# South Caucasus

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Geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia

For the 1918 republic, see [Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic](/source/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic). For the Soviet republic, see [Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic](/source/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic).

South Caucasus 1994 map of Caucasus region prepared by the U.S. State Department Coordinates 42°15′40″N 44°07′16″E / 42.26111°N 44.12111°E / 42.26111; 44.12111 Countries Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia De facto states with limited recognition Abkhazia South Ossetia Partially included Iran Turkey Time zones UTC+04:00, UTC+03:30 and UTC+03:00 Highest mountain Shkhara (5,203 metres (17,070 ft))

The **South Caucasus**, also known as **Transcaucasia**, or the **Transcaucasus**, is a geographical region on the border of [Eastern Europe](/source/Eastern_Europe) and [West Asia](/source/West_Asia), straddling the southern [Caucasus Mountains](/source/Caucasus_Mountains).[1][2] The South Caucasus roughly corresponds to modern [Armenia](/source/Armenia), [Georgia](/source/Georgia_(country)), and [Azerbaijan](/source/Azerbaijan). The total area of these countries measures about 186,100 square kilometres (71,850 square miles).[3] The South Caucasus and the [North Caucasus](/source/North_Caucasus) together comprise the larger [Caucasus](/source/Caucasus) geographical region that divides [Eurasia](/source/Eurasia).

## Geography

The South Caucasus spans the southern portion of the [Caucasus Mountains](/source/Caucasus_Mountains) and their lowlands, straddling the border between the continents of [Europe](/source/Europe) and [Asia](/source/Asia), and extending southwards from the southern part of the [Main Caucasian Range](/source/Main_Caucasian_Range) of southwestern [Russia](/source/Russia) to the [Turkish](/source/Turkey) and [Armenian](/source/Armenia) borders, and from the [Black Sea](/source/Black_Sea) in the west to the [Caspian Sea](/source/Caspian_Sea) coast of [Iran](/source/Iran) in the east. The area includes the southern part of the [Greater Caucasus](/source/Greater_Caucasus) mountain range, the entire [Lesser Caucasus](/source/Lesser_Caucasus) mountain range, the [Colchis Lowlands](/source/Colchis_Lowland), the [Kura-Aras Lowlands](/source/Kura-Aras_Lowland), [Qaradagh](/source/Arasbaran), the [Talysh Mountains](/source/Talysh_Mountains), the [Lankaran Lowland](/source/Lankaran_Lowland), [Javakheti](/source/Javakheti) and the eastern portion of the [Armenian Highlands](/source/Armenian_Highland).

All of present-day [Armenia](/source/Armenia) is in the South Caucasus; the majority of present-day [Georgia](/source/Georgia_(country)) and [Azerbaijan](/source/Azerbaijan), including the [exclave](/source/Exclave) of [Nakhchivan](/source/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic), also fall within the region.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Goods produced in the region include [oil](/source/Petroleum), [manganese ore](/source/Manganese_ore), [tea](/source/Tea), [citrus fruits](/source/Citrus_fruits), and [wine](/source/Wine). It remains one of the most politically tense regions in the post-[Soviet](/source/Soviet) area, and contains two heavily disputed areas: [Abkhazia](/source/Abkhazia) and [South Ossetia](/source/South_Ossetia). Between 1878 and 1917, the Russian-controlled province of [Kars Oblast](/source/Kars_Oblast) and the county of [Surmalu uezd](/source/Surmalu_uezd) (present-day [Iğdır Province](/source/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province)) were also incorporated into administrative regions of the South Caucasus.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Etymology

Nowadays, the region is referred to as the *South Caucasus* or *Southern Caucasia* ([Armenian](/source/Armenian_language): Հարավային Կովկաս, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Armenian): *Haravayin Kovkas*; [Azerbaijani](/source/Azerbaijani_language): *Cənubi Qafqaz*; [Abkhaz](/source/Abkhaz_language): Агырҭ Кавказ, romanized: *Agyrt Kavkaz*; [Georgian](/source/Georgian_language): სამხრეთ კავკასია, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Georgian): samkhret k'avk'asia; [Russian](/source/Russian_language): Южный Кавказ, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Russian): *Yuzhnyy Kavkaz*). The former name of the region, *Transcaucasia,* is a Latin rendering of the [Russian-language](/source/Russian_language) word *Zakavkazye* ([Закавказье](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B5#Russian)), meaning "[the area] beyond the Caucasus".[3] This implies a Russian vantage point, and is analogous to similar terms such as [Transnistria](/source/Transnistria) and [Transleithania](/source/Transleithania). Other, rarer forms of this word include *Trans-Caucasus* and *Transcaucasus* ([Russian](/source/Russian_language): Транскавказ, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Russian): *Transkavkaz*).

## History

### Prehistory

[Herodotus](/source/Herodotus), a Greek historian who is known as 'the Father of History' and [Strabo](/source/Strabo), a Greek geographer, philosopher, and historian, spoke about autochthonous peoples of the Caucasus in their books. In the Middle Ages, various people, including [Scythians](/source/Scythians), [Alani](/source/Alans), [Huns](/source/Huns), [Khazars](/source/Khazars), [Arabs](/source/Arabs), [Seljuq](/source/Seljuk_dynasty) [Turks](/source/Turkic_peoples), and [Mongols](/source/Mongols) settled in Caucasia. These invasions influenced on the culture of the peoples of the South Caucasus. In parallel Middle Eastern influence disseminated the Iranian languages and [Islamic](/source/Islam) religion in Caucasus.[3]

Contemporary political map of the Caucasus (including unrecognized states)

While primarily located in the South Caucasus, in the mid-20th century [Georgian SSR](/source/Georgian_SSR) also included a number of territories in the North Caucasus, connecting two sides of the region.

Located on the peripheries of [Iran](/source/Iran), [Russia](/source/Russia) and [Turkey](/source/Turkey), the region has been an arena for political, military, religious, and cultural rivalries and expansionism for centuries. Throughout its history, the region has come under control of various empires, including the [Achaemenid](/source/Achaemenid_Empire), [Neo-Assyrian Empire](/source/Neo-Assyrian_Empire),[4] [Parthian](/source/Parthian_Empire), [Roman](/source/Roman_Empire), [Sasanian](/source/Sasanian_Empire), [Byzantine](/source/Byzantine_Empire), [Umayyad](/source/Umayyad_Caliphate), [Abbassid](/source/Abbasid_Caliphate), [Mongol](/source/Mongol_Empire), [Ottoman](/source/Ottoman_Empire), successive [Iranian](/source/History_of_Iran) ([Safavid](/source/Safavid_Iran), [Afsharid](/source/Afsharid_Iran), [Qajar](/source/Qajar_Iran)), and [Russian Empires](/source/Russian_Empire), all of which introduced their faiths and cultures.[5] Throughout history, most of the South Caucasus was usually under the direct rule of the various in-Iran based empires and part of the [Iranian world](/source/History_of_Iran).[6] In the course of the 19th century, [Qajar Iran](/source/Qajar_Iran) had to irrevocably cede the region (alongside its territories in [Dagestan](/source/Dagestan), [North Caucasus](/source/North_Caucasus)) as a result of the two [Russo-Persian Wars](/source/Russo-Persian_Wars) of that century to Imperial Russia.[7]

Ancient kingdoms of the region included [Colchis](/source/Colchis), [Urartu](/source/Urartu), [Iberia](/source/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)), [Armenia](/source/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)) and [Albania](/source/Caucasian_Albania), among others. These kingdoms were later incorporated into various Iranian empires, including the [Achaemenid Empire](/source/Achaemenid_Empire), the [Parthian Empire](/source/Parthian_Empire), and the [Sassanid Empire](/source/Sassanid_Empire), during which [Zoroastrianism](/source/Zoroastrianism) became the dominant religion in the region. However, after the rise of [Christianity](/source/Christianity) and conversion of Caucasian kingdoms to [the new religion](/source/Eastern_Christianity), Zoroastrianism lost its prevalence and only survived because of Persian power and influence still lingering in the region. Thus, the South Caucasus became the area of not only military, but also religious convergence, which often led to [bitter conflicts](/source/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars) with successive Persian empires (and later Muslim-ruled empires) on the one side and the [Roman Empire](/source/Roman_Empire) (and later the [Byzantine Empire](/source/Byzantine_Empire) and [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire)) on the other side.

The Iranian Parthians established and installed several eponymous branches in the South Caucasus, namely the [Arsacid dynasty of Armenia](/source/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia), the [Arsacid dynasty of Iberia](/source/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Iberia), and the [Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania](/source/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Caucasian_Albania).

### Middle ages and Russian rule

In the middle of the 8th century, with the capture of [Derbend](/source/Derbend) by the [Umayyad](/source/Umayyad) armies during the [Arab–Khazar wars](/source/Arab%E2%80%93Khazar_wars), most of the South Caucasus became part of the [Caliphate](/source/Caliphate) and [Islam](/source/Islam) spread throughout[*[dubious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement) – [discuss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:South_Caucasus#Dubious)*] the region.[8] Later, the [Orthodox Christian](/source/Eastern_Orthodox) [Kingdom of Georgia](/source/Kingdom_of_Georgia) dominated most of the South Caucasus. The region was then conquered by the [Seljuk](/source/Great_Seljuq_Empire), [Mongol](/source/Mongol_Empire), [Turkic](/source/Turkic_peoples), [Safavid](/source/Safavid_dynasty), [Ottoman](/source/Ottoman_Empire), [Afsharid](/source/Afsharid_Empire) and [Qajar](/source/Qajar_Empire) dynasties.

After two wars in the first half of the 19th century, namely the [Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)](/source/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)) and the [Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)](/source/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)), the [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire) conquered most of the South Caucasus (and [Dagestan](/source/Dagestan) in the [North Caucasus](/source/North_Caucasus)) from the Iranian [Qajar dynasty](/source/Qajar_dynasty), severing historic regional ties with Iran.[6][9] By the [Treaty of Gulistan](/source/Treaty_of_Gulistan) that followed after the 1804–1813 war, Iran was forced to cede modern-day [Dagestan](/source/Dagestan), Eastern [Georgia](/source/Georgia_(country)), and most of the [Azerbaijan Republic](/source/Azerbaijan_Republic) to Russia. By the [Treaty of Turkmenchay](/source/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay) that followed after the 1826–1828 war, Iran lost all of what is modern-day [Armenia](/source/Armenia) and the remainder of the contemporary Azerbaijani Republic that remained in Iranian hands. After the [1828–1829](/source/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)) war, the Ottomans ceded Western Georgia (except [Adjaria](/source/Adjaria), which was known as Sanjak of Batum), to the [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire), which started to use this new southern boundary for the resettlement of undesirable citizens and tolerated [heretics](/source/Doukhobors) (*[sektanty](/source/Spiritual_Christianity)*).[10]

In 1844, what comprises present-day [Georgia](/source/Georgia_(country)), [Armenia](/source/Armenia), and [Azerbaijan](/source/Azerbaijan) were combined into a single czarist government-general, which was termed a vice-royalty in 1844–1881 and 1905–1917. Following the [1877–78 Russo-Turkish War](/source/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)), Russia annexed [Kars](/source/Kars), [Ardahan](/source/Ardahan), [Agri](/source/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1) and [Batumi](/source/Batumi) from the [Ottomans](/source/Ottoman_Turks), joined to this unit, and established the province of [Kars Oblast](/source/Kars_oblast) as its most south-westerly territory in the South Caucasus.

### Modern era

Members of the [Eastern Partnership](/source/Eastern_Partnership)

After the [fall of the Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Revolution) in 1918, the South Caucasus region was unified into a single political entity twice, as the [Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic](/source/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic) from 9 April 1918 to 26 May 1918,[11] and as the [Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic](/source/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic) from 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936.

Both times these Transcaucasian entities dissolved, although the region would remain politically bound together in the [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union) in the form of the three separate Soviet Socialist Republics of [Armenia](/source/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic), [Azerbaijan](/source/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic) and [Georgia](/source/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic).[12] When the [Soviet Union dissolved](/source/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union) in 1991, all three emerged as internationally recognized sovereign states. Transit through the South Caucasus has been hampered since 1989 due to the ongoing [Turkish–Azeri blockade of Armenia](/source/Turkish%E2%80%93Azeri_blockade_of_Armenia).

The [Russo-Georgian War](/source/Russo-Georgian_War) took place in 2008 across the South Caucasus, contributing to further instability in the region, which is as intricate as the Middle East, due to the complex mix of religions (mainly Muslim and Orthodox Christian) and ethno-linguistic groups.

Since their independence, the three countries have had varying degrees of success in their relations with Russia and other countries. In Georgia, after the [Rose Revolution](/source/Rose_Revolution) in 2004, the country, like the [Baltic states](/source/Baltic_states), began [integrating](/source/European_integration) into wider European society by opening up relations with [NATO](/source/NATO) and the [European Union](/source/European_Union). Armenia continues to foster [relations with Russia](/source/Armenia%E2%80%93Russia_relations), while also developing [ties with the EU](/source/Armenia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations). Azerbaijan relies less on Russia, strategically partnering with [Turkey](/source/Turkey). All three South Caucasus countries are members of the [Council of Europe](/source/Council_of_Europe), the [Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe](/source/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe), the [European Political Community](/source/European_Political_Community), and participate in the EU's [Eastern Partnership](/source/Eastern_Partnership) and [Euronest Parliamentary Assembly](/source/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly). All three South Caucasus countries are also members of NATO's [Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council](/source/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council) and [Partnership for Peace](/source/Partnership_for_Peace).

On 8 November 2023, the [European Commission](/source/European_Commission) issued an official recommendation to grant EU [candidate status](/source/Accession_of_Georgia_to_the_European_Union) to Georgia, which was confirmed on 14 December 2023. Georgia, thus becoming, the first country in the South Caucasus to receive EU candidate status.[13] On 12 March 2024, the [European Parliament](/source/European_Parliament) passed a resolution confirming Armenia meets Maastricht Treaty [Article 49](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union/Title_VI:_Final_Provisions#Article_49) requirements and that the country may apply for EU membership.[14] On 12 February 2025, Armenia's parliament approved a bill officially endorsing [Armenia's EU accession](/source/Accession_of_Armenia_to_the_European_Union).[15]

## Demographics

Development of [life expectancy](/source/Life_expectancy) in the countries of the South Caucasus

Development of life expectancy in the countries of the South Caucasus and in the neighboring countries

Historical population of the South Caucasus Year Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Total 1897 798,853[16] [better source needed] 1,806,700[17] 1,919,400[18] 4,524,953 1908 877,322[16] [better source needed] 2,014,300[17] 1914 1,014,255[16] [better source needed] 2,278,245 2,697,500[19] 5,990,000[20] 1916–17 993,782[16] [better source needed] 2,353,700[17] 2,357,800[19] 5,705,282 First World War and Russian Revolution 1920–22 780,000 1,863,000 2,677,000 5,321,000[20] 1926 880,464 2,314,571 2,666,494 5,861,529[21] 1929 6,273,000[20] 1931 1,050,633[16] [better source needed] 6,775,000[20] 1932 6,976,000[20] 1933 7,110,000[20] 1939 1,282,338 3,205,150 3,540,023 8,027,511[22] 1956 9,000,000[20] 1959 1,763,048 3,697,717 4,044,045 9,504,810[23] 1970 2,491,873 5,117,081 4,686,358 12,295,312[24] 1979 3,037,259 6,026,515 4,993,182 14,056,956[25] 1989 3,304,776 7,037,867 5,400,841 15,743,484[26] 1999–2002 3,213,011[27] 7,953,400[17] 3,991,300[28] 15,157,711 2009–14 3,018,854[29] 8,922,000[17] 3,713,804[30] 15,654,658

## See also

- [Azerbaijan portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Azerbaijan)
- [Georgia (country) portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(country))
- [Europe portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Europe)

- [Caucasus](/source/Caucasus)

- [Caucasus Greeks](/source/Caucasus_Greeks)

- [Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations](/source/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations)

- [Eastern Europe](/source/Eastern_Europe)

- [Eastern European Group](/source/Eastern_European_Group)

- [Eurasian Economic Union](/source/Eurasian_Economic_Union)

- [Eurovoc](/source/Eurovoc)

- [EU Strategy for the South Caucasus](/source/EU_Strategy_for_the_South_Caucasus)

- [Ibero-Caucasian languages](/source/Ibero-Caucasian_languages)

- [North Caucasus](/source/North_Caucasus) (Ciscaucasia)

- [Peoples of the Caucasus](/source/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus)

- [Post-Soviet states](/source/Post-Soviet_states)

- [Regions of Europe](/source/Regions_of_Europe)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Caucasus"](http://web.archive.org/web/20080202021647/https://www.loc.gov/today/placesinthenews/archive/2006arch/20060503_caucasus.html). *The World Factbook*. Library of Congress. May 2006. Archived from [the original](https://www.loc.gov/today/placesinthenews/archive/2006arch/20060503_caucasus.html) on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bbc_2-0)** Mulvey, Stephen (16 June 2000). ["The Caucasus: Troubled borderland"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/460353.stm). *News*. BBC. Retrieved 1 July 2009. *"The Caucasus Mountains form the boundary between West and East, between Europe and Asia..."*

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-britannica_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-britannica_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-britannica_3-2) Solomon Ilich Bruk. ["Transcaucasia"](https://www.britannica.com/place/Transcaucasia). *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Retrieved 3 December 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Albert_Kirk_Grayson_1972_108_4-0)** Albert Kirk Grayson (1972). *Assyrian Royal Inscriptions: Volume I*. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 108. §716.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** German, Tracey (2012). [*Regional Cooperation in the South Caucasus: Good Neighbours Or Distant Relatives?*](https://books.google.com/books?id=X3P4nDWn-OMC&pg=PT44). Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 44. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1409407218](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409407218).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-iranicaonline.org_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-iranicaonline.org_6-1) ["Caucasus and Iran" in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Multiple Authors](http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/caucasus-index)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Dowling, T.C. (2014). [*Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond \[2 volumes\]*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728). ABC-CLIO. pp. 728–730. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-59884-948-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** King, Charles (2008). [*The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus*](https://archive.org/details/ghostoffreedomhi0000king). Oxford University Press. p. [65](https://archive.org/details/ghostoffreedomhi0000king/page/65). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0199884322](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199884322).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Allen F. Chew. *An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders*. [Yale University Press](/source/Yale_University_Press), 1967. pp 74

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Breyfogle, Nicholas Brenton (June 2005). [*Heretics and Colonizers: Forging Russia's Empire in the South Caucasus*](https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9780801477461/heretics-and-colonizers). Cornell University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8014-4242-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-4242-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** [Kazemzadeh, Firuz](/source/Firuz_Kazemzadeh) (1951), *The Struggle for Transcaucasia (1917–1921)*, New York City: Philosophical Library, pp. 177–183, 215–216, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-95-600040-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-95-600040-8) {{[citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Sahakyan, Mher D.; Lo, Kevin (9 March 2025). ["Hotspot Geopolitics: Political Economy of the Belt and Road Initiative in South Caucasus"](https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s41111-025-00281-7). *Chinese Political Science Review*. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s41111-025-00281-7](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs41111-025-00281-7). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2365-4244](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2365-4244).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["European Commission Recommends EU Candidacy for Georgia"](https://civil.ge/archives/568259). 8 November 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Joint Motion for a Resolution on closer ties between the EU and Armenia and the need for a peace agreement between Azerbaijan and Armenia | RC-B9-0163/2024 | European Parliament"](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/RC-9-2024-0163_EN.html). *www.europarl.europa.eu*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** [Armenia formalizes closer ties with the West](https://eurasianet.org/armenia-formalizes-closer-ties-with-the-west)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_16-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_16-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:0_16-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:0_16-4) Korkotyan, Zaven (1932). [*Խորհրդային Հայաստանի բնակչությունը վերջին հարյուրամյակում (1831-1931)*](https://web.archive.org/web/20220202085400/http://haygirk.nla.am/upload/1512-1940/1901-1940/hayastani_bnakchutyuny_1932.pdf) [*The population of Soviet Armenia in the last century (1831–1931)*] (PDF) (in Armenian). Yerevan: Pethrat. p. 167. Archived from [the original](http://haygirk.nla.am/upload/1512-1940/1901-1940/hayastani_bnakchutyuny_1932.pdf) (PDF) on 2 February 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_17-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_17-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:1_17-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:1_17-4) ["Azərbaycanda dеmоqrаfik vəziyyət"](https://www.stat.gov.az/news/index.php?id=4131) (in Azerbaijani). State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan. 18 February 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ჯაოშვილი, ვახტანგ. საქართველოს მოსახლეობა XVIII–XX საუკუნეებში./Jaoshvili, Vakhtang. Population of Georgia in the XVIII–XX centuries. Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1984, pp. 92

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-auto2_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-auto2_19-1) ჯაოშვილი, ვახტანგ. საქართველოს მოსახლეობა XVIII–XX საუკუნეებში./Jaoshvili, Vakhtang. Population of Georgia in the XVIII–XX centuries. Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1984, pp. 95

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_20-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:2_20-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:2_20-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:2_20-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:2_20-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-:2_20-6) Pipes, Richard (1959). ["Demographic and Ethnographic Changes in Transcaucasia, 1897-1956"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4323084). *Middle East Journal*. **13** (1). Middle East Institute: 48. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [4323084](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4323084).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Приложение. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 г. СССР, республики и их основные регионы"](http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr_26.php?reg=29). *Демоскоп Weekly*. Retrieved 9 April 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Приложение. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года"](http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr_nac_39_ra.php?reg=0). *Демоскоп Weekly*. Retrieved 9 April 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Приложение. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 г."](http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr59_reg1.php) *Демоскоп Weekly*. Retrieved 9 April 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["Приложение. Численность наличного населения городов, поселков городского типа, районов и районных центров СССР по данным переписи на 15 января 1970 года по республикам, краям и областям (кроме РСФСР)"](http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr70_reg1.php). *Демоскоп Weekly*. Retrieved 9 April 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["Приложение. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г."](http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_age_79.php) *Демоскоп Weekly*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Приложение. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г."](http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng89_reg1.php) *Демоскоп Weekly*. Retrieved 9 April 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2001census_27-0)** [Information from the 2001 Armenian National Census](http://docs.armstat.am/census/pdfs/51.pdf)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-gapanalysis2_28-0)** ["Population Dynamics in Georgia – An Overview Based on the 2014 General Population Census Data"](https://geostat.ge/media/20624/3.-Population-Dynamics_ENGL-_print_F.pdf) (PDF). *UNFPA, National Statistics Office of Georgia (Geostat)*. 29 November 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["The Results of 2011 Population Census of the Republic of Armenia (Figures of the Republic of Armenia), trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia"](http://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=81&id=1512). *armstat.am*. Retrieved 10 January 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** ჯაოშვილი, ვახტანგ. საქართველოს მოსახლეობა XVIII–XX საუკუნეებში./Jaoshvili, Vakhtang. Population of Georgia in the XVIII–XX centuries. Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1984.

## Further reading

- Shahinyan, Arsen K. (2022). "The Southern Boundaries of the Southern Caucasus". *Iran and the Caucasus*. **26** (4): 418–424. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1163/1573384X-20220407](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573384X-20220407). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [254388941](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254388941).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [South Caucasus](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:South_Caucasus).

- [*Caucasian Journal*](https://english.caucasianjournal.org/) – a multilingual online journal on the South Caucasus

- [Caucasian Review of International Affairs – an academic journal on the South Caucasus](http://www.cria-online.org/)

- [Caucasus Analytical Digest – Journal on the South Caucasus](http://www.laender-analysen.de/cad/pdf/CaucasusAnalyticalDigest29.pdf)

- [Transcaucasia (The Columbia Encyclopedia article)](https://web.archive.org/web/20050212020428/http://www.bartleby.com/65/tr/Transcau.html)

- [Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch](/source/Peter_Kropotkin) (1888). ["Transcaucasia"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Transcaucasia). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica)*. Vol. 23 (9th ed.). pp. 513–515.

- ["Transcaucasia"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Transcaucasia). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition)*. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 172.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [South Caucasus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caucasus) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caucasus?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.