain and an American mother, who has represented the United States men's national team.[61]

### Cuisine

See also: [Unanue family](/source/Unanue_family)

In the early 20th century, Prudencio Unanue Ortiz and his wife Carolina, both Puerto Ricans born in Spain,[62] established [Goya Foods](/source/Goya_Foods), the largest [Hispanic](/source/Hispanic)-owned food company in the United States.[50]

The colonial era left a lasting Spanish impact on California, Louisiana, Florida, and the Southwestern states, but modern immigration to the United States has been much more geographically varied. Large groups of Spaniards settled in New York, the busiest immigration port on the Atlantic Coast today, and this city remains the main hub for importing Spanish food products, largely due to the rising popularity of Spanish-themed restaurants and chefs incorporating ingredients like [chorizo](/source/Chorizo), [jamón](/source/Jam%C3%B3n), [olives](/source/Olive), marcona [almonds](/source/Almond), and [anchovies](/source/Anchovies). In the early 1900s, Andalusians from southern Spain moved to Hawaii to work on sugar and fruit plantations, but many later returned to mainland California, especially the San Francisco area, which already had a significant Spanish population from the Basque region.[63]

### Religion

See also: [Spanish missions in Arizona](/source/Spanish_missions_in_Arizona), [Spanish missions in California](/source/Spanish_missions_in_California), [Spanish missions in the Carolinas](/source/Spanish_missions_in_the_Carolinas), [Spanish missions in Florida](/source/Spanish_missions_in_Florida), [Spanish missions in Georgia](/source/Spanish_missions_in_Georgia), [Spanish missions in Louisiana](/source/Spanish_missions_in_Louisiana), [Spanish missions in New Mexico](/source/Spanish_missions_in_New_Mexico), [Spanish missions in Texas](/source/Spanish_missions_in_Texas), and [Ajacán Mission](/source/Ajac%C3%A1n_Mission)

[Pope Leo XIV](/source/Pope_Leo_XIV) is of maternal Spanish descent.

Many Spanish Americans are more active in [Catholic](/source/Catholic_Church) church activities than was common in past generations in Spain; they rarely change their religious affiliation and participate frequently in family-centered ecclesiastical rituals. In both Spain and the United States, events such as first communions and baptisms are felt to be important social obligations that strengthen clan identity.

### Spanish language in the U.S.

Main article: [Spanish language in the United States](/source/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States)

Spanish was the second European language spoken in North America after [Old Norse](/source/Old_Norse), the language of the [Viking](/source/L'Anse_aux_Meadows) settlers. It was brought to the territory of what is the contemporary United States of America in 1513 by [Juan Ponce de León](/source/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n). In 1565, the Spaniards founded [St. Augustine, Florida](/source/St._Augustine%2C_Florida), the oldest continuously occupied European settlement in the modern U.S. territory.[64]

Like other descendants of European immigrants, [Spaniards](/source/Spaniard) have adopted English as their primary language.[65]

Language spoken at home and ability to speak English (2013 ACS)[66] Spaniard – Language spoken and ability Percent Population 5 years and over 703,504 English only 68.5% Language other than English 31.5% Speak English less than "very well" 7.1%

### Socioeconomics

Since Spanish American entrance into the middle class has been widespread, the employment patterns described above have largely disappeared. This social mobility has followed logically from the fact that throughout the history of Spanish immigration to the United States, the percentage of skilled workers remained uniformly high. In the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, 85 percent of Spanish immigrants were literate, and 36 percent were either professionals or skilled craftsmen. A combination of aptitude, motivation, and high expectations led to successful entry into a variety of fields.[67]

## Number of Spanish Americans

### Census data

#### 1980

[Bob Martinez](/source/Bob_Martinez) was the first person of Spanish descent to be elected as [Governor of Florida](/source/Governor_of_Florida).

In 1980, 62,747 Americans claimed only Spaniard ancestry and another 31,781 claimed Spaniard along with another ethnic ancestry.[68] 2.6 million or 1.43% of the total U.S. population chose to identify as "Spanish/Hispanic", however this represents a general type of response which will encompass a variety of ancestry groups.[69] Spanish Americans are found in relative numbers throughout United States, particularly in the [Southwestern](/source/Southwestern_United_States) and [Gulf Coast](/source/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States). According to the 1980 U.S. census 66.4% reported *Spaniard* as their main ancestry, while 62.7% reported *Spanish/Hispanic* as their main ancestry.[70][71][72] The table showing those who self-identified as Spaniard are as follows:

Response Number Percent Northeast North Central South West Single ancestry 62,747 66.4% 24,048 3,011 23,123 12,565 Multiple ancestry 31,781 33.6% 9,941 2,209 11,296 8,335 Total reported 94,528 33,989 5,220 34,419 20,900

State Spaniard Spanish/Hispanic % Florida 23,698 249,196 2.6 New York 21,860 359,574 2.0 California 14,357 539,285 2.3 New Jersey 8,122 126,983 1.7 Texas 6,883 221,568 1.6 Colorado 1,985 154,396 5.3 New Mexico 1,971 281,189 21.6 Louisiana 616 79,847 1.9 United States 94,528 2,686,680 1.43%

#### 1990

At a national level the ancestry response rate was high with 90.4% of the total United States population choosing at least one specific ancestry, 11.0% did not specify their ancestry, while 9.6% ignored the question completely. Of those who chose Spaniard, 312,865 or 86.7% of people chose it as their first and main ancestry response while 48,070 or 13.3% chose it as their second ancestry.[73] Totals for the 'Spaniard' showed a considerable increase from the previous census.[74] Table shows population by state of those self identifying as Spaniard.[19][71]

State Population % Florida 78,656 0.6 California 74,787 New York 42,309 Texas 31,226 New Mexico 24,861 New Jersey 23,666 Colorado 14,052 Arizona 6,385 United States 360,935 0.1

As with the previous census 'Spanish' was considered a general response which may have encompassed a variety of ancestral groups. Over two million self-identified with this response.[75]

#### 2000

[John Garamendi](/source/John_Garamendi), 46th Lieutenant Governor of California

In [2000](/source/2000_United_States_census), 299,948 Americans specifically reported their ancestry as "Spaniard", which was a significant decrease over the [1990](/source/1990_United_States_census) data, where in those who reported "Spaniard" numbered 360,858. Another 2,187,144 reported "Spanish"[76] and 111,781 people, reported "Spanish American". To this figures we must adhere some groups of Spanish origin or descent that specified their origin, instead of in Spain, in some of the [Autonomous communities of Spain](/source/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain), specially [Spanish Basques](/source/Basque_American) (9,296 people), [Castilians](/source/Castilians) (4,744 people), [Canarians](/source/Isle%C3%B1o_American) (3,096 people), [Balearics](/source/Balearics) (2,554 people) and [Catalans](/source/Catalan_American) (1,738 people). Less of 300 people indicated be of [Asturian](/source/Asturian_Americans), [Andalusian](/source/Andalusians), [Galician](/source/Galician_Americans), and [Valencian](/source/Valencians) origin.[77]

- Spaniard – 299,948

- Spanish – 2,187,144

- Spanish American – 111,781

#### 2010

The [2010](/source/2010_United_States_census) census is the twenty-third [United States](/source/United_States) [national census](/source/United_States_Census).[78]

- Spaniard – 635,253[79]

Statistics for those who self-identify as ethnic Spaniard, Spanish, Spanish American in the 2010 [American Community Survey](/source/American_Community_Survey).

- Spaniard – 694,494[80][81]

- Spanish – 482,072[80][81]

- Spanish American – 48,810[80][81]

#### 2020

 [Charlie Sheen](/source/Charlie_Sheen), an American actor with a Spanish paternal grandfather

In the most-recent 2020 census 978,978 people reported "Spaniard".[82]

The top 10 states with the largest population who identified their ethnic origins as "Spaniard" in the 2020 census.[83]

U.S. state Population California 192,312 Texas 120,116 Florida 83,479 New Mexico 79,882 Colorado 58,290 New York 51,714 Arizona 36,636 New Jersey 31,471 Washington 26,478 Illinois 18,842 U.S. born TBA Foreign-born TBA Total 978,978

In 2020, 866,356 people identified with "Spanish origin", making them the eleventh largest Hispanic group residing in the United States. This number includes people whose ancestors immigrated directly or indirectly from Spain.[84]

Marco Rubio, U.S. senator from Florida, in a 2026 speech said he was of [Spanish](/source/Spaniards) and Italian heritage & mentioned ancestors from Seville, Spain.[85]

## Political participation

With the outbreak of the [Spanish Civil War](/source/Spanish_Civil_War) in 1936 a number of intellectual political [refugees](/source/Refugees) found [asylum](/source/Right_of_asylum) in the United States. Supporters of the overthrown [Spanish Republic](/source/Second_Spanish_Republic), which had received aid from the [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union) while under attack from Nationalist forces, were sometimes incorrectly identified with [communism](/source/Communism), but their arrival in the United States well before the "red scare" of the early 1950s spared them the worst excesses of [McCarthyism](/source/McCarthyism). Until the end of the dictatorship in Spain in 1975 political exiles in the United States actively campaigned against the abuses of the Franco regime.

## Place names of Spanish origin

Main article: [List of place names of Spanish origin in the United States](/source/List_of_place_names_of_Spanish_origin_in_the_United_States)

This is a partial list only.

Year Population 1980[70] 94,528 1990[71] 360,935 2000[79] 299,948 2010[79] 635,253 2017[86] 801,636

Aviles Street in the [St. Augustine Town Plan Historic District](/source/St._Augustine_Town_Plan_Historic_District), claims to be the oldest street in the nation.[87]

[Albuquerque](/source/Albuquerque%2C_New_Mexico) was founded by Don [Francisco Cuervo y Valdez](/source/Francisco_Cuervo_y_Valdez).

Some Spanish place names in the U.S. include:

- **[Arizona](/source/Arizona)** – possibly from a Spanish word of Basque origin meaning "The Good Oak". However, the toponym does not come from the term *Zona Árida*.[88] - [Mesa](/source/Mesa%2C_Arizona) – means "Table"; Spanish explorers used the word because the tops of mesas look like the tops of tables. - [Sierra Vista](/source/Sierra_Vista%2C_Arizona) – "Mountain View"

- **[California](/source/California)** – the state was named for a mythical land described in a popular Spanish novel from around 1500, *[Las sergas de Esplandián](/source/Las_sergas_de_Esplandi%C3%A1n)* ("The exploits of Esplandián") by [Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo](/source/Garci_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Montalvo). - [Alcatraz Island](/source/Alcatraz_Island) – "[Gannet](/source/Gannet) Island" - [Chula Vista](/source/Chula_Vista) – "Beautiful View" - [Los Angeles](/source/Los_Angeles) – "City of Angels" - [Sacramento](/source/Sacramento%2C_California) – "City of the Sacrament" - [San Bernardino](/source/San_Bernardino%2C_California) – "Saint Bernard" - [Santa Cruz](/source/Santa_Cruz%2C_CA) – "City of the Holy Cross" - [San Diego](/source/San_Diego%2C_California) – "Saint Didacus" - [San Francisco](/source/San_Francisco%2C_California) – "Saint Francis" - [San Jose](/source/San_Jose%2C_California) – "Saint Joseph" - [Santa Barbara](/source/Santa_Barbara%2C_California) – "Saint Barbara"

- **[Florida](/source/Florida)** – "Flowery". - [Boca Raton](/source/Boca_Raton) – "Shallow inlet of sharp–pointed rocks that scrape a ship's cables" - [Key West](/source/Key_West) – [anglicization](/source/Anglicization) of *Cayo Hueso* ("Bone Island") - [St. Augustine, Florida](/source/St._Augustine%2C_Florida) – anglicization of*San Agustín*, founded by [Pedro Menéndez de Avilés](/source/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s) - [Sarasota](/source/Sarasota%2C_Florida) – "Sheep skin" - [Biscayne Bay](/source/Biscayne_Bay) – anglicization of *Bayo Vizcayno* ("[Biscay](/source/Biscay) Bay") - [Pensacola](/source/Pensacola%2C_Florida) – [Hispanicization](/source/Hispanicization) of the indigenous name for the region - [Tampa](/source/Tampa%2C_Florida) – Hispanicization of the indigenous name for the region - [Miami](/source/Miami%2C_Florida) – Hispanicization of the indigenous name for the region

- **[Colorado](/source/Colorado)** – "Reddish". - [Pueblo](/source/Pueblo%2C_Colorado) – "Town" - [Alamosa](/source/Alamosa) – "Cottonwood" - [Antonito](/source/Antonito%2C_Colorado) – "Little Anthony"

- **[Montana](/source/Montana)** – *Montaña*, "Mountain". - [Lima](/source/Lima%2C_Montana) – "Lime"

- **[New Mexico](/source/New_Mexico)** - [Albuquerque, New Mexico](/source/Albuquerque%2C_New_Mexico) – first called La Villa de San Francisco Xavier de Alburquerque, was founded as a Royal city by order of Don [Francisco Cuervo y Valdés](/source/Francisco_Cuervo_y_Vald%C3%A9s), 34th [Governor of New Mexico](/source/Governor_of_New_Mexico), on February 7, 1706. - [Española, New Mexico](/source/Espa%C3%B1ola%2C_New_Mexico) – "Spanish Woman" - [Santa Fe](/source/Santa_Fe%2C_New_Mexico) – "Holy Faith" - [Las Cruces](/source/Las_Cruces%2C_New_Mexico) – "The Crosses" - [Madrid](/source/Madrid%2C_New_Mexico) – although pronounced "MAD–rid", the city was named for the capital of Spain.

- **[Texas](/source/Texas)** – *Tejas* in Spanish and "Slates" in English. - [El Paso](/source/El_Paso) – "The Pass" - [Amarillo](/source/Amarillo%2C_Texas) – "Yellow" - [San Antonio](/source/San_Antonio) – "[St. Anthony](/source/Anthony_of_Padua)"

- **[Nevada](/source/Nevada)** – the name comes from the Spanish *Nevada* (Spanish: [\[neˈβaða\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish)), meaning "Snow-covered",[89] after the [Sierra Nevada](/source/Sierra_Nevada) ("Snow-covered mountain range"). - [Las Vegas](/source/Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada) – "The Meadows"

- **[Oregon](/source/Oregon)** – *Orejón*, "big ear", or could come from *[Aragón](/source/Aragon)*. - [Moro](/source/Moro%2C_Oregon) – "[Moor](/source/Moors)" - [Bonanza](/source/Bonanza%2C_Oregon) – "Prosperity" - [Estacada](/source/Estacada%2C_Oregon) – "Staked" - [Manzanita](/source/Manzanita%2C_Oregon) – "Little apple" - [Toledo](/source/Toledo%2C_Oregon) – Spanish city of the same name

## People

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [American people of Spanish descent](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Spanish_descent).

For a more comprehensive list, see [List of Spanish Americans](/source/List_of_Spanish_Americans).

## See also

- [United States portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States)
- [Spain portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spain)
- [Hispanic and Latino Americans portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans)

### About Spanish Americans

- [Spanish-American relations](/source/Spain%E2%80%93United_States_relations)

- [Spanish immigration to Hawaii](/source/Spanish_immigration_to_Hawaii)

- [Spanish cuisine](/source/Spanish_cuisine)

- [Asturian Americans](/source/Asturian_Americans)

- [Canarian Americans](/source/Canarian_Americans)

- [Isleño](/source/Isle%C3%B1o)

- [Galician Americans](/source/Galician_Americans)

- [Basque Americans](/source/Basque_Americans)

- [Catalan Americans](/source/Catalan_Americans)

- [Floridanos](/source/Floridanos)

- [Californio](/source/Californio)

- [Tejano](/source/Tejano)

- [Nuevomexicano](/source/Nuevomexicano) ([New Mexican Spanish](/source/New_Mexican_Spanish))

- *[Origins of New Mexico Families: A Genealogy of the Spanish Colonial Period](/source/Origins_of_New_Mexico_Families)*

- [El Centro Español de Tampa](/source/El_Centro_Espa%C3%B1ol_de_Tampa)

- [Centro Asturiano de Tampa](/source/Centro_Asturiano_de_Tampa)

- [History of Ybor City](/source/History_of_Ybor_City)

### About Hispanic Americans and Spanish Canadians

- [White Americans](/source/White_Americans) - [White Hispanic and Latino Americans](/source/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans)

- [Spanish Canadians](/source/Spanish_Canadians)

- [Criollo people](/source/Criollo_people)

- [Hispanic Society of America](/source/Hispanic_Society_of_America)

- [Notable Hispanics](/source/List_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans)

- [White Hispanic](/source/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans)

- [White Latin Americans](/source/White_Latin_Americans)

- [Hispanic](/source/Hispanic)

- [Hispanic and Latino Americans](/source/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Eight Hispanic Groups Each Had a Million or More Population in 2020"](https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-hispanic-population.html). September 26, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Eight Hispanic Groups Each Had a Million or More Population in 2020"](https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-hispanic-population.html). September 26, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Eight Hispanic Groups Each Had a Million or More Population in 2020"](https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-hispanic-population.html). September 26, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Most dictionaries give this definition as the first or only definition for "Spanish American". *The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language* (3rd ed.) (1992). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-395-44895-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-44895-6). *Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary* (11th ed.) (2003). Springfield: Merriam-Webster. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-87779-807-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-807-9). *The Random House Dictionary of the English Language* (2nd ed.) (1987). New York: Random House. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-394-50050-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-50050-4). *Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles* (2007). New York: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-920687-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920687-2). *Webster's New Dictionary and Thesaurus* (2002). Cleveland: Wiley Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-471-79932-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-79932-0)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-loc_5-0)** ["A Spanish Expedition Established St. Augustine in Florida"](http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/colonial/jb_colonial_augustin_1.html). [Library of Congress](/source/Library_of_Congress). Retrieved June 29, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Eight Hispanic Groups Each Had a Million or More Population in 2020"](https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-hispanic-population.html). September 26, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census"](https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html). [United States census](/source/United_States_census). September 21, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Ponce de León : Florida's First Spanish Explorer"](https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/de_leon/de_leon1.htm).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [*World History Encyclopedia*](https://books.google.co.id/books?id=s5X3EAAAQBAJ&pg=RA6-PA106).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Bailey, Rayna (June 23, 2010). [*Immigration and Migration*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pVcDEfNxEvAC&q=Immigration+and+Migration). Infobase. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781438109015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438109015). Retrieved July 27, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Hernández González, Manuel. La emigración canaria a América (Canarian Emigration to the Americas). Pages 15 and 43–44 (about the expeditions and Canarian emigration in Texas), page 51 (about of the Canarian emigration to Louisiana). First Edition January 2007

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** [*Encyclopedia of North American Immigration*](https://books.google.co.id/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA279).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** [*Multicultural America*](https://books.google.co.id/books?id=W2MWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT3548).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Kurlansky, Mark (1999). *The Basque History of the World*. New York: Walker. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-14-029851-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-029851-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Powell, John (2005). ["Encyclopedia of North American Immigration"](https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&dq=spanish+immigration+to+united+states+68%2C611+20%2C433&pg=PA393). Retrieved March 26, 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [Total Immigrants from each Region and Country, by Decade](http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/immigration/pdfs/by_region/region_table.pdf), - 1820–2010

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Spanish immigrants"](https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/social-sciences-and-humanities/spanish-immigrants).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [Historical census statistics of the foreign-born (Born in Spain) population](https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0081/twps0081.pdf) - 1850–2000.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_19-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_19-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_19-3) [Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration: Spanish and Spanish-Americans.](https://books.google.com/books?id=SOvskj0HNt8C&dq=immigration++from+spain+to+united+states&pg=PT2057)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Museo de la Mina de Arnao"](https://www.turismoasturias.es/en/descubre/cultura/museos-y-espacios-culturales/otros-espacios/museo-de-la-mina-de-arnao).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-california_Conquered_21-0)** Harrow, Neal; "California Conquered: The Annexation of a Mexican Province, 1846–1850"; pp. 14–30; University of California Press; 1989; [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-520-06605-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06605-2)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-sfgenealogy_22-0)** King, Alexander V. (January 2004). ["Californio Families, A Brief Overview"](http://www.sfgenealogy.com/spanish/calfam.htm). San Francisco Genealogy.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-history_23-0)** ["El Centro Español de Tampa".](https://web.archive.org/web/20070629190242/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/feature/hispanic/2001/elcentro.htm) [*National Park Service*.](http://www.nps.gov) Retrieved May 6, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nhl_24-0)** ["El Centro Español De Tampa".](http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2037&ResourceType=Building) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090502192324/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2037&ResourceType=Building) May 2, 2009, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) [*National Historic Landmarks Program*.](https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1582/index.htm) Retrieved May 6, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Mormino&Pizzo, Ch. 9

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Ybor City: Cigars in Ybor"](http://www.ybortimes.com/cigars.cfm). Ybortimes.com. Retrieved December 26, 2008.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-fernandez1_27-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-fernandez1_27-1) Fernández, James D. & Argeo, Luis (December 7, 2012). ["Archive / Archivo: Heliópolis"](http://tracesofspainintheus.org/hi/recortesclippings/). *Spanish Immigrants in the United States (website)*. Retrieved November 5, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Gilbert C. Din (August 1, 1999). [*The Canary Islanders of Louisiana*](https://books.google.com/books?id=LsYXeiw7XEUC&pg=PA52). Louisiana State University Press. p. 25. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8071-2437-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2437-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-González2005_29-0)** Manuel Hernández González (January 1, 2005). [*La Emigración Canaria a América*](https://books.google.com/books?id=IM8SAQAAIAAJ&q=1779). Centro de la Cultura Popular Canaria. p. 51. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-84-7926-488-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7926-488-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-odisea_canaria_30-0)** Balbuena Castellano, José Manuel. "La odisea de los canarios en Texas y Luisiana" (The Odyssey of the Canarians in Texas and Louisiana). Pages 137, 138, 150 and 152. (ed) 2007, editorial: Anroart Ediciones.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["The Oñate-Moctezuma-Zaldívar Families of Northern New Spain"](https://www.proquest.com/openview/59c64521aba5f03e98aaee528978d768/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1818256). *[ProQuest](/source/ProQuest)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** [\[1\]](http://www.drclas.harvard.edu/revista/articles/view/577) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080430234919/http://www.drclas.harvard.edu/revista/articles/view/577) April 30, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** [\[2\]](http://www.nmculturenet.org/heritage/cuartocentenario/spanish_view.php) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071006190603/http://www.nmculturenet.org/heritage/cuartocentenario/spanish_view.php) October 6, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Márquez Reviriego, Víctor (March 24, 1984). ["Del firmamento al limbo"](http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/sevilla/abc.sevilla/1984/03/24/003.html). *[ABC](/source/ABC_(newspaper))* (in Spanish). Retrieved April 5, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-El_País_Crónica_35-0)** Thero, Xavier (June 20, 2014). ["Rostros familiares en Nueva York"](http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2014/06/20/catalunya/1403283886_070626.html). *El País*. Retrieved June 21, 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-El_País_Edición_Impresa_36-0)** Theros, Xavier (June 21, 2014). ["Rostros familiares en Nueva York"](http://www.meatpackingproductions.us/_contents/news/images/EL_Pais_2014_06_20_Xavier_Thero.pdf) (PDF). *El País*. p. 5. Retrieved June 20, 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-El_País_USA_37-0)** Aguilar, Andrea (November 18, 2010). ["Un documental repasa la historia de Little Spain en la calle 14"](http://blogs.elpais.com/usa-espanol/2010/11/un-documental-repasa-la-historia-de-little-spain-en-la-calle-14.html). El País USA. Retrieved September 18, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hartford_Courant_38-0)** ["Un documental repasa la historia de Little Spain en la calle 14"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110526164120/http://www.courant.com/topic/vvl2-3478638nov17,0,2652149.story). *Hartford Courant*. November 18, 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.courant.com/topic/vvl2-3478638nov17,0,2652149.story) on May 26, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-HERALD_TRIBUNE_39-0)** Valenzuela, David (November 20, 2010). ["Documentary Brings Manhattan's Little Spain to big screen"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210126035029/http://laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=378105&CategoryId=13003). *The Herald Tribune*. Archived from [the original](http://laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=378105&CategoryId=13003) on January 26, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** ["Paradise on 13th Street | Sam Fentress"](https://www.nybooks.com/online/2023/08/22/paradise-on-thirteenth-street/). August 22, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hispanic_New_York_Project_41-0)** Remeseira, Claudio Iván (November 18, 2010). ["Hispanic New York Project"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110708041850/http://hispanicnewyorkproject.blogspot.com/2010/11/un-documental-repasa-la-historia-de.html). Hispanic New York Project. Archived from [the original](http://hispanicnewyorkproject.blogspot.com/2010/11/un-documental-repasa-la-historia-de.html/) on July 8, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-EFE_America_42-0)** ["Un documental descubre la historia de Little Spain"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110526181911/http://www.efeamerica.com/31_espectaculos/922585_la-historia-de-la-little-spain-de-nueva-york-se-convierte-en-documental.html). EFE America. November 19, 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.efeamerica.com/31_espectaculos/922585_la-historia-de-la-little-spain-de-nueva-york-se-convierte-en-documental.html) on May 26, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Antena_3_TV_43-0)** Abad, José Ángel (November 18, 2010). ["Little Spain, el barrio español de Nueva York"](http://www.antena3.com/noticias/mundo/little-spain-barrio-nueva-york-donde-solo-hablaba-espanol_2010112000018.html). Antena 3 TV. Retrieved January 28, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Informativos_Telecinco_44-0)** ["Nueva York descubre su Little Spain"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110526090646/http://www.telecinco.es/informativos/cultura/noticia/1408057/1408057). Informativos Telecinco. November 18, 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.telecinco.es/informativos/cultura/noticia/1408057/1408057) on May 26, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Radio_Television_Española_(RTVE)_45-0)** ["Little Spain"](http://www.rtve.es/mediateca/audios/20101207/afectos-noche---primera-hora---07-12-10/954570.shtml). RTVE. November 18, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Onda_Cero_Radio_46-0)** ["Little Spain, el barrio español de Nueva York donde sólo se hablaba español"](http://www.ondacero.es/OndaCero/Little-Spain-barrio-Nueva-York-donde-solo-hablaba-espanol/NWS_10112014_1). Onda Cero Radio. November 18, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2010.[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-La_Opinion_A_Coruna_47-0)** Conde, Arturo (November 18, 2010). ["Saga Gallega en Manhattan. Robert De Niro, Taxi Driver y la energía del pasado"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101216034658/http://mas.laopinioncoruna.es/suplementos/2010/12/05/saga-gallega-en-manhattan/). *La Opinion de A Coruna*. Archived from [the original](http://mas.laopinioncoruna.es/suplementos/2010/12/05/saga-gallega-en-manhattan/) on December 16, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Diario_Informacion_48-0)** Payá, Juan José (December 18, 2010). ["Artur Balder rescata en su documental la memoria española de Manhattan"](http://www.diarioinformacion.com/cultura/2010/11/29/artur-balder-rescata-documental-memoria-espanola-manhattan/1069990.html/). *Diario Informacion*. Retrieved September 18, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Historia_49-0)** ["Historia de la iglesia"](https://guadalupeshrineny.org/who-are-we). *Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe*. Retrieved November 5, 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-forbes.com_50-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-forbes.com_50-1) ["How Goya Became One Of America's Fastest-Growing Food Companies"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/erincarlyle/2013/05/08/how-goya-became-one-of-americas-fastest-growing-food-companies/). *[Forbes](/source/Forbes_(magazine))*. May 8, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** ["America's Largest Private Companies: #377 Goya Foods"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121026034713/http://www.forbes.com/business/lists/2008/21/privates08_Goya-Foods_8GO6.html). *Forbes.com*. Archived from [the original](https://www.forbes.com/business/lists/2008/21/privates08_Goya-Foods_8GO6.html) on October 26, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** ["WV"](https://tracesofspainintheus.org/west-va/). December 4, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** ["Arnao Mine Museum"](https://www.turismoasturias.es/en/descubre/cultura/museos-y-espacios-culturales/otros-espacios/museo-de-la-mina-de-arnao).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** Gonzalez, Suronda (1999). ["Forging Their Place in Appalachia: Spanish Immigrants in Spelter, West Virginia"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41446913). *Journal of Appalachian Studies*. **5** (2): 197–206. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [41446913](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41446913).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** ["The Asturians and Spelter, W.Va., part 1"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGTYYIsqaFs). *[YouTube](/source/YouTube)*. December 20, 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** ["The Artistry and Legacy of Flamenco"](https://www.newmexico.org/meet-la-emi/). Retrieved March 26, 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** ...

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** ...

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** ...

1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** ...

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** ...

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** [La gallega que aplacó la "morriña" de la emigración](https://emigracion.xunta.gal/es/actualidad/noticia/la-gallega-aplaco-la-morrina-la-emigracion) (in Spanish)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-63)** [*Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia: 2 Volumes*](https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA581).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-64)** ["A Spanish Expedition Established St. Augustine in Florida"](http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/colonial/jb_colonial_augustin_1.html). Americaslibrary.gov. Retrieved September 11, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** Chavez, Linda (March 25, 2011). ["Hispanic population booms"](http://townhall.com/columnists/lindachavez/2011/03/25/hispanic_boom). *[Florida Today](/source/Florida_Today)*. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 9A.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-census1_66-0)** ["HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN Universe: Spaniard (Population)"](https://www.census.gov). Retrieved July 3, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-67)** ["Facts on Hispanics with origins from Spain in the United States, 2021"](https://www.pewresearch.org/race-and-ethnicity/fact-sheet/us-hispanics-facts-on-spanish-origin-latinos/). *Pewresearch*. 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-68)** ["Census.gov Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for the United States: 1980"](https://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/pc80-s1-10/tab02.pdf) (PDF). *Census.gov*. Retrieved August 21, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** [Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980](https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/pc80-s1-10.pdf) (Supplementary Report PC80-S1-10) Issued: April 1983

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-1980_Census_of_Total_U.S_Population_70-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-1980_Census_of_Total_U.S_Population_70-1) [1980 Census of Total U.S Population](https://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/pc80-s1-10/tab02.pdf)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ReferenceA_71-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ReferenceA_71-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-ReferenceA_71-2) [1990 & 1980 State population comparisons](https://www.census.gov/population/www/CPH-L-97.pdf)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-72)** [1980, U.S Census by State](https://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-73)** ["1990 Census of Population: Detailed Ancestry Groups for States"](https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1993/dec/cp-s-1-2.html). [United States Census Bureau](/source/United_States_Census_Bureau). September 18, 1992. Retrieved November 22, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-74)** ["1990 Census of Population: Detailed Ancestry Groups for States"](https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1993/dec/cp-s-1-2.html). [United States Census Bureau](/source/United_States_Census_Bureau). September 18, 1992. Retrieved November 22, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-75)** ["1990 Census of Population: Detailed Ancestry Groups for States"](https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1993/dec/cp-s-1-2.html). [United States Census Bureau](/source/United_States_Census_Bureau). September 18, 1992. Retrieved November 22, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ancestry2000_76-0)** Angela Brittingham; G. Patricia de la Cruz (June 2004). ["Ancestry: 2000; Census 2000 Brief"](http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf) (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from [the original](https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf) (PDF) on December 4, 2004. Retrieved February 27, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2000USCensus_77-0)** ["Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000"](https://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ancestry/ancestry_q_by_DAC_2000.xls) (XLS). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 28, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-timeline_78-0)** ["Interactive Timeline"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101220032051/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/about/timeline-text.php). *About the 2010 Census*. U.S. Census Bureau. 2011. Archived from [the original](http://2010.census.gov/2010census/about/timeline-text.php) on December 20, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2011.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-census.gov_79-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-census.gov_79-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-census.gov_79-2) [Hispanic American population 2010 census](https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf) | www.census.gov

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-google1_80-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-google1_80-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-google1_80-2) [An Historical Introduction to American Education: Third Edition By Gerald L. Gutek](https://books.google.com/books?id=LV4WAAAAQBAJ&dq=694%2C494+spaniard+2010+american+community+survey&pg=PA356)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ReferenceB_81-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ReferenceB_81-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-ReferenceB_81-2) ["Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 American Community Survey"](https://www.census.gov). Retrieved July 3, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-82)** ["Eight Hispanic Groups Each Had a Million or More Population in 2020"](https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-hispanic-population.html). September 26, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-83)** ["Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census"](https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html). [United States census](/source/United_States_census). September 21, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-84)** ["Eight Hispanic Groups Each Had a Million or More Population in 2020"](https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-hispanic-population.html). September 26, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-85)** ["SECRETARY OF STATE MARCO RUBIO AT THE MUNICH SECURITY CONFERENCE"](https://no.usembassy.gov/secretary-of-state-marco-rubio-at-the-munich-security-conference/). *U.S. embassy*. February 14, 2026. Retrieved March 26, 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-factfinder.census.gov_86-0)** ["Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin – Universe: Total population more information 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"](http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_B03001&prodType=table). Retrieved June 19, 2015.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-87)** [City archaeologist: Oldest street in US is here](http://www.staugustine.com/article/20100504/NEWS/305049960?template=ampart) - StAgustine

1. **[^](#cite_ref-AZC070211_88-0)** Thompson, Clay (February 11, 2007). ["No, 'arid zone' not the basis of state's name"](https://azcentral.com/news/columns/articles/0211clay0211.html). *[The Arizona Republic](/source/The_Arizona_Republic)*. Retrieved December 29, 2014.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-89)** ["Nevada"](http://www.wordreference.com/es/en/translation.asp?spen=nevada). Wordreference.com. Retrieved February 24, 2007.

## Further reading

- Colahan, Clark. "Spanish Americans." *Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America,* edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2014), pp. 271–281. [Online](https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300169/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=bc52146e)

- Martinelli, Phyllis Cancilla and Ana Varela-Lago (eds.), *Hidden Out in the Open: Spanish Migration to the United States, 1875-1930.* Louisville: University Press of Colorado, 2019.

- Ramírez, Roberto R. (2004). [We the People: Hispanic Population in the United States](https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/censr-18.pdf). Census 2000 Special Reports. U.S. Census Bureau.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [People of the United States of Spanish descent](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:People_of_the_United_States_of_Spanish_descent).

- [Hispanic Society of America](http://hispanicsociety.org/) Museum in New York City

- Colahan, Clark (2008). [Spanish American Heritage](http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Pa-Sp/Spanish-Americans.html). Multicultural America.

- Pérez, Juan M. (October 2005). [The Hispanic Role in America](https://web.archive.org/web/20070329010853/http://coloquio.com/coloquioonline/2005/0510hispanicrole.htm). Coloquio Revista Cultural.

- [Survey: 2005 American Community Survey:Hispanic Origin](https://www.census.gov). U.S. Census Bureau.

- [Asturian-American Migration Forum](http://www.asturianus.org). A [discussion board](/source/Internet_forum) for the descendants of Asturian-Americans.

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International The Lutheran Evangelical Protestant Church Calvinist Communion of Reformed Evangelical Churches Continental Reformed Dutch[f] Canadian and American Reformed Churches Christian Reformed Church in North America[e] Free Reformed Churches of North America Heritage Reformed Congregations Netherlands Reformed Congregations Protestant Reformed Churches in America Reformed Church in America[a] Reformed Congregations in North America United Reformed Churches in North America German[f] Reformed Church in the United States French[f] Huguenot Church Hungarian[f] Calvin Synod (United Church of Christ)[g] Hungarian Reformed Church in America[a] Presbyterian (Main article) Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church Bible Presbyterian Church Covenant Presbyterian Church Cumberland Presbyterian Church Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America ECO: A Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians[e] Evangelical Assembly of Presbyterian Churches in America Evangelical Presbyterian Church[e] Free Church of Scotland (Continuing) Free Presbyterian Church of North America Korean American Presbyterian Church Korean Evangelical Presbyterian Church in America Korean Presbyterian Church Abroad[a] Korean Presbyterian Church in America (Kosin) Orthodox Presbyterian Church Presbyterian Church in America Presbyterian Church in Korea (Koshin) Presbyterian Church (USA)[a] Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly Reformed Presbyterian Church – Hanover Presbytery Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America Upper Cumberland Presbyterian Church Congregationalist (Main article) Conservative Congregational Christian Conference[e] Evangelical Association of Reformed and Congregational Christian Churches National Association of Congregational Christian Churches Anglican Communion Episcopal Church[a] Continuing[h] Episcopal Missionary Church Reformed Anglican Church Southern Episcopal Church United Episcopal Church of North America Anglican Episcopal Church Anglo- Catholic Anglican Catholic Church Diocese of the Holy Cross Anglican Province of America Anglican Province of Christ the King Christian Episcopal Church Holy Catholic Church United Anglican Church Realignment Anglican Church in North America[h] Reformed Episcopal Church Anglican Mission in the Americas[e] Church of Nigeria North American Mission Anabaptist Mennonites Church of God in Christ (Mennonite) Eastern Pennsylvania Mennonite Church Fellowship of Evangelical Bible Churches Lancaster Mennonite Conference Mennonite Brethren Church Mennonite Church USA Ohio Wisler Mennonite Schwarzenau Brethren Brethren Church[e] Church of the Brethren[a] Dunkard Brethren Church Old German Baptist Brethren River Brethren Brethren in Christ Church[e] Calvary Holiness Church (Philadelphia) Old Order River Brethren United Zion Church Amish Mennonite Rosedale Network of Churches Fellowship of Evangelical Churches[e] Mennonite Christian Fellowship Apostolic Apostolic Christian Church of America Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarene) Unorganized Amish[i] Hutterites[i] Unitarian Unitarian Universalist Christian Fellowship Radical Pietism Evangelical Covenant Church Evangelical Free Church of America[e] Baptist (Main article) Alliance of Baptists[a] American Baptist Association American Baptist Churches USA[a] Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists Baptist Missionary Association of America Central Baptist Association Christian Baptist Churches of God Church of Christ, Instrumental Converge[e] Cooperative Baptist Fellowship Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship General Association of Baptists General Six-Principle Baptists Independent Baptist Church of America Independent Baptist Fellowship International Liberty Baptist Fellowship National Baptist Convention of America International National Baptist Convention USA[a] National Baptist Evangelical Life and Soul Saving Assembly of the U.S.A. National Missionary Baptist Convention of America New England Evangelical Baptist Fellowship North American Baptist Conference[e] Primitive Baptist Conference of New Brunswick, Maine and Nova Scotia Progressive National Baptist Convention[a] Separate Baptists in Christ Southern Baptist Convention Baptist General Association of Virginia Baptist General Convention of Texas Southwide Baptist Fellowship Transformation Ministries[e] Union Baptists Venture Church Network Fundamentalist Baptist Bible Fellowship International Foundations Baptist Fellowship International Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association Independent Baptist Fellowship of North America New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist Wisconsin Fellowship of Baptist Churches World Baptist Fellowship General General Association of General Baptists Free Will National Association of Free Will Baptists Original Free Will Baptist Convention United American Free Will Baptist Church United American Free Will Baptist Conference Calvinistic subgroup Confessional Baptist Association Fellowship of Independent Reformed Evangelicals Regular General Association of Regular Baptist Churches Old Regular Baptists Primitive National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A. Two-Seed-in-the-Spirit Predestinarian Baptists Holiness Holiness Baptist Association Ohio Valley Association of the Christian Baptist Churches of God Independent Those are independent congregations with no denominational structure Quakers (Main article) Beanite Quakerism Central Yearly Meeting of Friends Conservative Friends Evangelical Friends Church International[e] Free Quakers Friends General Conference Friends United Meeting[a] Methodist (Main article) African Methodist Episcopal Church[a] African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church[a] Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection Association of Independent Methodists Bethel Methodist Church Bible Methodist Connection of Churches Bible Methodist Connection of Tennessee Bible Missionary Church Christian Methodist Episcopal Church[a] Church of God (Holiness) Church of Daniel's Band Church of the Nazarene[e] Congregational Methodist Church Emmanuel Association of Churches Evangelical Association Evangelical Church (ECNA)[e] Evangelical Methodist Church Evangelical Methodist Church of America Evangelical Wesleyan Church First Congregational Methodist Church Free Methodist Church[e] Fundamental Methodist Conference Immanuel Missionary Church Global Methodist Church Kentucky Mountain Holiness Association Liberation Methodist Connexion Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church Methodist Protestant Church Missionary Methodist Church National Association of Wesleyan Evangelicals Pilgrim Holiness Church Pillar of Fire Church Primitive Methodist Church[e] Salvation Army[e] Southern Congregational Methodist Church Southern Methodist Church United Methodist Church[a] Wesleyan Church[e] Adventist (Main article) Trinitarian Sabbatarian Church of God (Seventh-Day) International Missionary Society of Seventh-Day Adventist Church Reform Movement Seventh-day Adventist Church Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement Shepherd's Rod United Seventh-Day Brethren First-day Advent Christian Church[e] Primitive Advent Christian Church Nontrinitarian Sabbatarian Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church First-day Christadelphians Church of God General Conference Church of the Blessed Hope Pentecostal Trinitarian Holiness Apostolic Faith Church The Church of God (Alexander Jackson Sr. General Overseer) The Church of God (Charleston, Tennessee) Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)[e] Church of God in Christ Church of God Mountain Assembly Church of God of the Original Mountain Assembly Church of God of Prophecy Congregational Holiness Church[e] Free Gospel Church International Pentecostal Church of Christ[e] International Pentecostal Holiness Church[e] Pentecostal Free Will Baptist Church[e] United Holy Church of America Finished Work Assemblies of God USA[e] Elim Fellowship[e] The Foursquare Church[e] Independent Assemblies of God, International International Fellowship of Christian Assemblies Open Bible Churches[e] Pentecostal Church of God Oneness Apostolic Assemblies of Christ Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus Apostolic Gospel Church of Jesus Christ Apostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith Pentecostal Assemblies of the World Pentecostal Churches of Christ United Pentecostal Church International Neocharismatic Association of Vineyard Churches[e] Calvary Chapel Non- denominational Great Commission Churches[e] Community Churches International Council of Community Churches[a] Other[j] Church of the United Brethren in Christ[e] IFCA International Metropolitan Community Church Missionary Church[e] Restorationism[k] Swedenborgian Swedenborgian Church of North America[a] Lord's New Church General Church of the New Jerusalem Stone-Campbell Disciples Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)[a] Churches of Christ Churches of Christ[i] Churches of Christ (non-institutional)[i] International Churches of Christ[i] Independents Christian churches and churches of Christ[i] Holiness[l] Christian Union[e] Churches of God General Conference (Winebrenner) Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) Church of God (Guthrie, Oklahoma) Church of God (Restoration) Higher Life Alliance World Fellowship[e] Irvingism New Apostolic Church Latter Day Saint/ Mormon The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints House of Aaron Reorganized Church of Christ at Halley's Bluff Church of Christ (Fettingite) Church of Christ (Restored) Church of Christ (Temple Lot) Church of Christ With the Elijah Message Church of Christ with the Elijah Message - The Assured Way of the Lord Church of Israel The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite) Church of Jesus Christ (Drewite) Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) Church of Jesus Christ Restored 1830 Church of Jesus Christ (Zion's Branch) Community of Christ[a] Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Remnant fellowships Restoration Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Restored Church of Jesus Christ Fundamentalist Apostolic United Brethren Centennial Park group Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly Church of Jesus Christ (Original Doctrine) Inc. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Latter Day Church of Christ Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints True and Living Church of Jesus Christ of Saints of the Last Days Zion's Order, Inc. Bible Student Free Bible Students Jehovah's Witnesses Armstrongism Church of God International (United States) Church of God Preparing for the Kingdom of God Church of the Great God Grace Communion International[e] House of Yahweh Intercontinental Church of God Living Church of God Philadelphia Church of God Restored Church of God United Church of God Syncretic Christianity Evangelical Orthodox Church Orthodox-Catholic Church of America ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Part of the National Council of Churches ^ a b Not in communion with the rest of the Catholic Church ^ Those are traditions and denominations that trace their history back to the Protestant Reformation or otherwise heavily borrow from the practices and beliefs of the Protestant Reformers. ^ This denomination is the result of a merger between Lutheran, German Reformed, Congregational and Restorationist churches. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Part of the National Association of Evangelicals ^ a b c d This refers to the denomination's heritage and not necessarily to the language in which the services are conducted in. ^ This is a reformed synod within the United Church of Christ that is distinct in heritage, doctrine and practice from the rest of the denomination. ^ a b Outside the Anglican Communion ^ a b c d e f This is more of a movement then an institutionalized denomination. ^ Denominations that don't fit in the subsets mentioned above. ^ Those are traditions and denominations that trace their origin back to the Great Awakenings and/or are joined together by a common belief that Christianity should be restored along the lines of what is known about the apostolic early church. ^ The Holiness movement is an interdenominational movement that spreads over multiple traditions (Methodist, Quakers, Anabaptist, Baptist, etc.). However, here are mentioned only those denominations that are part of Restorationism as well as the Holiness movement, but are not part of any other Protestant tradition. Judaism Messianic Judaism Humanistic Judaism Reconstructionist Judaism Other Abrahamic Islam Ahmadiyya Baháʼí Faith Druze Zoroastrianism Dharmic Hinduism American Buddhism Sikhism Jainism Native Religions v t e Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians Achomawi Atsugewi Cahuilla Chemehuevi Chimariko Chumash Coast Miwok Cupeño Eel River Athapaskans (Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki) Gabrielino (Tongva) Halchidhoma Hupa (Chilula, Whilkut) Karuk Kato Kawaiisu Kitanemuk Kumeyaay (Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai) Lake Miwok Luiseño Maidu Mattole (Bear River) Modoc (Klamath) Mohave Mono (Monache, Owens Valley Paiute) Northern Paiute Ohlone (Costanoan) Patwin Plains Miwok Pomo Quechan (Yuma) Salinan Serrano Shasta (Konomihu, Okwanuchu) Sierra Miwok Tolowa Tubatulabal Wappo Washoe Western Shoshone Wintu-Nomlaki Wiyot Yana Yokuts Yuki Yurok Pomo religion Blackfoot religion Lakota religion Crow religion Pawnee mythology Anishinaabe traditional beliefs Ojibwe religion Iroquois mythology Longhouse Religion Cherokee spiritual beliefs Choctaw mythology Muscogee mythology Four Mothers Society Pueblo religion Hopi mythology Native American Church Indian Shaker Church Alaska Native religion Inuit religion Shamanism Hawaiian religion ritual dances Ghost Dance Bear Dance Booger Dance Buffalo Dance Eagle Dance Gourd Dance Green Corn Ceremony Stomp Dance Sun Dance Turkey Dance Yup'ik Dance African-American Afro-derived Hoodoo Louisiana Voodoo New Orleans Voodoo Revival Orisha-Voodoo Abrahamic Black church Boyd Convention National Baptist Convention AME Azusa Street Revival Catholicism Judaism Islam Hotep Thought Nation of Islam Five-Percent Nation Black Hebrew Israelites Nuwaubian Nation Moorish Science Temple of America Ausar Auset Society New Religious Movement New Thought Scientology Goddess movement Neoshamanism Theosophy Neopaganism Eckankar I AM Movement International Society for Krishna Consciousness Self-Realization Fellowship Spritualism PNW Religions Satanism Other Rastafari movement in the United States Unification Church of the United States Atheism Black Discrimination Irreligion Topics Religion and politics in the United States Christian Identity Christian Patriot movement Nation of Islam and antisemitism Christian Nationalism Antisemitism Islamophobia v t e Ancestry and ethnicity in the United States General ethno-racial classifications General groups Black and African Americans Asian Americans Native Americans Pacific Islanders White and European Americans Hispanic and Latino Americans Middle Eastern and North African Americans Indigenous/Native Americans Alaska Natives Aleuts Alutiiq Gwichʼin Haida Inupiat Tsimshian Yup'ik Athabaskan Athabaskans Eyak Tlingit Indigenous Antilleans Kalinago Taino Algonquian Eastern Mohicans Lenape Massachusett Mohegan Montaukett Nanticoke people Narragansett people Niantic people Nipmuc Patuxent people Paugusset Pequot Piscataway people Tsenacommacah Chickahominy people Nansemond Pamunkey Powhatan Rappahannock people Shinnecock Indian Nation Wabanaki Confederacy Abenaki Mi'kmaq Passamaquoddy Penobscot Wolastoqiyik Wampanoag Pokanoket Central Ojibwe Potawatomi Illiniwek Kickapoo Menominee Meskwaki Miami people Sauk people Schaghticoke people Shawnee Cree Odawa Plains A'aninin Blackfoot Confederacy Peigan Southern Peigan Cheyenne Arapaho Métis Iroquoian Northeastern Haudenosaunee Cayuga Mohawk Oneida Onondaga Seneca Tuscarora Susquehannock Wyandot people Carolinian Meherrin Nottoway people Cherokee Siouan Plains Sioux Dakota people Lakota people Nakoda people Nakota Assiniboine Osage Quapaw Crow Kaw Hidatsa Omaha Mandan Missouria Iowa Otoe Ponca Eastern Woodlands Monacan Indian Nation Occaneechi Biloxi Catawba Saponi Waccamaw Ho-Chunk Caddoan Caddo Confederacy Natchitoches people Kadohadacho Nabiti Nacogdoche Nadaco Nasoni Wichita Kichai people Waco Taovaya Tawakoni Arikara Pawnee Skidi Teyas Southeastern Muskogean Chickasaw Choctaw Muscogee Alabama Okchai Miccosukee Seminole Coushatta Chitimacha Yuchi Lumbee Natchez people Southwestern Dené Apache Diné Puebloans Keresan Tewa Tiwa Pueblo peoples Towa Zia Zuni Hopi-Tewa Yuman Quechan Cocopah Halchidhoma Hualapai Havasupai Maricopa people Mojave Yavapai Plains Indians Tonkawa Kiowa Great Basin Numic Snake Indians Northern Paiute Shoshone Timbisha Chemehuevi Comanche Southern Paiute Mono Ute Uto-Aztecan Oʼodham Akimel O'odham Tohono Oʼodham Hia C-eḍ Oʼodham Yaqui Tübatulabal Kawaiisu Washoe people Salish Interior Chelan people Colville Entiat people Coeur d'Alene people Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes Bitterroot Salish Methow people Nespelem people Pend d'Oreilles Sanpoil Sinixt Sinkiuse-Columbia Spokane people Syilx Wenatchi Coast Northern Pentlatch shíshálh Nation Central Nooksack people Lummi people Samish people Klallam people Southern Twana Skokomish people Southwestern Cowlitz people Quinault Lower Chehalis Upper Chehalis Lushootseed Sauk-Suiattle Upper Skagit Swinomish people Snohomish people Snoqualmie people Suquamish people Duwamish people Puyallup people Nisqually Steilacoom people Squaxin Tillamook people Pacific Northwest Chinook Kathlamet Clackamas people Clatsop Multnomah people Wasco–Wishram Watlala Sahaptin Kittitas people Yakama Klickitat people Nez Perce Palouse people Tenino people Umatilla people Walla Walla people Coast Makah Quileute Hoh people Wilapa Aleseans Alsea Yaquina people Siuslawans Siuslaw people Umpqua people Coos people Athabaskan Umpqua Tututni Shasta Costa Chetco people Plateau Cayuse people Klamath people Modoc people Kalapuya Atfalati Mohawk River Santiam people Kutenai Californian Cahuilla Chemehuevi Chumash Cupeño Diegueño Esselen Juaneño Kitanemuk Luiseño Miwok Patwin Pomo Salinan Serrano Suisunes Ohlone Awaswas Chalon Chochenyo Karkin Tamyen Tataviam Tongva Wappo Wintun Yokuts The Americas (by region and country) Caribbean Anglo-Caribbean Antiguan Bahamian Barbadian Bermudian Dominican (Commonwealth) Grenadian Jamaican Kittian St. Lucian Trinidadian Vincentian Virgin Islanders Dutch Caribbean Indo-Caribbean Latin Caribbean Cuban Dominican Republic Haitian Puerto Ricans North America Belizean Canadian French-Canadian Greenlandic Latin North/Central American Costa Rican Guatemalan Honduran Garifuna Mexican Indigenous Mexican Nicaraguan Panamanian Salvadoran South America Guyanese Latin South American Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Paraguayan Peruvian Uruguayan Venezuelan Surinamese Sub-Saharan Africa Multinational Black African diaspora Afro-Caribbeans Afro-Latinos Recent African immigrants Fula Central Africa Cameroonian Congolese Equatoguinean Gabonese East Africa Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Somali South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Southern Africa Angolan Malawian South African Afrikaners Zimbabwean West Africa Beninese Bissau-Guinean Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Igbo Yoruba Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Asia Central Asia Afghan Balochi Pashtun Kazakh Kyrgyz Tajik Turkmen Uzbek East Asia Chinese Fuzhounese Hakka Hoklo Hong Kong Taiwanese Tibetan Uyghur Japanese Ryukyuan Korean Mongolian South Asia Bangladeshi Bengali Meitei Bhutanese Indian Bengali Gujarati Malayali Meitei Punjabi Sindhi Tamil Telugu Indo-Caribbean Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Balochi Pashtun Punjabi Sindhi Sri Lankan Tamil Southeast Asia Burmese Karen Meitei Cambodian Filipino Hmong–Mien Hmong Iu Mien Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Singaporean Thai Timorese Vietnamese Europe (by region and country) Multinational Jewish Romani Bashalde British Isles British Cornish English Manx Scottish Welsh Irish Scotch-Irish Central Europe Austrian Czech German Frisian Sorbian Liechtensteiner Hungarian Polish Kashubian Silesian Rusyn Slovak Swiss Eastern Europe Baltic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Belarusian Russian Chechen Circassian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Northern Europe Danish Faroese Greenlandic Finnish Icelandic Norwegian Sámi Swedish Southern Europe Iberian Portuguese Spanish Asturian Basque Canarian Catalan Galician Italian Sicilian Maltese Sammarinese Southeast Europe Albanian Armenian Azerbaijani Bulgarian Cypriot Georgian Greek Moldovan Romanian Turkish Yugoslav Bosnian Croatian Macedonian Montenegrin Serbian Slovenian Western Europe Belgian Flemish Dutch Afrikaners French Basque Breton Corsican French-Canadian Luxembourgish Middle East and North Africa Multinational Arab Assyrian Berber Circassian Jewish Kurdish North Africa Algerian Egyptian Coptic Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian West Asia Armenian Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Emirati Georgian Iranian Balochi Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi Syrian Syrian-Jewish Turkish Yemeni Oceania (Pacific Islands) Australasia Australian New Zealander Maori Melanesia Fijian Papuan Micronesia Chamorro Marshallese Micronesian (Federation) Palauan Polynesia French Polynesian Hawaiian Maori Samoan Tongan Multiethnic and settler groups Broadly European White Americans Non-Hispanic Whites Anglo-Americans American ancestry Appalachians Southrons Cajuns Texians Georgia cracker Florida cracker Conch Yankees Swamp Yankee Founding Stock Mormons Tuckahoes and Cohees Boomers Yoopers Okies Pennsylvania Dutch Texas Germans Missouri Rhinelanders Plain people Amish Mennonites Norwegian Dakotan Norwegian Minnesotans Hungarian Ohioans Broadly Mestizo/Latino White Latino Black Latino Asian Latino Puerto Ricans Stateside Nuyorican Afro Asian Nuevomexicanos Californios Chicanos Blaxican Punjabi Mexicans Tejanos Floridanos Isleños Louisianais Broadly Afro/Mulatto Black Americans Black Southerners Gullah Creoles of Color Alabama Arkansas Ark-La-Tex Cane River Louisiana Black Indians and Freedmen Seminoles Cherokee Chickasaw Choctaw Creek Atlantic Creole Tidewater American Maroons Great Dismal Swamp Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Chestnut Ridge people Carmelites Melungeon Dominickers Redbones Louisiana Mina Delaware Moors Brass Ankles Great Migrators Exodusters Somali Bantu Mainers Broadly Asian Afro-Asian Alaskan Filipinos Alaskeros Amerasian Asian Pacific Americans Asian and Filipino Californians Hapa Kepanī and Asian Hawaiians Luk khrueng Mississippi Delta Chinese Tisoy Miscellaneous Alaskan Creole people Black Dutch Findians Minorcans of Florida Sumter Turks Brandywine people Related subjects People of the United States / Americans Native American ancestry List of states and territories of the United States demonyms Maps of American ancestries 2010 census Race and ethnicity in the census Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Racism

v t e Spanish Americans by location Region of settlement California Florida Louisiana (Isleño) New Mexico Texas Hawaii Puerto Rico Region of origin Asturias Basque Country Canary Islands Catalonia Galicia

v t e Hispanic and Latino Americans Index Hispanic and Latino Latino Demographics North American Californio Creoles of Louisiana Isleño Floridanos Mexican Punjabi Mexican Americans Chicano Nuevomexicano Tejano Caribbean Cuban Dominican Puerto Rican Nuyorican Central American Costa Rican Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian Salvadoran South American Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Paraguayan Peruvian Uruguayan Venezuelan European Spanish Asturian Basque Canarian Catalan Galician African Equatoguinean Ethnic groups Asian Black White Religious groups Christians Jews Muslims By region Alaska Arizona California Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco Colorado Florida Maryland Baltimore Massachusetts Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York Oregon Portland Texas Houston Utah Washington, D.C. Other Indigenismo Lynching Racism among Latinos Stereotypes in the United States In politics In the United States Congress Women in journalism Category Commons

Authority control databases International FAST National United States France BnF data Czech Republic 2 Israel Other NARA Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Spanish Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Americans) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Americans?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.