# Sotra Patera

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Feature on Titan

For other uses, see [Sotra (disambiguation)](/source/Sotra_(disambiguation)).

Sotra Patera Stereoscopic map of Sotra Patera and Doom Mons. Height is exaggerated by a factor of 10. The colours are false. Feature type Patera (planetary nomenclature) Coordinates 12°30′S 39°48′W / 12.5°S 39.8°W / -12.5; -39.8 Diameter 235 km (146 mi) Eponym Sotra, Norway

**Sotra Patera** (named after [Sotra](/source/Sotra) island in [Norway](/source/Norway)) is a prominent depression on [Titan](/source/Titan_(moon)), the largest [moon of](/source/Moons_of_Saturn) [Saturn](/source/Saturn). It was formerly known as **Sotra Facula**; the current name was approved on 19 December 2012.[1] It is a possible [cryovolcanic](/source/Cryovolcanic) caldera 30 km (19 mi) across and 1.7 km (1.1 mi) deep, and is immediately to the east of the largest putative cryovolcanic mountain on Titan, the 1.45 km (0.90 mi) high [Doom Mons](/source/Doom_Mons).[2] Sotra Patera is the deepest known pit on Titan.[2]

The ice volcano or cryovolcano Doom Mons forms a roughly circular mountain measuring about 65 kilometres (40 mi) across. It has two peaks standing about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) and 1,450 metres (4,760 ft) high with multiple craters, with Sotra Patera at 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) being the deepest. Finger-like flows are visible on the flanks of the mountain, measuring perhaps 100 metres (330 ft) thick.[3][4]

Global view of Titan showing the location of Sotra Patera

The *[Cassini–Huygens](/source/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens)* mission has mapped Sotra Patera using the Cassini orbiter's onboard radar instrument and the visual and infrared mapping spectrometer. An earlier survey of the region in 2004 revealed a circular bright spot, or *facula*, which was nicknamed "The Rose". A subsequent flyby by Cassini re-surveyed the region from a different angle, enabling members of the [US Geological Survey](/source/US_Geological_Survey) [Astrogeology](/source/Astrogeology) Science Center to generate [stereoscopic](/source/Stereoscopic) mapping of Sotra Patera and the surrounding area. Researchers also discovered at least two more mountains and another big crater, forming a chain of mountains several hundred kilometers long flanked by lava-covered lowlands.[4]

With Doom Mons, Sotra Patera is regarded as "the very best evidence, by far, for volcanic topography anywhere documented on an icy satellite", according to planetary scientist Jeffrey Kargel of the [University of Arizona](/source/University_of_Arizona). It has been compared with terrestrial volcanoes such as [Etna](/source/Mount_Etna), [Laki](/source/Laki) and volcanic cones near [Flagstaff, Arizona](/source/Flagstaff%2C_Arizona). There is as yet no evidence of current activity, but researchers plan to monitor the area for changes.[3]

It is unclear what might have been erupted from Sotra Patera—possibly water mixed with [ammonium](/source/Ammonium), or more exotic [hydrocarbon](/source/Hydrocarbon) compounds such as [polyethylene](/source/Polyethylene), [paraffin waxes](/source/Paraffin_wax) or [asphalt](/source/Bitumen).[4][5] The eruptions may also have brought [methane](/source/Methane) to the surface. Titan's dense methane atmosphere is constantly being broken down by sunlight in the upper atmosphere through [photolysis](/source/Photolysis); cryovolcanism may therefore explain how the atmosphere is being replenished.[5]

The eruptions of Sotra Patera are presumed to originate in a layer of liquid water lying below Titan's icy crust. The mountain's heavily cratered appearance indicates that it must have erupted with considerable force, but the precise mechanism by which this happened is not certain. Liquid water is ordinarily denser than ice but it is possible that the water's density may be reduced by mixing with other substances, such as [ammonia](/source/Ammonia), allowing it to force its way to the surface. Alternatively, some other mechanism such as the underground formation of methane bubbles or a build-up of tectonic pressure may be responsible.[5]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-USGS_Sotra_Patera_1-0)** ["Sotra Patera"](https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/15077). *Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature*. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Lopes_2013_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Lopes_2013_2-1) [Lopes, R. M. C.](/source/Rosaly_Lopes-Gautier); Kirk, R. L.; Mitchell, K. L.; LeGall, A.; Barnes, J. W.; Hayes, A.; Kargel, J.; Wye, L.; Radebaugh, J.; Stofan, E. R.; Janssen, M. A.; Neish, C. D.; Wall, S. D.; Wood, C. A.; [Lunine, Jonathan I.](/source/Jonathan_Lunine); Malaska, M. J. (19 March 2013). ["Cryovolcanism on Titan: New results from Cassini RADAR and VIMS"](https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00807740/file/Lopes_et_al-2013-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research__Planets.pdf) (PDF). *Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets*. **118** (3): 416–435. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2013JGRE..118..416L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRE..118..416L). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/jgre.20062](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjgre.20062).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NASA_statement_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NASA_statement_3-1) "[Cassini Spots Potential Ice Volcano on Saturn Moon](https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20101214/)". NASA, December 14, 2010

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NatGeo_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NatGeo_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-NatGeo_4-2) Lovett, Richard A. (2010-12-15). ["Saturn Moon Has Ice Volcano—And Maybe Life?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101217154625/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/12/101215-saturn-moon-titan-ice-volcano-nasa-science-pictures/). *National Geographic News*. Archived from [the original](http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/12/101215-saturn-moon-titan-ice-volcano-nasa-science-pictures/) on December 17, 2010. Retrieved 2012-12-08.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-SciAm_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-SciAm_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-SciAm_5-2) Castelvecchi, Davide. "[Titan Spews: Discovery of Cold Volcanoes on Saturnian Moon May Solve Methane Mystery](http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=titan-spews-discovery)". *Scientific American*, December 16, 2010

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Sotra Patera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotra_Patera) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotra_Patera?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.